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Six Sigma Yellow Belt > Six Sigma Foundations and Principles > Flashcards

Six Sigma Foundations and Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is Six Sigma?

A

A structured and disciplined process designed to consistently deliver perfect products and services.

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2
Q

What is the aim of six sigma?

A

To improve the bottom line by finding and eliminating the causes of mistakes and defects in business processes.

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3
Q

What is Sigma?

A

A statistical term that refers to the standard deviation of a process about its mean.

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4
Q

What does DMAIC stand for?

A

Define, measure, analyse, improve, control.

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5
Q

What are Bloom’s levels of cognition?

A
  1. Remember
  2. Understand
  3. Apply
  4. Analyse
  5. Evaluate
  6. Create
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6
Q

Processes require inputs and produce outputs. This is generally expressed as?

A

y=f(x)

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7
Q

Name 13 key tools used in the Define phase of DMAIC

A
  1. Is-is not
  2. Pareto
  3. Histogram
  4. Timeline
  5. Run chart
  6. Flowchart
  7. SIPOC diagram
  8. Stakeholder analysis
  9. Brainstorm
  10. Problem definition
  11. VOC table
  12. Kano diagram
  13. Project charter
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8
Q

What is the primary methodology used by Six Sigma practitioners?

A

DMAIC

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9
Q

How many defects per million opportunities does Six Sigma permit?

A

3.4

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10
Q

What amount of shift from the mean is permitted by Six Sigma?

A

1.5 sigma

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11
Q

What is the difference between six sigma and lean?

A

Six sigma eliminates process variation, while lean eliminates waste.

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12
Q

Which should be used first, lean, or six sigma?

A

Lean first, to remove waste, then six sigma to reduce variability.

Effectiveness before efficiency

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13
Q

What does PDCA stand for

A

Plan, Do, Check, Act

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14
Q

what does COQ stand for?

A

Cost of Quality

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15
Q

What does SIPOC stand for?

A

Supplier
Input
Process
Output
Customer

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16
Q

What is the SIPOC tool used for?

A

To describe and understand a process more clearly.

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17
Q

In SIPOC, what does “supplier” refer to?

A

The source of inputs.

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18
Q

In SIPOC, what does Customer refer to?

A

The recipient of the outputs.

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19
Q

What is the “Is-is not” tool used for?

A

Defining the problem by understanding what is not part of the problem.

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20
Q

What is the Timeline of events tool used for?

A

To understand the problem through a sequence of events;

one event leads to another.

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21
Q

What is the Trend Chart tool used for?

A

To understand process trends from historical event data.

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22
Q

What tool would one use to understand positive and negative process trends from historical event data?

A

Trend Chart

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23
Q

What is a Run Chart used for?

A

To identify patterns from multiple runs of the process.

non-random trend, oscillation, mixture and clustering

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24
Q

What tool would one use to understand process patterns from historical data.

A

A Run Chart

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25
Q

What is a Process Flowchart?

A

A graphical representation of the sequence of interrelated activities.

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26
Q

What tool would one use to graphically represent a sequence of interrelated activities?

A

A Process Flowchart

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27
Q

What is a Current State Map?

A

A process map that represents the current state of a process, including the non-value-adding steps.

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28
Q

What is a GANTT chart used for?

A

To manage schedules, resources, costs, and risks, used in Project Management.

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29
Q

What tool would one use to manage schedules, resources, costs and risks during Project Management?

A

A GANTT chart.

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30
Q

What is Stakeholder Analysis?

A

A tool used to understand who is influential to a project, coupled with their level of involvement.

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31
Q

What tool would one use to understand who is influential to a project?

A

Stakeholder Analysis.

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32
Q

What is a Data Collection Plan?

A

A document describing the what, why, where, when, who and how of data collection.

Prior to collecting data, having a detailed plan can make collection more effective.

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33
Q

What tool would one use to plan the collection of data?

A

A Data Collection Plan.

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34
Q

What is Measurement Systems Analysis?

A

Analysis of the capability of a measurement system (tools, methods, people, environment etc).

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35
Q

What tool would one use to analyse the capability of a measurement system?

A

Measurement Systems Analysis.

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36
Q

What is a Benchmark?

A

A baseline metric against which the performance of a process is measured.

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37
Q

What tool does one use to measure the performance of a process against a current baseline metric?

A

A Benchmark.

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38
Q

What is Process Capability?

A

The ability of a process to meet expected output - SIPOC

Often represented by Cp and Cpk. The higher the number the better.

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39
Q

What tool is used to measure the ability of a process to meet expected output?

A

Process Capability (Cp, Cpk)

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40
Q

What is why-why?

A

Method of continuing to ask “why” on a problem symptom until the root cause is reached.

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41
Q

What are Hypothesis tests?

A

Statistical methods to test a hypothesis on process improvement.

42
Q

What is statistical sampling?

A

Statistically valid sampling (e.g. power and sample size, acceptance sampling).

43
Q

What is the design of experiments (DOE) tool?

A

A statistical tool for creating controlled tests

to evaluate which factors control the value of a parameter or group of parameters.

44
Q

What is a future value stream map used for?

A

to visualise a value stream with non-value-added process steps removed.

45
Q

What is the Theory of Constraints tool used for?

A

Understanding bottlenecks.

46
Q

What is the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) tool used for?

A

to evaluate potential risk of failure,

identify remedial actions that could eliminate or reduce the risk,

and to document the process.

47
Q

What tool should be used to evaluate potential risk and prioritise actions?

A

FMEA

48
Q

What is Poka-Yoke used for?

A

to prevent errors in processes by “designing in” controls

49
Q

What is a Control Chart (or Process Behavior Chart) used for?

A

To display process stability and variability within control limits while the work is being done.

50
Q

What tool would one use to understand the behaviour of a process?

A

A Process Behaviour, or Control Chart.

51
Q

What is a control plan?

A

A table that defines, in relation to a process

  1. What to measure
  2. When to measure
  3. How to measure
  4. How often to measure
  5. How to remedy faults
52
Q

What tool would one use to provide basic information on what is required to manage a process during manufacture or process delivery?

A

A control plan.

53
Q

What is a process audit?

A

A tool used to verify compliance with a process

54
Q

What tool would one use to verify compliance with a process per the specification?

A

A process audit.

55
Q

What is Cost of Quality?

A

A financial tool used to report the difference between the actual cost (with defects) and the optimal cost (with no defects).

56
Q

What tool would one use to measure the cost of conformance and nonconformance?

A

Cost of Quality

57
Q

What are the seven quality tools?

A
  1. Check Sheet
  2. Histogram
  3. Flowchart
  4. Cause and Effect Diagram
  5. Pareto Chart
  6. Run Chart
  7. Scatter Diagram
58
Q

What is another name for Process Control Chart?

A

Process Behaviour Chart

59
Q

What are the steps in Ishikawa’s process improvement road map?

A
  1. Determine what is to be measured
  2. Determine how it will be measured
  3. Rank what is to be measured
  4. Agree on what is considered defects and flaws
  5. Expose latent defects (look at the process over time)
  6. Observe quality statistically (use process behavior charting)
  7. Distinguish between “quality of design” and “quality of conformance”
60
Q

What are the steps in the Six Sigma Road Map?

A
  1. Recognise that variation exists in everything that we do; standardise your work.
  2. Identify what the customer wants and needs. Reduce variation.
  3. Use a problem-solving methodology to plan improvements.
  4. Follow the DMAIC model to deploy the improvement.
  5. Monitor the process using process behavior charts.
  6. Update standard operating procedures and lessons learned.
  7. Celebrate successes.
  8. Start over for continual improvement.
61
Q

In y=f(x), what does y stand for?

A

The desired outcome or result of the process.

62
Q

In y=f(x), what does f stand for?

A

The function or process that will take the inputs and make them into the desired outcome.

63
Q

In y=f(x), what does x stand for?

A

The inputs necessary to get the outcome (there can be more than one possible x)

64
Q

Name three types of stakeholders.

A
  1. End user
  2. Subject Matter Expert
  3. Process Owner
65
Q

Why is stakeholder input critical?

A
  1. Stakeholders have the best knowledge base about the process
  2. Stakeholders tend to have the best ideas for process improvement
  3. Stakeholders are often the most aware of what unintended consequences of process changes
  4. Stakeholder buy-in is usually necessary to implement real process improvement.
66
Q

What is a Check Sheet?

A

A table of pre-categorised potential outcomes used to check the execution of a process.

67
Q

What does FMEA stand for?

A

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.

68
Q

Name 13 tools used in the Measure phase of DMAIC

A
  1. Check sheet
  2. MSA
  3. Process Capability indices
  4. Benchmarking
  5. COQ/COPQ
  6. OEE
  7. Process Sigma Level
  8. Process audit
  9. Financial tools (ROI, NPV, IRR, RONA)
  10. Dashboard - RUG monitoring
  11. DPPM/DPMO/DPU/RTY metrics
  12. Value Stream mapping
  13. Equipment /tool correlation study
69
Q

Name 13 tools used in the Analyse phase of DMAIC

A
  1. Why-why/5 why’s
  2. Comparative
  3. DOE
  4. Hypothesis test
  5. ANOVA
  6. C&E diagram
  7. C&E matrix
  8. Scatter diagram
  9. Stratification
  10. Time series analysis
  11. Regression analysis
  12. Power sample size
  13. Multivariate
70
Q

What does DPU stand for?

A

Defects per unit

71
Q

What does DPMO stand for

A

Defects per million opportunities

72
Q

What does RTY stand for?

A

Rolled throughput yield

73
Q

What does COPQ stand for?

A

Cost of Poor Quality

74
Q

What is the stratification tool used for?

A

To help dissect data by variables, and interpret the patterns and behaviours in the data set.

75
Q

What is Rolled Throughput yield tool used for?

A

To assess the combined yield from a series of processes.

76
Q

What is Cycle Time?

A

The time it takes for a process to be completed from start to end.

77
Q

What is Lead Time?

A

The time elapsed between order and delivery.

78
Q

What is another way of viewing COPQ ?

A

The Cost of Nonconformance.

79
Q

What is another way of viewing COQ?

A

The cost of conformance.

80
Q

What are the 13 steps in performing a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

A
  1. Review the design/process
  2. Brainstorm potential failure modes
  3. List potential effects of failures
  4. Assign severity rating (S)
  5. List potential causes
  6. Assign occurrence rating (O)
  7. Identify current controls
  8. Assign detection rating (D)
  9. Calculate Risk Priority Number (RPN)
  10. Develop action plan
  11. Take action
  12. Recalculate the RPN
  13. Periodically review and update new risks.
81
Q

What does RPN stand for?

A

Risk Priority Number

82
Q

How is Risk Priority Number (RPN) calculated?

A

S x O x D = RPN

Severity x Occurrence x Detection = Risk Priority Number

83
Q

What does RCA stand for?

A

Root Cause Analysis

84
Q

Why perform Root Cause Analysis (RCA)?

A

Because there are apparent causes and root causes, addressing the apparent cause doesn’t eliminate the problem.

85
Q

What is the difference between Value Stream Mapping and Production chess Mapping?

A

Value Stream Mapping is used more for lean enterprise projects, and focuses on measurement of the flow of material and information and the utilisation of resources.

86
Q

What is Force Field Analysis?

A

A tool for evaluating forces for and forces against a problem.

87
Q

What are two categories of Conformance Costs?

A
  1. Appraisal Costs
  2. Prevention Costs
88
Q

What are two categories of Non Conformance Costs?

A
  1. Internal failure cost
  2. External failure cost
89
Q

What are two classifications of Cost of Quality?

A
  1. Cost of Conformance
  2. Cost of Non Conformance
90
Q

Name 7 types of visible costs.

A
  1. Waste
  2. Rejects
  3. Testing costs
  4. Rework
  5. Customer returns
  6. Inspection costs
  7. Recalls
91
Q

Name 18 types of invisible costs.

A
  1. Excessive overtime
  2. Pricing or billing errors
  3. Premium freight costs
  4. Excessive employee turnover
  5. Excessive field service expenses
  6. Development cost of failed product
  7. Planning delays
  8. Expediting costs
  9. Complaint handling
  10. Overdue receivables
  11. Late paperwork
  12. Lack of follow-up on current programs
  13. Excessive systems costs
  14. Excessive inventory
  15. Time with dissatisfied customers
  16. Customer allowances
  17. Incorrectly completed sales orders
  18. Unused capacity
92
Q

What are appraisal costs?

A

The costs associated with measuring and evaluating compliance of products or services to standards.

93
Q

What are Prevention Costs?

A

Costs of measures designed to prevent poor quality at the source.

94
Q

What are Internal Failure Costs?

A

Costs that occur prior to delivery.

95
Q

What are external Failure Costs?

A

Costs that occur after delivery.

96
Q

Name 4 financial measures used to perform Cost Benefit Analysis.

A
  1. Return on Investment (ROI)
  2. Payback Period
  3. Net Present Value (NPV)
  4. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
97
Q

What is Return on Investment (ROI)?

A

A ratio comparing net profit to investment expressed as a percentage over a defined period.

98
Q

What is Payback Period?

A

The time it takes to recoup an investment.

99
Q

What is Net Present Value (NPV)?

A

The sum of the Present Values (PVs) of income and expenditure over a defined period.

An NPV > 0 is acceptable, the higher the NPV the better.

100
Q

What is Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?

A

The rate of return used in capital budget g to measure the profitability of investments.

The higher the IRR the better.

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