Site Work & Layout, Foundation, Concrete and Wood Flashcards
The geographic location of a construction project usually defined by legal boundaries. This can be a land property or an interior space such as a mall space, office space, or residential condominium.
Site
The minimum required distance from every structure to property lines of a lot, established by a zoning ordinance to provide, air, light, solar access and privacy.
Setback
One of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a parcel of land.
Property Line
What is the other term for property line?
Lot Line
This document describes the location, bearings, area and identifies the owner of a land.
Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT)
The process of transferring the initial key points of an architectural design onto the site for the purpose of constructing it.
Layout
This kind of a load applied on a building are fixed, static loads made up of the building’s own structure, skin, equipment and other fixed elements.
Dead Loads
This kind of a load applied on a building are moving or transient loads such as occupants, furnishing, rain, snow and ice.
Live Loads
Pressure from wind that affects lateral loads as well as possible uplift forces or downward pressure on a building.
Wind Loads
Impact loads, shock waves, vibrations, and seismic loads are categorized as what?
Other Loads
The required distance of the setback of a land/lot on its front.
10 feet or 3 meters
The required setback distance of a lot/land on its sides.
5-7 feet or 1.50-2.10 meters
The required setback distance of a lot/land on its rear.
Min. of 15 feet or 4.50 meters
Max. of 25 feet or 7.50 meters
The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its load directly to the earth.
Foundation
The part of the foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil.
Footing
HOW FOUNDATIONS WORK
The loads of the building/structure are transmitted down vertically through the _____.
Columns
HOW FOUNDATIONS WORK
The column, connected to a _____, spreads the load over a wide area of soil provided that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
Footing
HOW FOUNDATIONS WORK
The soil pushes up against the footing. This causes _________ at the bottom side of the footing and _________ on the top side.
- Tension
- Compression
HOW FOUNDATIONS WORK
Reinforced concrete footing have reinforcing bars at the bottom because _____ resists the tension while the _____ at the top resists the compression.
- Steel
- Concrete
The strength of the soil where the site will be built is called _____.
Soil Bearing Capacity (SBC)
What are the 2 general types of a foundation?
- Shallow Foundation
- Deep Foundation
This type of a foundation is constructed by manually or mechanically excavating the site until the desired depth of the footing is reached. Commonly used when good soil conditions exist within a few stories below the substructure.
Shallow Foundation
This type of a foundation is used when the soil underlying a shallow foundation is unstable or too soft. They extend down to where the earth is hard enough.
Deep Foundation
A single spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.
Isolated Footing/Column Footing
A reinforced concrete footing extended to support a row of columns.
Continuous Footing
The continuous spread footing of a foundation wall.
Strip Footing
A reinforced concrete footing for a perimeter column or foundation wall extended to support an interior column load.
Combined Footing
A thick, slab-like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or an entire building.
Mat Footing
A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of ribs above or below the slab.
Ribbed Mat
A type of a deep foundation wherein a hole is drilled or dug (a process known as augering) through inadequate soil and then filled with concrete.
Caisson Foundations
Caisson Foundations is also referred to as what?
Drilled Pier
A type of deep foundation that is driven into place instead of being drilled or poured. It can be made of timber, steel or concrete.
Pile Foundation
A rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial, compressive loads.
Column
A column is also called what?
Post
The height-to-thickness ration of a column.
Slenderness Ratio
What are the 5 different kinds of columns?
- Stone Columns
- Wood Posts
- RC Columns
- Steel Columns
- Composite Columns
Used prior to arrival of steel and concrete columns.
Stone Columns or Pillars
Stone Columns or Pillars are assembled by locking together sections on top of another. These sections are called ____.
Drum
The perfectly symmetrical relationship between two proportions.
Golden Mean
What are the 3 types of wood posts?
- Solid
- Spaced
- Built-up
A wood post must have a ____ or ____ base.
- stone
- concrete
A bracket that attaches a wood post right to the concrete.
Concrete Post Anchor
What are the 5 kinds of RC Columns?
- Tied Column
- Spiral Column
- Composite Column
- Combined Column
- Lally Column
These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
Tied Columns
These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely spaced continuous spiral hooping.
Spiral Columns
The sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the action of a compressive load.
Buckling
A spiral column requires a minimum of how many vertical bars.
Six
A type of RC column wherein a structural steel column is embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column.
Composite Column
A type of RC column where structural steel is encased in concrete of at least 7cm thick. The steel column carries the load while the concrete is just a cover.
Combined Column
These are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat steel plates which holds a girder or girt. It is filled with grout or concrete to prevent corrosion.
Lally Column
This is an iron with low amounts of carbon. Has a carbon content less than that of cast iron and more than that of wrought iron.
Steel
A column consisting of a single or built-up structural steel section.
Steel Column
These are steel columns used for compression members in roof trusses, light towers, and lattice girders.
Struts of One or Two Angles
3 or 4 steel angles connected by batten plate spaced at intervals of 3-4ft. These are used to support the light loads.
Starred Angles
Made up of steel channels or angles connected by lattice bars. Often used where light loads are to be supported on long columns.
Laticed Columns
Steel Columns that are standard factory made section.
Rolled H-Column
These are steel columns that are box columns with 2 or more webs. Commonly used in heavy building frames.
Built-up Columns
Steel columns that are made of 2 rolled or built-up channel sections and a cover plate.
Top Chord Sections
Steel columns that are made of 4 angles and a web-plate.
Columns for Bents
2 component parts of the column are connected by batten plates.
Battened Columns
A powder material which when combined with water possesses adhesive and cohesive properties. This is a type of binder that hardens in place.
Cement
Inert granular material such as sand and gravel which when mixed with cement and water result in concrete.
Aggregates
Combines with the cement to form a paste, which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and upon hardening, binds the entire mass together.
Water
When cement is mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm (1/4”), it is known as what?
mortar, stucco or cement plaster
When cement is mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large aggregate of more than 6mm(1/4”) in size it produces what?
concrete
When a concrete is without reinforcement, it is called ______.
plain or mass concrete
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized.
Cement
What are the 4 kinds of cementing materials?
- Lime
- Gypsum
- Pozzolan Cement
- Portland Cement
A kind of cementing materials used by Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. It is made by calcination of limestone.
a. Lime
b. Gypsum
c. Pozzolan Cement
d. Portland Cement
a. Lime
A kind of cementing material from where the word “plaster” is from.
a. Fiber
b. Gypsum
c. Aggregate
d. Pozzolan Cement
b. Gypsum
A kind of cementing material with a siliceous material such as fly ash, that reacts chemically with slaked lime in the presence of moisture to form a slow hardening cement. It was first developed by the Romans.
a. Lime
b. Gypsum
c. Pozzolan Cement
d. Portland Cement
d. Portland Cement
A hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and limestone in a ROTARY KILN and PULVERIZED the resulting clinker into a very fine powder. It was patented by JOHN ASPDIN in 1824.
a. Lime
b. Gypsum
c. Pozzolan Cement
d. Portland Cement
d. Portland Cement
What are the types of Portland Cement?
- Type I: Normal
- Type II: Modified Portland Cement
- Type III: High Early Strength Cement
- Type IV: Low-Heat Cement
- Type V: Sulfate Resistant Cement
- White Portland Cement
- Air-Entraining Portland Cement
A type of Portland cement for general purpose commonly used for structural work, bridges, pavements and concrete masonry units.
a. Type II: Modified Portland Cement
b. Type I: Normal
c. Type III: High Early Strength Cement
d. White Portland Cement
b. Type I: Normal
A type of Portland cement used in large piers and heavy abutments to minimize detrimental effects of head of hydration. Also used in structures in contact with ground water when sulfate concentration in such water is higher than the normal but not usually severe.
a. Type II: Modified Portland Cement
b. Type I: Normal
c. Type III: High Early Strength Cement
d. White Portland Cement
a. Type II: Modified Portland Cement
A type of Portland Cement which is used where high strength is desired at early periods, usually within a wee or less. Also used in cold weather construction to reduce time required for protection from low temperatures.
a. Type II: Modified Portland Cement
b. Type I: Normal
c. Type III: High Early Strength Cement
d. White Portland Cement
c. Type III: High Early Strength Cement
A type of Portland cement manufactured using selected raw materials so that the finished product will be white rather than gray. It is used for decorative architectural concrete, stucco, white or pigmented grout.
a. Type II: Modified Portland Cement
b. Type I: Normal
c. Type III: High Early Strength Cement
d. White Portland Cement
d. White Portland Cement
What are the two types of aggregates used in concrete?
- Fine Aggregate
- Coarse Aggregate
A cement admixture that introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing.
a. Accelerators
b. Retarders
c. Cement Freezing Resistance
d. Air-Entraining Agents
d. Air-Entraining Agents
These are substances added to a concrete mix to alter or enhance a specific property.
Admixture
A cement admixture that is used to SPEED UP SETTING TIME and REDUCES the length of TIME for CURING and PROTECTION of the concrete.
a. Cement Drier
b. Retarder
c. Quick Dry Mixture
d. Accelerator
d. Accelerator
A cement admixture that SLOWS DOWN THE SETTING of a concrete mix in order to ALLOW MORE TIME for placing and working the MIX.
a. Slow Hardener
b. Slow Setting Admixture
c. Retarder
d. Low-Heat Cement
c. Retarder
A cement admixture that REDUCES WATER REQUIREMENTS of concrete for a given consistency. Also known as PLASTICIZERS.
a. Reducer
b. Retarder
c. Cement Water Reducer
d. Modified Portland Cement
a. Reducer
Reduces the capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete and decreases water absorption of concrete or mortar.
a. Reducer
b. Waterproofing Compound
c. Integral Waterproofing Compound
d. Hydrophobic Admixture
c. Integral Waterproofing Compound
Used to give color to concrete floors.
a. Cement Coloring Compound
b. Cement Pigment Compound
c. Pigment
d. Colored Pigments
d. Colored Pigments
The amount of water used per bag of cement.
Water-Cement Ratio
The average gallons of water used per bag of cement for ordinary job conditions.
6.5 Gallons
How much is the proper proportioning between CEMENT and AGGREGATE?
1 Part Cement: 2 Parts Sand: 4 Parts Gravel
A bag of cement is equivalent to how many volume?
1 cubic foot
What are the types of concrete according to proportion?
- Class AA (1:1.5:3)
- Class A (1:2:4)
- Class B (1:2.5:5)
- Class C (1:3:6)
- Class D (1:3.5:7)
TYPES OF CONCRETE ACCORDING TO PROPORTION
Used for suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness.
a. Class B (1:2.5:5)
b. Class D (1:3.5:7)
c. Class A (1:2:4)
d. Class AA (1:1.5:3)
c. Class A (1:2:4)
TYPES OF CONCRETE ACCORDING TO PROPORTION
Used for walls thicker than 100MM(4”), footings steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
a. Class B (1:2.5:5)
b. Class D (1:3.5:7)
c. Class A (1:2:4)
d. Class AA (1:1.5:3)
a. Class B (1:2.5:5)
WOOD
• The softer, younger outer portion of a tree.
• Less durable and lighter color than the heartwood.
Sapwood
WOOD
• Older, harder central portion of a tree.
• More durable than sapwood.
Heartwood
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying.
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
a. Checks
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of growth.
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
b. Shakes
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• Irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain.
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
c. Knots
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• Well-defined openings between annual rings.
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
d. Pitchpockets
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• The lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
e. Wane
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• Caused by the attack of fungi
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
f. Decay
DEFECTS OF WOOD
• Any variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board.
a. Checks
b. Shakes
c. Knots
d. Pitchpockets
e. Wane
f. Decay
g. Warping
g. Warping
METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
• Lumber cut tangent to the annual rings or growth.
• Cut with annual rings at an angle of 0° to 45°.
a. Plainsawing
b. Quartersawing
c. Rift Sawing
a. Plainsawing
METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
• Wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel to the rays.
• Cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45° to 90°.
a. Plainsawing
b. Quartersawing
c. Rift Sawing
b. Quartersawing
METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
• Wood is cut at a 30° to 60° angle to the center of the timber
a. Plainsawing
b. Quartersawing
c. Rift Sawing
c. Rift Sawing
Lumber that is less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide.
Strips
WOOD
• Term for wood suitable for use as a building material.
Timber
WOOD
• The timber product manufacture by sawing, re-sawing, passing lengthwise through a planing machine, cross-cutting to length and grading.
Lumber
WOOD
• Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size.
Dressed Lumber
WOOD
• Lumber that is saw, edged and trimmed but not surfaced.
Rough Lumber
WOOD
• Lumber that is seasoned under controlled conditions of heat, air, circulation and humiidty.
Kiln Dried
WOOD TERMINOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION
• Pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8” wide
• For sidings and flooring
a. Board Lumber
b. Planks
c. Dimension Lumber
d. Timbers
a. Board Lumber
WOOD TERMINOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION
• Wide pieces of lumber 2” to 5” thick.
• For stair stringers and threads, floor girders, roof girts and trusses.
a. Board Lumber
b. Planks
c. Dimension Lumber
d. Timbers
b. Planks
WOOD TERMINOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION
• Pieces more than 2” and less than 5” in any dimension
• Used for purlins, joists and wall framing.
a. Board Lumber
b. Planks
c. Dimension Lumber
d. Timbers
c. Dimension Lumber
WOOD TERMINOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION
• Pieces 5” or more on the smallest dimension.
a. Board Lumber
b. Planks
c. Dimension Lumber
d. Timbers
d. Timbers
What are the available widths of lumber?
4, 6, 8, 10, 12 inches
WOOD
•The size of lumber when it is cut from the log.
Nominal Size
WOOD
• The size of lumber after it is planed to achieve smoothness.
Actual Size
WOOD
•The formula for BOARD FT?
Bdft= Thickness (inches) x Width (inches) x Length (ft) /12
WOOD
• Lumber is sold in lengths from __ up to __ in increments of __.
- 6 feet
- 20 feet
- 2 feet
WOOD
• The process of removing moisture from green wood.
Seasoning
WOOD
• The condition of dryness of the wood wherein the vapor pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure on the wood surface.
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)
WOOD
• In the Philippines, the Equilibrium Moisture Content of wood is from ___ to ___ percent moisture content.
12 to 16
WOOD
• What are the 2 methods of seasoning wood?
- Air-drying
* Kiln-drying
