SITE PLANNING Flashcards
What are the first tasks after completing programing and analysis
Locate building on site / what side improvements should be made / what sustainability principles can Be applied / and how the neighborhood contest will influence the design 
Drainage
Accommodate existing drainage patterns / accommodate any increase in runoff. Site design must also include positive drainage
Water runoff
Storm water that accumulates on site in excess can be absorbed by the ground
Sheet flow
Water that drains across a sloping surface whether that surface is paved, grassy, or otherwise
Minimum drainage slopes
Slope as little as 0.5% though for most surfaces like paved surfaces it is 1.5% to account for tolerances and rough surfaces
Underground systems use a slope of how much
0.3%
Drain inlet
An opening in the ground that allows storm water to run directly into the storm water sewer
Catch basin
Underground reservoir that has a sump pump built into it catching debris
Manholes
Located where sewage changes direction. may 500 ft apart / separate from sanity sewer systems
Runoff coefficient
The amount of water not absorbed by ground
100 year storm % versus I0 versus 25
1% for 100 year. 25 year = 4%. 10 year = 10%
Holding pond
Volume of water greater than the stormwater system can take
Slopes based on pipes
Diameter 2 1/2 “ on less must be 1/4 in ft Diameter of 3 in to 6 in = 1/8 in/ft. Diameter 8 in or make = 1/16 in/ft
Road design. One way width. Two way. Min to public intersection
One way = 12’ min / 2 way = 24’ / 150ft. To intersection min
Road slope
Maximum = 15% / 10% is preferable / if more than 10% you need transition slopes
Cul de Sac radius
40’
Road crown slope and gutter height
Min 1/4 ft. / gutter 6 inch high
Road ramp transition slope if road is over 10%
Transition slope = 1/2 of ramp slope / also level area before crossing side walk
Sidewalk slope
1/4 “ perpendicular to side walk
1:50 or 2%
Ramps = when do you need hand rails on both sides / maximum rise between landings / width of ramp / railing height
Ramps need 5’ m top and bottom can be 30’ max between landings and max 30” rise between landings / railing is between 34” to 38” / if rise is greater than 6” handrail on both sides. extend handrail 12” beyond top and bottom of ramp. Min width 36”. 1:48 cross slope.
Permitted slope where space is limited 1:10 (6” max rise) 1:8 (3” max rise)
STC _
25 normal speech easily heard, and understood / 35 loud speech heard, but not understood/ 45 loud speech not heard music systems problem/ 50 very load is faint/ 60 is excellent
Wood moisture content is dry at what %
20%
Indoor wood moisture content should be
6 - 8%
VAV vs CAV heating
CAV _ central and constant VAV variable at terminal
Strap bridging
’ cross bracing light gauge metal framing
Isolation joint
Allow for movement between a slab and adjacent wall or column. +20’
Wood moisture content for flooring
6 % to 9%
Wood moisture content for exterior construction
9% _ 14%
Usable area and rentable area calcs
’ usable area =gross area x base building efficiency. Rentable area =usable area x loss factor
- Glass make up
Silica soda ash and lime
Learn piles
End bearing and friction / bored/ aggregate
Retaining walls -gravity /counterfort /Ltype
Gravity for retaining structures 4 up to 10 feet /counter fort up 12 feet / l-type also up to 12 feet but also back brace
Dynamic loads
Wind or earthquake /rapid changes in magnetic direction or both
Impact loads
‘Moving cars
Iive loads
Person standing group of people, movable equipment, furniture
Building types I -a /I -b /type IIA and 2b
Type I Construction: Fire Resistive
This category applies to any building that stands over 75 feet tall. This applies to all high-rise housing and commercial space. That includes apartment buildings, offices, and hotels.
These buildings are designed to withstand high temperatures for a long time without collapsing. Beyond that, all structural materials are non-combustible. Walls, floors, and roofs are constructed with reinforced concrete and protected steel. While these features make these buildings extremely durable, it also increases construction costs.
Some Type 1 buildings have HVAC systems and self-pressurizing stairwells to prevent fires from spreading. These building elements make it easier for firefighters to access and extinguish fires. When entering a Type 1 building, their main objective revolves around securing stairwells to ensure a safe evacuation.
Type II Construction: Non-Combustible
Like Type 1 buildings, Type 2 buildings contain non-combustible walls, partitions, columns, floors, and roofs. Though these structures typically contain fire suppression systems, they are not often protected with fire-resistive coatings and are prone to collapse. They typically contain metal floors and metal roofs with masonry or tilt-slab walls.
Newer school buildings, shopping malls, and recently renovated commercial buildings typically fall under this construction type. If firefighters are called to a Type 2 building, their main priority will be to ventilate the building to prevent a dangerous rise in temperature.
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Type III Construction: Ordinary
Also known as brick-and-joist structures, Type III buildings consist of either tilt-slap or reinforced masonry walls. These materials are non-combustible. That is to say, some of the interior structural elements (frames, floor, ceilings, etc.) are made with wood or combustible materials.
This kind of construction can apply to both old and new buildings. Old buildings generally contain conventionally framed roofs, while newer units are typically built with lightweight roof systems.
Schools, buildings, and houses can all fall under this construction type. One of the perks associated with this construction type is that ventilation is possible. That said, many Type III buildings contain connected attics or horizontal void spaces, making fire extensions more likely.
Type IV Construction: Heavy Timber
Type IV buildings are largely constructed using large pieces of lumber connected using metal plates and bolts. This was a common practice before 1960, making heavy timber construction easy to spot. Old churches, factories, and barns typically fall under this category.
This building type demands that all wooden members meet specific dimensional requirements. Structural wood supports such as columns, beams, and girders must be at least 8 inches thick. Heavy planks for roofs and floors must be at least 6 inches thick. Type IV buildings have noncombustible exterior walls and interior elements.
Though these buildings contain combustible materials, they generally fare well when exposed to fire. Their structural mass also makes them more resilient against collapse. Still, firefighters will require large volumes of water to extinguish a fire in this type of building. Metal joint connections can also lead to a rapid increase in fire severity.
Type V Construction: Wood-Frame
Type V buildings are the most combustible construction type on this list. It is the only category of construction that allows combustible exterior walls as well as combustible structural members on the interior walls.
The frames, walls, floors, and roofs are made entirely or partly out of wood. These building elements are cheaper to develop and increasingly common in the construction of single-family homes and garages.
These structural elements can be particularly worrisome to firefighters, as exposed wood offers no fire resistance. If a fire starts, the building will ignite significantly. These buildings may be somewhat resistant to collapse unless it is a lightweight construction. In that case, it will collapse within minutes of a fire breaking out.
Mass irregularity 
Seismic weight over 200% of any adjacent story
Soft story
A story with significantly less lateral stiffness, compared to above
Weak story
A story significantly less lateral strength compared to above
Mortar types N /O /S /M
N = above grade exterior/interior load bearing soft stone //
O = above grade interior non load bearing/
S =below grade masonry foundations manholes retaining walls sewers brick patios
M =gravity loads masonry below grade foundations retaining walls driveways, heavy loads
Active chilled beam system
It is not all water. Has better control of airflow and humidity compared to all air. Allows lower floor to floor height. More expensive
Depth to span ratio of steel girders
Steel girder = 1/15 // steel beam =1/20
Water to cement ratio
The less water, the stronger the concrete. Lower ratio reduces drying and cracking and reduces permeability, as well as increasing bonding to reinforcement.
Ratio Range of .45 to .60.
High strength concrete uses less water (.35)
The minimum is .3 to .35 water to cement ratio. Below this it becomes too stiff and unworkable
1 gallon of water is 8.33 pounds
Structural floor systems /Flat plate /flat slab /waffle /concrete joist
In order of strength flat plate = Flaps to porta by column without beams or girders,/flat slab = A flat system with drop panels or column capitals /waffle /concrete joist
Cost of construction for a city versus average
Cost for city / 100 x n national average =cost for city
Isotropic materials
Consistent physical and mechanical properties in all directions
Cost per square footage
Percent area x cost and all added up
Sequence for a compressive refrigeration cycle
Expansion valve /evaporator /compressor /condenser
Sound intensity / how does it drop off
6db for each doubling of distance between the source and the receiver 
Sprinkler systems - deluge system /pre action /dry
Deluge = turn on all heads at once in high hazard buildings Deluge suppression systems are typically used in special hazard installations when water must be applied to an entire area for fire protection. These systems are considered a ‘dry fire protection system’ as the piping for the system is empty and at an atmospheric pressure with the sprinkler heads all open. chemical plants, aircraft hangars, oil extraction facilities, and any storage facility that holds or uses flammable chemicals.
pre action concern over water, damaging the contents in the building. Pre-action sprinkler systems work well in areas with sensitive assets and equipment where accidental discharge needs to be prevented due to their 2-step activation process.A pre-action system is often more costly to install than a traditional sprinkler system because it is more complexThis system is also more difficult and costly to maintain because it has additional components and is more complex.Pre-action sprinklers can be designed to have pressurized nitrogen or air within the pipes to keep the water in place if the valve is accidentally opened. This form of pre-action system is most commonly found in freezer warehouses. MuseumsFreezer warehousesData centersArchivesLibrariesComputer roomsTelecommunications centers
Process control rooms./
dry pipe compressed air or nitrogen where there are problems with freezing.
Illuminance to luminous flux
1 lm /ft2 =10.76 lx. //= foot candles = lumens / area [ lumens =foot candles x area]
Lumens =foot candles x area
Occupant load served factor
0.15 doors
For buildings without a sprinkler system and emergency voice/alarm communication system – the egress capacity factor is 0.2 inches per occupant.
For H (high hazard) and I-2 (institutional – typically hospitals and nursing homes; refer to the code for the full definition) – the egress capacity factor for doors is 0.2 inches per occupant.
For other use groups (H and I-2 excluded) with a sprinkler system and emergency voice/alarm communication system – the egress capacity factor for doors is 0.15 inches per occupant.
1005.3.1 Stairways.
The capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) per occupant.
1.For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed
Impact on allowable height of building
Occupancy group /construction type /fire suppression
Closed loop heat pumps
Higher installation cost /reduce maintenance cost/reduce energy consumption / maintenance of heat pumps disrupts occupied spaces
Traction elevator machine room location
Above hoistway
The addition of what prevents glass from being water soluble
Lime
Stiffness of columns
Inversely proportional to length cubed ^3
Earthquake building
Density and elasticity of the soil
primary = p wave
Secondary = S wave
surface waves - Raleigh vertical / love horizontal
Air entraining ad mixture concrete
Improves workability and environmentally friendly
Wind load forces
Torsion /vertical shear /horizontal shear /base shear =total horizontal force acting at the base of a building
Refrigeration cycle
Expansion valve - evaporator- compressor-condenser
Fan coil terminals and closed loop are good for what uses
Apartment buildings and hotels but seldom office and stores
Hydronic radiant heating _what and where
All water - for arenas theaters libraries and offices
Active chilled beams
Air and water _ offices hospitals laboratories but rarely in apartment and hotel
VAV and CAV
While a CAV system uses variable air temperature and constant airflow, a VAV system keeps constant temperature and variable airflow
CAV______
Benefits
Simple design
Easy installation
Lower up-front installation costs
Ideal for single-zone applications
Cons
Provides only fixed volume airflow
Limited options (such as manual dampers) for zone-level air flow adjustment and adaptability
Lower energy efficiency overall
Poor humidity control
VAV______
Benefits
Better control over airflow, temperature, and humidity
Multi-zone conditioning through built-in dampers
More cost-effective ventilation overall - less fan power is needed to maintain each climate zone
Cons
More complicated infrastructure design that leverages more advanced fan controls and dampers
Higher up-front costs than CAV installations
Despite its drawbacks, note that these up-front costs tend to be offset by the lower operating costs of the system itself.
All air used in hotels, schools, large commercial spaces, rarely in apartments
What 5 metals can be prove brazed ?
Aluminum and gold silver copper nickel
Static loads
Doesn’t change over time
Subgrade under paving should be
Compacted and sloped
3 type of earthquake faults
Reverse normal strike-slip
Both dead loads and live loads can be considered
Static loads
In Miami, the outdoor temperature only exceeds summer outdoor design temperature during what percent of the hours of the year
1%
The Delta between outdoor and indoor design temperatures is used to determine
Peak heating and cooling loads of HVAC system
ASHRAE PROVIDE A LIST OF
Outdoor design temperatures
Design dry bulb temperature
During July is higher than the average daily temperature / different from wet bulb temperature in that it doesn’t account for humidity
ASHRAE
Defines two different types of design temperatures
Heating design temperature : the outdoor temperature used for designing heating systems which represents the lowest expected temperature for specific location during the heating season. The heating design temperature ensures that the building heating system can provide adequate warmth to maintain comfortable indoor temperature during the coldest days.
Cooling design temperature: the outdoor temperature used for designing cooling systems which represents the highest expected temperature for a specific location during the cooling season the cooling design temperature and sure that the building cooling system can effectively remove heat and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures during the hottest days
ASHRAE CLIMACTIC DATA FROM VARIOUS WEATHER STATIONS AND PROVIDES DESIGN TEMPERATURE GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENT LOCATIONS BASED ON THEIR HISTORICAL WEATHER PATTERNS
For heating purposes, the outside temperature states above the winter temperature during 99% of the hours of the year for cooling purposes. The outside temperature only goes above the design temperature doing one percent of the hours of the year.
Drag strut
It is a diaphragm, horizontal framing member parallel to the applied force designed to transmit lateral loads to a vertical resisting element
Structural component that is used to transfer lateral forces caused by seismic, events or wind loads from a diaphragm typically a horizontal structure element like a floor or roof to a vertical elements, such as sheer walls or brace frames. The purpose of drug is to ensure that the lateral loads are severely distributed across the empire structural system And that the forces are property resisted by the buildings vertical lateral load resisting components. Essential in designing buildings located in areas with high seismic or wind activity.
Detention basin and Retention basin
Detention Basins: These are man-made basins or reservoirs that store water temporarily during and immediately after heavy rainfall or storm. They are designed to hold a set amount of water and gradually release it at a controlled rate to prevent flooding. Most of the time, they are dry.
Retention Basins: These are also man-made basins used to manage stormwater runoff and prevent flooding, but unlike detention basins, they are designed to hold a permanent pool of water that fluctuates in volume during and after rainfall events.
Four types of steel trusses
Howe /Belgian /Warren /Bowstring - also flat and Pratt
Concrete consolidation
Reducing the volume of void pockets and entrapped air in fresh cementitious mixture
Concrete voiding
Refers to the presence of empty spaces or air pockets within the concrete mix occurs due to an adequate consolidation in proper mix proportions for entrapped air during mixing and placement
Concrete curing
Maintaining appropriate temperature and moisture conditions in freshly placed concrete to ensure it’s optimal strength, development and durability. He typically starts immediately after the concrete has been placed and finished and continues for specific. Usually between 7 to 28 days during methods can include moist, curing using water or what coverings membrane curing, using occurring compound or plastic sheeting or controlled curing using heated or cooled enclosures
Wall assembly STC values
39= single layer
of half inch gypsum on each side, wood stud, fiberglass insulation
44 = Double layer of 1/2 gypsum board on each side Wood stud batt insulation in wall
62= double layer of 58 gypsum board +2 loads of green glue on each side steel stud framing with insulation
72 = 8 inch concrete block wall painted with half-inch gypsum board on independent steel stud walls on each side, insulation in cavities
An increase of 3dB is barely noticeable
Accessible route
Can have a cross slope of 1:50 / can have a 36 inch clear width / cannot have 180° turn that has a depth smaller than 48 inches / may have 180° turn that has a depth larger than 48 inches
Well grade soils
a soil that contains particles of a wide range of sizes and has a good representation of all sizes from the No. 4 to No. 200 sieves. A well-graded gravel is classified as GW, while a well-graded sand is classified as SW. For example, a well graded sand (SW) comprises fine, medium, and coarse grains of sand. Whereas poorly graded sand (SP) only consists of one or two of the three possible grain sizes.
Well graded gravel have an excellent work ability / well graded sands are previous / well great gravel have an excellent shear strength / poorly, grated gravel are very pervious
U value key points
Measures the rate of heat transfer / account for conduction, radiation, and convection / based on various components and calculations / the lower the number the more energy efficient a given assembly is / u=1/r
R value key points
Measures resistance to heat transfer / based on a specific material property value / does not measure airflow / the higher, the number of the more energy efficient / r=1/u
Slenderness ratio
Ability of a column to resist buckling
Flexural strength
Ability of a given wall, to resist the lateral loads such as wind or earth pressure
Buckling moment
Compressive loads
Divisions
Division 00 - Procurement and Contracting Requirements
Division 01 - General Requirements
Division 02 - Existing Conditions
Division 03 - Concrete
Division 04 - Masonry
Division 05 - Metals
Division 06 - Wood, Plastics, Composites
Division 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 08 - Openings
Division 09 - Finishes
Division 10 - Specialties
Division 11 - Equipment
Division 12 - Furnishings
Division 13 - Special Construction
Division 14 - Conveying Equipment
Division 21 - Fire Suppression
Division 22 - Plumbing
Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Division 25 - Integrated Automation
Division 26 - Electrical
Division 27 - Communications
Division 28 - Electronic Safety and Security
Division 31 - Earthwork
Division 32 - Exterior Improvements
Division 33 - Utilities
Division 34 - Transportation
Division 35 - Waterway and Marine Construction
Division 40 - Process Integration
Division 41 - Material Processing and Handling Equipment
Division 42 - Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment
Division 43 - Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment
Division 44 - Pollution and Waste Control Equipment
Division 45 - Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment
Division 46 - Water and Wastewater Equipment
Division 48 - Electrical Power Generation
Water is piped at what psi and looses at what rate
How high can upfeed go?
Typical psi
Sink / urinal / shower / lavatory faucet
40 to 80 psi into building, / losses .433 psi/ft
Upfeed water supply systems generally go up to 40-60
Minimum operating pressures for some fixtures:
Sink faucet = 5-10 PSI
Urinal flush valve = 15 PSI
Shower = 12 PSI|
Lavatory faucet = 8 PSI
Tropic of cancer and Capricorn
Cancer is north Capricorn is south
Concrete construction dowel / lateral ties / spiral reinforcements / splice
Dowel =A steel bar connecting two pieces /
lateral ties = also known as stirrups are close loop steel reinforcement bars, used to reinforced, concrete beams and columns, placed around the main longitudinal reinforcement bars help maintain their spacing prevent buckling lateral forces acting on the structure, in addition, lateral ties contribute to the sheer and torsional strength of the reinforced concrete elements /
spiral reinforcement= continuous he wound steel bar but is used to fine and strengthen concrete columns, tort, particularly in high-rise buildings or structure, subjected to high lateral loads, such as seismic activity enhances the ductility of the column, allowing it to Deform underload without losing its load caring capacity, and also helps to prevent the premature buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement bars. /
splice connection = connection between two reinforcement bars to create a continuous reinforcement system throughout the concrete structure different Include lap splices mechanical splices welded splices. Purpose of splicing is to maintain the structural integrity and loan caring capacity of reinforcement systems while accommodating construction constraints, such as length of available, reinforcement bars, or the need for movement joints
Pedestal piles
Known as personal food things are short cast in situ concrete piles used in areas with firm soil layers to provide additional support for the structures foundation. They act as transition between column, and the footing distributing the concentrated load to a larger surface area. Pedestal piles are typically formed by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete, which may contain reinforcement depending on the design requirements
Simplex pile
Uncased cast in situ pile formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground. Once the desired depth is reached, Schelhas filled with concrete, and the steel tube is simultaneously withdrawn as a concrete is poured, leaving a concrete column in place. Suitable for various soil types, except those with large boulders or obstructions. 
Franki pile
Known as pressure injected footing is a type of cast in situ Pile formed by driving a temporary steel casing into the ground. The casing is then filled with a small amount of dry granular material, which is compacted using a drop hammer this process forms a plug at the base of the casing which acts as a form for the concrete concrete is then placed into the casing under pressure and casing is withdrawn, leaving the concrete column in place.
Raymond pile
Cast in situ call concrete pile formed using a tapered steel mandrel with a cylindrical corrugated steel shell attached to its lower end. The mandrel and shell are driven into the ground, and the mandrel is withdrawn, leaving the shell in place concrete is then poured into the shell, which serves as a form for the pile. The corrugated shell remains in the ground, providing additional friction resistance along the piles length.
H section piles
Wide flange beams offer excellent load caring capacity can be driven into the ground with minimal soil displacement, commonly used in situations requiring high, vertical and lateral resistance
Pitch pocket
Opening between the annual rings of a softwood that contains a solid or liquid pitch = also known as a resin pocket or resin canal a small, naturally occurring opening or cavity found between the annual growth rings of some softwood species. These pockets contain pitch, which is a viscous mixture of resonance substances, such as terpenes and other organic compounds produced by the tree 
Curvature along the edge of a woodboard
Crook
Deflection of a beam is inversely proportional to
Moment of inertia
Occupancy loads include
People furniture stores material
Hard steel what makes it _ contains how much carbon
Made up of iron and carbon / carbon at .5% to 1.5%. /Increased carbon content in hard, steel enhances, hardness, tensile strength, and wears resistance at the expense of ductility and hardness
Chromium is added to enhance where resistance, corrosion resistance, and harden ability
Molybdenum improve strength, hard ability, and resistance to temperature variations
Vanadium increases strength, resistance, and ability
Tungsten, enhances, hardness resistance, and height temperature stability
Cobalt increases high strength, hardness and wear resistance
FCU VS AHU
Fan coil unit recirculated air /air handling unit air from outside
Fan coil is louder than VAV
Occupancy types
- Assembly (see Section 303): Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5.
- Business (see Section 304): Group B.
- Educational (see Section 305): Group E.
- Factory and Industrial (see Section 306): Groups F-1 and F-2.
- High Hazard (see Section 307): Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5.
- Institutional (see Section 308): Groups I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4.
- Mercantile (see Section 309): Group M.2
- Residential (see Section 310): Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4.
- Storage (see Section 311): Groups S-1 and S-2.
- Utility and Miscellaneous (see Section 312): Group U.
Landscape areas near building should have at least ____% slope away from the structure
2%
A safe sidewalk slopes, no more than ___%
No greater than 1:20 or 5% unless it’s a ramp
Cross slopes may be up to 1:50 or 2% for drainage
Soil investigation reveals Sandy clay and bentonite what foundation type
Grade beam on piers
Maximum slope to plant grass/ for recreation areas, and for landscaping
3% for recreation and for landscaping up to 25%
Maximum slope for a parking area and accessible portion of parking area
5% for parking area 2% for accessible
Information on street drainage would be found
Public works
Proxemics
Study of cultural understanding of space for individuals
What Square footage to use for parking lots
300 if it includes parking spaces, access, and fairly efficient driveways
and 400 parking spaces drives and walkways
Northern hemisphere, optimum solar panel angle sun collector
Buildings latitude but for space heating building latitude +15°
A roof of trees of modern density will reduce the wind velocity and the Leeward side by about 30 to 40% up to about
Five times the height of the trees 
Change in slope without using a ramp ADA
1/4 without 1/2 or greater must use ramp
What factors determine total allowable area and height of a building
Construction type occupancy group separation between adjacent buildings and sprinkler
A properties boundaries are commonly described by
Meets bounds , reference to section and Township, location within subdivision
In regard to blast security, the space between building and outermost secured Perimeter is called.
Standoff distance
Estimating cut and fill
Calculation by
grid - also called the division of square method — to determine volume for medium-sized projects that require leveling.
The block method is more straightforward than the section method and more accurate than the average method. You can expect some margin of error when using the block method on projects involving both filling and cutting, but much less than the average method.
end area method - We typically use the average method for smaller projects that require us to ascertain the levels at all grid points. Because this method is the simplest of the three, we can only use it when a project requires either filling or cutting. The average method provides inaccurate estimates if you use it for projects that use both cutting and filling.
contour area method - Prismodial method: This method offers a precise way to get an estimate of the volume.
Trapezoidal method: This method is also used in calculating volume with contour lines.
To determine the required area for a leaching field use a
A leach field is a major element of most septic systems. Also known as a septic drain field, it consists of perforated pipes that sit underground near a septic tank. Essentially, leach fields are meant to filter out contaminants from effluent water before it drains into the ground.
It uses a Percolation test
Continuous pipe along footing
French drain
Proctor test
Optimum compaction of site fill based on its density and optimum moisture content
Pit test
Dug hole to allow visual inspection
Sanitary sewer
Considered first when locating a building
To determine the regulations that pertain to a planned development around a wetland area, which to investigate
local government, state government, U.S. Army corp engineers
Probable maximum flood
Most severe flood that may reasonably be possible for a particular location
Higher than nfip
Standard projected flood
An expected flood
The slope of a masonry or stone retaining wall is called
Battering
Brick — NW. FBX. MW. SW
SW severe weathering for northeast.
Nw normal weathering - when building an extension onto an existing brick building, or when you want the new bricks to blend in with the existing ones.
Mw moderate weathering - best used in tropical climates or for outdoor walls where it can tolerate moderate amounts of freezing and dampness
FBX is finish appearance
Bricks can be rated as F0 (not frost resistant), F1 (moderately frost resistant), or F2 (frost resistant).
Mortar joint types
Trowel struck not recommended for exterior. \
Weather struck /
Raked ]
Concave )
Concave is the best for dealing with water on exterior walls
Reglet flashing
Grove in masonry or concrete to instert flashing into
Short spans in 8” to 12” brick walls uses
Back to back L angles
Galvanic action
Use neoprene spacers between metals to avoid
Oil canning
Metal roof bending. Use ribbed, matte and level substructure
Sawn lumber - joists
Span?
Lumber joists often span 15 to 20 ft
nominal width 2”
Nominal depth of between 6 to 14”
Heavy loads nominal width of 3 to 4”
Spaced 12 to 16 “ on center
Fire cut joists are required
In masonry walls, they are cut at one end to allow the floor to fall inwards of the wall so it doesn’t bring the wall down
Wood I joist span
20ft - 45ft
Flitch beam
2x12 on either side of a metal plate
Which is higher r value polyisocinurate or polystyrene
Polyisocinurate
