Beams, Joists, Girders and Floors Flashcards
Structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements.
Beam
Parallel beams for supporting floors, ceiling or flat roofs.
Joists
Principal beam designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
Girder
Base surface of a room or hall upon which one stands or walks.
Floor
TYPES OF BEAMS
• Beams having a single span with a support at each end, there being no restraint at the supports.
Simple Beams
TYPES OF BEAMS
• Beams that are supported at one end only.
• Or beams projecting beyond one of its supports.
Cantilever Beams
TYPES OF BEAMS
• Beams resting on more than 2 supports.
Continuous Beams
BEAMS
• The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading.
Deflection
BEAMS
• Convex curvature intentionally built up into beam, girder or truss.
• To compensate for an anticipated deflection.
Camber
BEAMS
• External moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend.
Bending Moment
BEAMS
• Internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being considered.
Resisting Moment
A concrete beam designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.
Reinforced Concrete Beams
The section of a beam at which the bending moment changes from positive to negative.
Point of Inflection
BEAMS
• Required to handle diagonal tension at beam supports.
Stirrups
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Where reinforced concrete floor slab and its supporting beam (or girder) are built at the same time and thoroughly tied together.
a. Rectangular Beam
b. T-beams
c. Beam with Compression Reinforcement
d. Cantilever Beams
e. Hollow Box Girders
f. Beam Brackets or Corbels
b. T-beams
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Beams with reinforcement in the compression as well as the tension side of the beam.
• Doubly reinforced beams
• Used when cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are limited by architectural or structural conditions.
a. Rectangular Beam
b. T-beams
c. Beam with Compression Reinforcement
d. Cantilever Beams
e. Hollow Box Girders
f. Beam Brackets or Corbels
c. Beam with Compression Reinforcement
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Beams that are supported at one end only.
• Tensile reinforcement is located at the top of the beam and inverted U-stirrups are provided.
a. Rectangular Beam
b. T-beams
c. Beam with Compression Reinforcement
d. Cantilever Beams
e. Hollow Box Girders
f. Beam Brackets or Corbels
d. Cantilever Beams
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Double reinforced beams for long spans.
• Hollowed in the center of the section to reduce its dead load.
a. Rectangular Beam
b. T-beams
c. Beam with Compression Reinforcement
d. Cantilever Beams
e. Hollow Box Girders
f. Beam Brackets or Corbels
e. Hollow Box Girders
TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Short beam extensions from columns used to support rafters or trusses.
a. Rectangular Beam
b. T-beams
c. Beam with Compression Reinforcement
d. Cantilever Beams
e. Hollow Box Girders
f. Beam Brackets or Corbels
f. Beam Brackets or Corbels
STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS
• Broad ridge or pair of ridges projecting at a right angle from the edge of a structural shape in order to strengthen or stiffen it.
Flange
STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS
• Integral part of a beam tat forms a flat, rigid connection between 2 broader, parallel parts such as the flanges of a structural shape.
Web
STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS
• An I-beams depth very from __ to __.
3 inches to 15 inches
STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS
• A beam wherein the webs is divided with a lengthwise zigzag cut.
Castellated Beam
GIRDERS
• Composed of a wide plate (web)
• Composed of flange that are riveted angles and plates
a. Plate Girder
b. Box Girder
a. Plate Girder
GIRDERS
• Built up beam with more than one web plate.
a. Plate Girder
b. Box Girder
b. Box Girder
- Lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having a trussed web.
- Permits the passage of a mechanical services such as pipes, ducts, etc.
Open Web Steel Joists
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
• Joists can be spaced from ___ to ___.
2 feet to 10 feet
- Manufactured from cold formed sheet or strip steel
- Economical floor system that is lightweight, non combustible and damp proof.
- Laid out in a manner similar to wood joist floor system.
Light Gauge Steel Joists
• Joists are spaced ___, ___ or ___ depending on load and type of decking used.
16”, 24”, 48”
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• One of the parallel beams used to support floor and ceiling loads.
Floor Joist
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Joist on which floor boards are laid
• Neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist.
a. Common Joist
b. Binding Joist or Binder
c. Principal Joist
d. Sleeper Joist
a. Common Joist
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Large joist
• Carries much of the floor load.
a. Common Joist
b. Binding Joist or Binder
c. Principal Joist
d. Sleeper Joist
c. Principal Joist
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Beam that supports the common joists of a wood floor above.
• Beam that supports the ceiling joist below
• Commonly joins two vertical posts.
a. Common Joist
b. Binding Joist or Binder
c. Principal Joist
d. Sleeper Joist
b. Binding Joist or Binder
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Joist resting directly on sleepers.
a. Common Joist
b. Binding Joist or Binder
c. Principal Joist
d. Sleeper Joist
d. Sleeper Joist
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• A brace or a system of braces
• Placed between joists to stiffen them, to hold them in place and to help distribute the load.
Bridging
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Diagonal bracing in pairs
• Placed between adjacent floor joists
• Prevents the joists from twisting
a. Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting
b. Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
c. Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
d. Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
a. Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Short members (members)
• Fixed vertically between floor joists
a. Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting
b. Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
c. Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
d. Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
b. Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing.
• Carries joists
a. Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting
b. Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
c. Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
d. Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
c. Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Strip of lumber
• Nailed to the side of the beam
• Forms a seat for the joists and help support them
a. Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting
b. Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
c. Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
d. Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
d. Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
• Horizontal timber at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure.
• Rests on the foundation.
Sill
Two types of CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM.
- Suspended Slabs
* Concrete Slab on Grade
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• Rectangular in form
• Solid slab supported by 2 parallel beams.
• Reinforcements run in one direction only.
a. One way solid slab & beam
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab and beam
d. Two way waffle slab
e. Two way flat plate
f. Two way flat slabs
a. One way solid slab & beam
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• Term for the framing of a one way solid slab and beam.
Beam-and-girder floor
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• Consists of relatively small adjacent T-beams.
a. One way solid slab & beam
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab and beam
d. Two way waffle slab
e. Two way flat plate
f. Two way flat slabs
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• Having beams or walls on four sides.
• Reinforcing bars placed at right angles to each other.
• Reinforcing bars transfer the loads to the four supporting beams or walls.
a. One way solid slab & beam
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab and beam
d. Two way waffle slab
e. Two way flat plate
f. Two way flat slabs
c. Two way solid slab and beam
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• 2 way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in 2 directions.
• Able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than flat slabs.
a. One way solid slab & beam
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab and beam
d. Two way waffle slab
e. Two way flat plate
f. Two way flat slabs
d. Two way waffle slab
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• Concrete slab of uniform thickness
• Reinforced in 2 or more directions
• Supported directly by columns without beams or girders.
a. One way solid slab & beam
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab and beam
d. Two way waffle slab
e. Two way flat plate
f. Two way flat slabs
e. Two way flat plate
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• Flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase strength and moment-resisting capacity.
a. One way solid slab & beam
b. One way joist slab or ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab and beam
d. Two way waffle slab
e. Two way flat plate
f. Two way flat slabs
f. Two way flat slabs
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SLABS
• The area of increased thickness in a 2 way flat slab.
Drop panel or drop
- Concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base and supported directly by the ground.
- Reinforced with welded wire fabric or a grid of reinforcing bars to control cracking caused by drying or thermal stresses.
Concrete Slab on Grade
CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE
• Minimum slab thickness required for a concrete slab on grade.
4 inches (100mm)
CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
• Called Expansion joints
• Allow movement to occur between a concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls of a building.
a. Isolation Joints
b. Construction Joints
c. Control Joints
a. Isolation Joints
CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
• Provide a place for construction to stop and then continue at later time.
• Serve as an isolation or control joint
• Can be keyed or doweled to prevent vertical differential movement of adjoining slab sections.
a. Isolation Joints
b. Construction Joints
c. Control Joints
b. Construction Joints
CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
• Create lines of weakness so that the cracking may result from tensile stresses occurs along predetermined lines.
Spaced 15’ to 20’
a. Isolation Joints
b. Construction Joints
c. Control Joints
c. Control Joints
STEEL FLOOR SYSTEM
• Corrugated steel panels used as WORKING PLATFORM during CONSTRUCTION.
• Formwork for sitecast concrete slab
Metal Decking
TYPES OF METAL DECKING
• Serves as permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab
a. Form Decking
b. Composite Decking
c. Cellular Decking
a. Form Decking
TYPES OF METAL DECKING
• Serves as tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab to which it is bonded with embossed rib pattern
a. Form Decking
b. Composite Decking
c. Cellular Decking
b. Composite Decking
TYPES OF METAL DECKING
• Manufactured by welding a corrugated sheet to a flat steel sheet forming a series of spaces or raceways for electrical and communications wiring.
a. Form Decking
b. Composite Decking
c. Cellular Decking
c. Cellular Decking
• Concrete members or products cast in a place other than where it is to be installed in a structure.
Precast Concrete
PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM
• Method of prestressing the reinforcing steel before pouring the concrete.
Pre-tensioning
PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM
• Method of inserting tubes, conduits or channel in the concrete where reinforcing steel is required.
• When concrete is cured, steel reinforcement is inserted in the tubes then stretched.
Post-Tensioning
