SITE PLANNING Flashcards
What are the first tasks after completing programing and analysis
Locate building on site / what side improvements should be made / what sustainability principles can Be applied / and how the neighborhood contest will influence the design 
Drainage
Accommodate existing drainage patterns / accommodate any increase in runoff. Site design must also include positive drainage
Water runoff
Storm water that accumulates on site in excess can be absorbed by the ground
Sheet flow
Water that drains across a sloping surface whether that surface is paved, grassy, or otherwise
Minimum drainage slopes
Slope as little as 0.5% though for most surfaces like paved surfaces it is 1.5% to account for tolerances and rough surfaces
Underground systems use a slope of how much
0.3%
Drain inlet
An opening in the ground that allows storm water to run directly into the storm water sewer
Catch basin
Underground reservoir that has a sump pump built into it catching debris
Manholes
Located where sewage changes direction. may 500 ft apart / separate from sanity sewer systems
Runoff coefficient
The amount of water not absorbed by ground
100 year storm % versus I0 versus 25
1% for 100 year. 25 year = 4%. 10 year = 10%
Holding pond
Volume of water greater than the stormwater system can take
Slopes based on pipes
Diameter 2 1/2 “ on less must be 1/4 in ft Diameter of 3 in to 6 in = 1/8 in/ft. Diameter 8 in or make = 1/16 in/ft
Road design. One way width. Two way. Min to public intersection
One way = 12’ min / 2 way = 24’ / 150ft. To intersection min
Road slope
Maximum = 15% / 10% is preferable / if more than 10% you need transition slopes
Cul de Sac radius
40’
Road crown slope and gutter height
Min 1/4 ft. / gutter 6 inch high
Road ramp transition slope if road is over 10%
Transition slope = 1/2 of ramp slope / also level area before crossing side walk
Sidewalk slope
1/4 “ perpendicular to side walk
1:50 or 2%
Ramps = when do you need hand rails on both sides / maximum rise between landings / width of ramp / railing height
Ramps need 5’ m top and bottom can be 30’ max between landings and max 30” rise between landings / railing is between 34” to 38” / if rise is greater than 6” handrail on both sides. extend handrail 12” beyond top and bottom of ramp. Min width 36”. 1:48 cross slope.
Permitted slope where space is limited 1:10 (6” max rise) 1:8 (3” max rise)
STC _
25 normal speech easily heard, and understood / 35 loud speech heard, but not understood/ 45 loud speech not heard music systems problem/ 50 very load is faint/ 60 is excellent
Wood moisture content is dry at what %
20%
Indoor wood moisture content should be
6 - 8%
VAV vs CAV heating
CAV _ central and constant VAV variable at terminal
Strap bridging
’ cross bracing light gauge metal framing
Isolation joint
Allow for movement between a slab and adjacent wall or column. +20’
Wood moisture content for flooring
6 % to 9%
Wood moisture content for exterior construction
9% _ 14%
Usable area and rentable area calcs
’ usable area =gross area x base building efficiency. Rentable area =usable area x loss factor
- Glass make up
Silica soda ash and lime
Learn piles
End bearing and friction / bored/ aggregate
Retaining walls -gravity /counterfort /Ltype
Gravity for retaining structures 4 up to 10 feet /counter fort up 12 feet / l-type also up to 12 feet but also back brace
Dynamic loads
Wind or earthquake /rapid changes in magnetic direction or both
Impact loads
‘Moving cars
Iive loads
Person standing group of people, movable equipment, furniture
Building types I -a /I -b /type IIA and 2b
Type I Construction: Fire Resistive
This category applies to any building that stands over 75 feet tall. This applies to all high-rise housing and commercial space. That includes apartment buildings, offices, and hotels.
These buildings are designed to withstand high temperatures for a long time without collapsing. Beyond that, all structural materials are non-combustible. Walls, floors, and roofs are constructed with reinforced concrete and protected steel. While these features make these buildings extremely durable, it also increases construction costs.
Some Type 1 buildings have HVAC systems and self-pressurizing stairwells to prevent fires from spreading. These building elements make it easier for firefighters to access and extinguish fires. When entering a Type 1 building, their main objective revolves around securing stairwells to ensure a safe evacuation.
Type II Construction: Non-Combustible
Like Type 1 buildings, Type 2 buildings contain non-combustible walls, partitions, columns, floors, and roofs. Though these structures typically contain fire suppression systems, they are not often protected with fire-resistive coatings and are prone to collapse. They typically contain metal floors and metal roofs with masonry or tilt-slab walls.
Newer school buildings, shopping malls, and recently renovated commercial buildings typically fall under this construction type. If firefighters are called to a Type 2 building, their main priority will be to ventilate the building to prevent a dangerous rise in temperature.
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Type III Construction: Ordinary
Also known as brick-and-joist structures, Type III buildings consist of either tilt-slap or reinforced masonry walls. These materials are non-combustible. That is to say, some of the interior structural elements (frames, floor, ceilings, etc.) are made with wood or combustible materials.
This kind of construction can apply to both old and new buildings. Old buildings generally contain conventionally framed roofs, while newer units are typically built with lightweight roof systems.
Schools, buildings, and houses can all fall under this construction type. One of the perks associated with this construction type is that ventilation is possible. That said, many Type III buildings contain connected attics or horizontal void spaces, making fire extensions more likely.
Type IV Construction: Heavy Timber
Type IV buildings are largely constructed using large pieces of lumber connected using metal plates and bolts. This was a common practice before 1960, making heavy timber construction easy to spot. Old churches, factories, and barns typically fall under this category.
This building type demands that all wooden members meet specific dimensional requirements. Structural wood supports such as columns, beams, and girders must be at least 8 inches thick. Heavy planks for roofs and floors must be at least 6 inches thick. Type IV buildings have noncombustible exterior walls and interior elements.
Though these buildings contain combustible materials, they generally fare well when exposed to fire. Their structural mass also makes them more resilient against collapse. Still, firefighters will require large volumes of water to extinguish a fire in this type of building. Metal joint connections can also lead to a rapid increase in fire severity.
Type V Construction: Wood-Frame
Type V buildings are the most combustible construction type on this list. It is the only category of construction that allows combustible exterior walls as well as combustible structural members on the interior walls.
The frames, walls, floors, and roofs are made entirely or partly out of wood. These building elements are cheaper to develop and increasingly common in the construction of single-family homes and garages.
These structural elements can be particularly worrisome to firefighters, as exposed wood offers no fire resistance. If a fire starts, the building will ignite significantly. These buildings may be somewhat resistant to collapse unless it is a lightweight construction. In that case, it will collapse within minutes of a fire breaking out.
Mass irregularity 
Seismic weight over 200% of any adjacent story
Soft story
A story with significantly less lateral stiffness, compared to above
Weak story
A story significantly less lateral strength compared to above
Mortar types N /O /S /M
N = above grade exterior/interior load bearing soft stone //
O = above grade interior non load bearing/
S =below grade masonry foundations manholes retaining walls sewers brick patios
M =gravity loads masonry below grade foundations retaining walls driveways, heavy loads
Active chilled beam system
It is not all water. Has better control of airflow and humidity compared to all air. Allows lower floor to floor height. More expensive
Depth to span ratio of steel girders
Steel girder = 1/15 // steel beam =1/20
Water to cement ratio
The less water, the stronger the concrete. Lower ratio reduces drying and cracking and reduces permeability, as well as increasing bonding to reinforcement.
Ratio Range of .45 to .60.
High strength concrete uses less water (.35)
The minimum is .3 to .35 water to cement ratio. Below this it becomes too stiff and unworkable
1 gallon of water is 8.33 pounds
Structural floor systems /Flat plate /flat slab /waffle /concrete joist
In order of strength flat plate = Flaps to porta by column without beams or girders,/flat slab = A flat system with drop panels or column capitals /waffle /concrete joist
Cost of construction for a city versus average
Cost for city / 100 x n national average =cost for city
Isotropic materials
Consistent physical and mechanical properties in all directions
Cost per square footage
Percent area x cost and all added up
Sequence for a compressive refrigeration cycle
Expansion valve /evaporator /compressor /condenser
Sound intensity / how does it drop off
6db for each doubling of distance between the source and the receiver 
Sprinkler systems - deluge system /pre action /dry
Deluge = turn on all heads at once in high hazard buildings Deluge suppression systems are typically used in special hazard installations when water must be applied to an entire area for fire protection. These systems are considered a ‘dry fire protection system’ as the piping for the system is empty and at an atmospheric pressure with the sprinkler heads all open. chemical plants, aircraft hangars, oil extraction facilities, and any storage facility that holds or uses flammable chemicals.
pre action concern over water, damaging the contents in the building. Pre-action sprinkler systems work well in areas with sensitive assets and equipment where accidental discharge needs to be prevented due to their 2-step activation process.A pre-action system is often more costly to install than a traditional sprinkler system because it is more complexThis system is also more difficult and costly to maintain because it has additional components and is more complex.Pre-action sprinklers can be designed to have pressurized nitrogen or air within the pipes to keep the water in place if the valve is accidentally opened. This form of pre-action system is most commonly found in freezer warehouses. MuseumsFreezer warehousesData centersArchivesLibrariesComputer roomsTelecommunications centers
Process control rooms./
dry pipe compressed air or nitrogen where there are problems with freezing.
Illuminance to luminous flux
1 lm /ft2 =10.76 lx. //= foot candles = lumens / area [ lumens =foot candles x area]
Lumens =foot candles x area
Occupant load served factor
0.15 doors
For buildings without a sprinkler system and emergency voice/alarm communication system – the egress capacity factor is 0.2 inches per occupant.
For H (high hazard) and I-2 (institutional – typically hospitals and nursing homes; refer to the code for the full definition) – the egress capacity factor for doors is 0.2 inches per occupant.
For other use groups (H and I-2 excluded) with a sprinkler system and emergency voice/alarm communication system – the egress capacity factor for doors is 0.15 inches per occupant.
1005.3.1 Stairways.
The capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) per occupant.
1.For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed
Impact on allowable height of building
Occupancy group /construction type /fire suppression
Closed loop heat pumps
Higher installation cost /reduce maintenance cost/reduce energy consumption / maintenance of heat pumps disrupts occupied spaces
Traction elevator machine room location
Above hoistway
The addition of what prevents glass from being water soluble
Lime
Stiffness of columns
Inversely proportional to length cubed ^3
Earthquake building
Density and elasticity of the soil
primary = p wave
Secondary = S wave
surface waves - Raleigh vertical / love horizontal
Air entraining ad mixture concrete
Improves workability and environmentally friendly
Wind load forces
Torsion /vertical shear /horizontal shear /base shear =total horizontal force acting at the base of a building
Refrigeration cycle
Expansion valve - evaporator- compressor-condenser
Fan coil terminals and closed loop are good for what uses
Apartment buildings and hotels but seldom office and stores
Hydronic radiant heating _what and where
All water - for arenas theaters libraries and offices
Active chilled beams
Air and water _ offices hospitals laboratories but rarely in apartment and hotel
VAV and CAV
While a CAV system uses variable air temperature and constant airflow, a VAV system keeps constant temperature and variable airflow
CAV______
Benefits
Simple design
Easy installation
Lower up-front installation costs
Ideal for single-zone applications
Cons
Provides only fixed volume airflow
Limited options (such as manual dampers) for zone-level air flow adjustment and adaptability
Lower energy efficiency overall
Poor humidity control
VAV______
Benefits
Better control over airflow, temperature, and humidity
Multi-zone conditioning through built-in dampers
More cost-effective ventilation overall - less fan power is needed to maintain each climate zone
Cons
More complicated infrastructure design that leverages more advanced fan controls and dampers
Higher up-front costs than CAV installations
Despite its drawbacks, note that these up-front costs tend to be offset by the lower operating costs of the system itself.
All air used in hotels, schools, large commercial spaces, rarely in apartments
What 5 metals can be prove brazed ?
Aluminum and gold silver copper nickel
Static loads
Doesn’t change over time
Subgrade under paving should be
Compacted and sloped
3 type of earthquake faults
Reverse normal strike-slip
Both dead loads and live loads can be considered
Static loads
In Miami, the outdoor temperature only exceeds summer outdoor design temperature during what percent of the hours of the year
1%
The Delta between outdoor and indoor design temperatures is used to determine
Peak heating and cooling loads of HVAC system
ASHRAE PROVIDE A LIST OF
Outdoor design temperatures
Design dry bulb temperature
During July is higher than the average daily temperature / different from wet bulb temperature in that it doesn’t account for humidity
ASHRAE
Defines two different types of design temperatures
Heating design temperature : the outdoor temperature used for designing heating systems which represents the lowest expected temperature for specific location during the heating season. The heating design temperature ensures that the building heating system can provide adequate warmth to maintain comfortable indoor temperature during the coldest days.
Cooling design temperature: the outdoor temperature used for designing cooling systems which represents the highest expected temperature for a specific location during the cooling season the cooling design temperature and sure that the building cooling system can effectively remove heat and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures during the hottest days
ASHRAE CLIMACTIC DATA FROM VARIOUS WEATHER STATIONS AND PROVIDES DESIGN TEMPERATURE GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENT LOCATIONS BASED ON THEIR HISTORICAL WEATHER PATTERNS
For heating purposes, the outside temperature states above the winter temperature during 99% of the hours of the year for cooling purposes. The outside temperature only goes above the design temperature doing one percent of the hours of the year.
Drag strut
It is a diaphragm, horizontal framing member parallel to the applied force designed to transmit lateral loads to a vertical resisting element
Structural component that is used to transfer lateral forces caused by seismic, events or wind loads from a diaphragm typically a horizontal structure element like a floor or roof to a vertical elements, such as sheer walls or brace frames. The purpose of drug is to ensure that the lateral loads are severely distributed across the empire structural system And that the forces are property resisted by the buildings vertical lateral load resisting components. Essential in designing buildings located in areas with high seismic or wind activity.
Detention basin and Retention basin
Detention Basins: These are man-made basins or reservoirs that store water temporarily during and immediately after heavy rainfall or storm. They are designed to hold a set amount of water and gradually release it at a controlled rate to prevent flooding. Most of the time, they are dry.
Retention Basins: These are also man-made basins used to manage stormwater runoff and prevent flooding, but unlike detention basins, they are designed to hold a permanent pool of water that fluctuates in volume during and after rainfall events.
Four types of steel trusses
Howe /Belgian /Warren /Bowstring - also flat and Pratt
Concrete consolidation
Reducing the volume of void pockets and entrapped air in fresh cementitious mixture
Concrete voiding
Refers to the presence of empty spaces or air pockets within the concrete mix occurs due to an adequate consolidation in proper mix proportions for entrapped air during mixing and placement
Concrete curing
Maintaining appropriate temperature and moisture conditions in freshly placed concrete to ensure it’s optimal strength, development and durability. He typically starts immediately after the concrete has been placed and finished and continues for specific. Usually between 7 to 28 days during methods can include moist, curing using water or what coverings membrane curing, using occurring compound or plastic sheeting or controlled curing using heated or cooled enclosures
Wall assembly STC values
39= single layer
of half inch gypsum on each side, wood stud, fiberglass insulation
44 = Double layer of 1/2 gypsum board on each side Wood stud batt insulation in wall
62= double layer of 58 gypsum board +2 loads of green glue on each side steel stud framing with insulation
72 = 8 inch concrete block wall painted with half-inch gypsum board on independent steel stud walls on each side, insulation in cavities
An increase of 3dB is barely noticeable
Accessible route
Can have a cross slope of 1:50 / can have a 36 inch clear width / cannot have 180° turn that has a depth smaller than 48 inches / may have 180° turn that has a depth larger than 48 inches
Well grade soils
a soil that contains particles of a wide range of sizes and has a good representation of all sizes from the No. 4 to No. 200 sieves. A well-graded gravel is classified as GW, while a well-graded sand is classified as SW. For example, a well graded sand (SW) comprises fine, medium, and coarse grains of sand. Whereas poorly graded sand (SP) only consists of one or two of the three possible grain sizes.
Well graded gravel have an excellent work ability / well graded sands are previous / well great gravel have an excellent shear strength / poorly, grated gravel are very pervious
U value key points
Measures the rate of heat transfer / account for conduction, radiation, and convection / based on various components and calculations / the lower the number the more energy efficient a given assembly is / u=1/r
R value key points
Measures resistance to heat transfer / based on a specific material property value / does not measure airflow / the higher, the number of the more energy efficient / r=1/u
Slenderness ratio
Ability of a column to resist buckling
Flexural strength
Ability of a given wall, to resist the lateral loads such as wind or earth pressure
Buckling moment
Compressive loads
Divisions
Division 00 - Procurement and Contracting Requirements
Division 01 - General Requirements
Division 02 - Existing Conditions
Division 03 - Concrete
Division 04 - Masonry
Division 05 - Metals
Division 06 - Wood, Plastics, Composites
Division 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 08 - Openings
Division 09 - Finishes
Division 10 - Specialties
Division 11 - Equipment
Division 12 - Furnishings
Division 13 - Special Construction
Division 14 - Conveying Equipment
Division 21 - Fire Suppression
Division 22 - Plumbing
Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Division 25 - Integrated Automation
Division 26 - Electrical
Division 27 - Communications
Division 28 - Electronic Safety and Security
Division 31 - Earthwork
Division 32 - Exterior Improvements
Division 33 - Utilities
Division 34 - Transportation
Division 35 - Waterway and Marine Construction
Division 40 - Process Integration
Division 41 - Material Processing and Handling Equipment
Division 42 - Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment
Division 43 - Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment
Division 44 - Pollution and Waste Control Equipment
Division 45 - Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment
Division 46 - Water and Wastewater Equipment
Division 48 - Electrical Power Generation
Water is piped at what psi and looses at what rate
How high can upfeed go?
Typical psi
Sink / urinal / shower / lavatory faucet
40 to 80 psi into building, / losses .433 psi/ft
Upfeed water supply systems generally go up to 40-60
Minimum operating pressures for some fixtures:
Sink faucet = 5-10 PSI
Urinal flush valve = 15 PSI
Shower = 12 PSI|
Lavatory faucet = 8 PSI
Tropic of cancer and Capricorn
Cancer is north Capricorn is south
Concrete construction dowel / lateral ties / spiral reinforcements / splice
Dowel =A steel bar connecting two pieces /
lateral ties = also known as stirrups are close loop steel reinforcement bars, used to reinforced, concrete beams and columns, placed around the main longitudinal reinforcement bars help maintain their spacing prevent buckling lateral forces acting on the structure, in addition, lateral ties contribute to the sheer and torsional strength of the reinforced concrete elements /
spiral reinforcement= continuous he wound steel bar but is used to fine and strengthen concrete columns, tort, particularly in high-rise buildings or structure, subjected to high lateral loads, such as seismic activity enhances the ductility of the column, allowing it to Deform underload without losing its load caring capacity, and also helps to prevent the premature buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement bars. /
splice connection = connection between two reinforcement bars to create a continuous reinforcement system throughout the concrete structure different Include lap splices mechanical splices welded splices. Purpose of splicing is to maintain the structural integrity and loan caring capacity of reinforcement systems while accommodating construction constraints, such as length of available, reinforcement bars, or the need for movement joints
Pedestal piles
Known as personal food things are short cast in situ concrete piles used in areas with firm soil layers to provide additional support for the structures foundation. They act as transition between column, and the footing distributing the concentrated load to a larger surface area. Pedestal piles are typically formed by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete, which may contain reinforcement depending on the design requirements
Simplex pile
Uncased cast in situ pile formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground. Once the desired depth is reached, Schelhas filled with concrete, and the steel tube is simultaneously withdrawn as a concrete is poured, leaving a concrete column in place. Suitable for various soil types, except those with large boulders or obstructions. 
Franki pile
Known as pressure injected footing is a type of cast in situ Pile formed by driving a temporary steel casing into the ground. The casing is then filled with a small amount of dry granular material, which is compacted using a drop hammer this process forms a plug at the base of the casing which acts as a form for the concrete concrete is then placed into the casing under pressure and casing is withdrawn, leaving the concrete column in place.
Raymond pile
Cast in situ call concrete pile formed using a tapered steel mandrel with a cylindrical corrugated steel shell attached to its lower end. The mandrel and shell are driven into the ground, and the mandrel is withdrawn, leaving the shell in place concrete is then poured into the shell, which serves as a form for the pile. The corrugated shell remains in the ground, providing additional friction resistance along the piles length.
H section piles
Wide flange beams offer excellent load caring capacity can be driven into the ground with minimal soil displacement, commonly used in situations requiring high, vertical and lateral resistance
Pitch pocket
Opening between the annual rings of a softwood that contains a solid or liquid pitch = also known as a resin pocket or resin canal a small, naturally occurring opening or cavity found between the annual growth rings of some softwood species. These pockets contain pitch, which is a viscous mixture of resonance substances, such as terpenes and other organic compounds produced by the tree 
Curvature along the edge of a woodboard
Crook
Deflection of a beam is inversely proportional to
Moment of inertia
Occupancy loads include
People furniture stores material
Hard steel what makes it _ contains how much carbon
Made up of iron and carbon / carbon at .5% to 1.5%. /Increased carbon content in hard, steel enhances, hardness, tensile strength, and wears resistance at the expense of ductility and hardness
Chromium is added to enhance where resistance, corrosion resistance, and harden ability
Molybdenum improve strength, hard ability, and resistance to temperature variations
Vanadium increases strength, resistance, and ability
Tungsten, enhances, hardness resistance, and height temperature stability
Cobalt increases high strength, hardness and wear resistance
FCU VS AHU
Fan coil unit recirculated air /air handling unit air from outside
Fan coil is louder than VAV
Occupancy types
- Assembly (see Section 303): Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5.
- Business (see Section 304): Group B.
- Educational (see Section 305): Group E.
- Factory and Industrial (see Section 306): Groups F-1 and F-2.
- High Hazard (see Section 307): Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5.
- Institutional (see Section 308): Groups I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4.
- Mercantile (see Section 309): Group M.2
- Residential (see Section 310): Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4.
- Storage (see Section 311): Groups S-1 and S-2.
- Utility and Miscellaneous (see Section 312): Group U.
Landscape areas near building should have at least ____% slope away from the structure
2%
A safe sidewalk slopes, no more than ___%
No greater than 1:20 or 5% unless it’s a ramp
Cross slopes may be up to 1:50 or 2% for drainage
Soil investigation reveals Sandy clay and bentonite what foundation type
Grade beam on piers
Maximum slope to plant grass/ for recreation areas, and for landscaping
3% for recreation and for landscaping up to 25%
Maximum slope for a parking area and accessible portion of parking area
5% for parking area 2% for accessible
Information on street drainage would be found
Public works
Proxemics
Study of cultural understanding of space for individuals
What Square footage to use for parking lots
300 if it includes parking spaces, access, and fairly efficient driveways
and 400 parking spaces drives and walkways
Northern hemisphere, optimum solar panel angle sun collector
Buildings latitude but for space heating building latitude +15°
A roof of trees of modern density will reduce the wind velocity and the Leeward side by about 30 to 40% up to about
Five times the height of the trees 
Change in slope without using a ramp ADA
1/4 without 1/2 or greater must use ramp
What factors determine total allowable area and height of a building
Construction type occupancy group separation between adjacent buildings and sprinkler
A properties boundaries are commonly described by
Meets bounds , reference to section and Township, location within subdivision
In regard to blast security, the space between building and outermost secured Perimeter is called.
Standoff distance
Estimating cut and fill
Calculation by
grid - also called the division of square method — to determine volume for medium-sized projects that require leveling.
The block method is more straightforward than the section method and more accurate than the average method. You can expect some margin of error when using the block method on projects involving both filling and cutting, but much less than the average method.
end area method - We typically use the average method for smaller projects that require us to ascertain the levels at all grid points. Because this method is the simplest of the three, we can only use it when a project requires either filling or cutting. The average method provides inaccurate estimates if you use it for projects that use both cutting and filling.
contour area method - Prismodial method: This method offers a precise way to get an estimate of the volume.
Trapezoidal method: This method is also used in calculating volume with contour lines.
To determine the required area for a leaching field use a
A leach field is a major element of most septic systems. Also known as a septic drain field, it consists of perforated pipes that sit underground near a septic tank. Essentially, leach fields are meant to filter out contaminants from effluent water before it drains into the ground.
It uses a Percolation test
Continuous pipe along footing
French drain
Proctor test
Optimum compaction of site fill based on its density and optimum moisture content
Pit test
Dug hole to allow visual inspection
Sanitary sewer
Considered first when locating a building
To determine the regulations that pertain to a planned development around a wetland area, which to investigate
local government, state government, U.S. Army corp engineers
Probable maximum flood
Most severe flood that may reasonably be possible for a particular location
Higher than nfip
Standard projected flood
An expected flood
The slope of a masonry or stone retaining wall is called
Battering
Brick — NW. FBX. MW. SW
SW severe weathering for northeast.
Nw normal weathering - when building an extension onto an existing brick building, or when you want the new bricks to blend in with the existing ones.
Mw moderate weathering - best used in tropical climates or for outdoor walls where it can tolerate moderate amounts of freezing and dampness
FBX is finish appearance
Bricks can be rated as F0 (not frost resistant), F1 (moderately frost resistant), or F2 (frost resistant).
Mortar joint types
Trowel struck not recommended for exterior. \
Weather struck /
Raked ]
Concave )
Concave is the best for dealing with water on exterior walls
Reglet flashing
Grove in masonry or concrete to instert flashing into
Short spans in 8” to 12” brick walls uses
Back to back L angles
Galvanic action
Use neoprene spacers between metals to avoid
Oil canning
Metal roof bending. Use ribbed, matte and level substructure
Sawn lumber - joists
Span?
Lumber joists often span 15 to 20 ft
nominal width 2”
Nominal depth of between 6 to 14”
Heavy loads nominal width of 3 to 4”
Spaced 12 to 16 “ on center
Fire cut joists are required
In masonry walls, they are cut at one end to allow the floor to fall inwards of the wall so it doesn’t bring the wall down
Wood I joist span
20ft - 45ft
Flitch beam
2x12 on either side of a metal plate
Which is higher r value polyisocinurate or polystyrene
Polyisocinurate
Laminated
annealed
Float
Tempered
heat strengthened
Laminated 2 panes with plastic between.
Float is same as annealed. Annealed is regular glass that can be tempered or heat strengthened
Tempered is twice as hard as heat strengthened
For a ten story building tempered heat strengthened and laminated would work
Material resilience
High to low - cork. Linoleum/vinyl. Asphalt
Which paint type resistance for graffiti, abrasion, grease alcohol water and fuels?
Urethane
Wood slicing
Plain slicing figured pattern with a characteristic cathedral appearance
Rotary slicing most varied grain slices
Half round slicing gives a moderate amount of pattern
Quarter slicing is cut perpendicular to the growth rings which gives the straightest pattern
Rift slicing also produces uniform grain pattern
A tactile finish (rough surface) should be out on what kind of doors?
Doors that lead to what could be dangerous places for a visually impaired person to go to
Life cycle cost Analysis
Higher up front costs usually lead to lower operational costs
It is economical to compete a life cycle cost analysis lcca if two items have similar installation costs but differing operational costs or projected lifespans
Lcca evaluates all costs based their present value
Salvage fees may be included in an lcca
Sunk costs are costs incurred prior to baseline date
Defensible space theory
Gated streets / strict enforcement of code with criminal non compliance / help for new homeowners to finance and national properties / community designed to facilitate inversions among neighbors
Safing insulation
Must be placed between studs at floors in for example balloon framing for fire stopping
EPDM insulation
Has the least amount of seams
Will not pose a threat to clients inside a hospital
Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
Standard NBR/PVC and EPDM insulation maintain a WVP rating of 0.03 perm-inch while one particular EPDM insulation’s WVP is 0.01 perm-inch; this rivals the WVP of a rigid closed cell insulation called cellular glass at 0.00. The lower the WVP, the less likely that a supplemental vapor barrier (jacket or mastic) will be required.
A closed cell elastomeric insulation’s chemical polarity determines its UV, ozone and weather resistance. Polar (NBR/PVC) insulation will degrade when subjected to UV so manufacturers require protection in the form of a specially-formulated UV coating or mechanical jacket. Nonpolar materials (EPDM insulation) will degrade at a slower rate than NBR/PVC. Although the same protection is recommended, it is not required. As an example, vehicle manufacturers choose EPDM rubber for OEM components subjected to heat and UV such as hoses, weatherstripping, and wiper blades.
Glass transition” refers to the temperature at which a closed cell elastomeric foam insulation begins to lose flexibility, becomes brittle and difficult to install. NBR/PVC’s glass transition temperature is approximately -4°F (-20°C) with EPDM at approximately -65°F (-53°C). EPDM insulation maintains its flexibility at lower temperatures during installation.
All insulation types are subject to mold growth when organic food sources and moisture are present. As a preventive measure, NBR/PVC manufacturers add EPA-registered antimicrobial chemicals to their products during the manufacturing process. EPDM insulation, on the other hand, is naturally microbial-resistant because it does not contain organic food sources such as oils, plasticizers and binders.
Fire damper
Installed in mechanical equipment where fire needs to be stopped it at rated assemblies
Types of footings
Spread footing - shallow foundation type lower part of the foundation is gradually widened/not really used with multi story, low column load, soil capacity allows it
Combined footing is a type of foundation that supports two or more columns or walls by distributing the load to a wider area of soil.
Resilient and non resilient flooring
Resilient
When you press into resilient flooring, it gives a little and then returns to shape
- better traction
-lower cost to replace damaged parts
- ergonomic benefits
- lower noise foot traffic
Non resilient
Materials with no give, one dented stay dented. Concrete for example
Durability
Price
Maintenance costs
What hazardous material abatement requires licensed people
Asbestos
lead
polychlorinated biphenyls - Fluorescent Light Ballasts (FLBs)
Caulking, Coatings & Sealants
Specialty Paints
Adhesives
Ceiling Tiles
Acoustic Boards
vermiculite- often used asan aggregate in lightweight concrete, providing improved thermal insulation and fire resistance in buildings.
A row of trees of moderate density will reduce the wind velocity on the leeward side by about ____ up to about how many number times the height of the trees?
30% by about Five times the height of the trees
Model codes, prescribe a minimum corridor width of ___ inches with various exceptions. Corridors in residential occupancies, or those serving an occupant load of less than___ maybe ___ inches wide. B occupies require ____
Coach prescribe a minimum corridor width of 44 inches with various exceptions. Corridors in residential occupancies or those serving an occupant load of less than 50 may be 36 inches wide B occupies require 44 inches.
How many feet in an acre?
1 acre is 43,560 ft.²
~ 208 ft x 208 ft
10,000 m2 in a hectare
What is ASCE / SE17
ASCE-7 is the governing referenced standard for design loads on buildings & other structures for building codes throughout the US.
Categorías
B. Wooded area or single family homes
C. Everything in between
D. Most severe close to coastal areas
Class 1 or 2 define any large flat area over a mile long as exposure D
The fire rating of an exterior non bearing wall is determined by which three factors
Occupancy, construction type, distance from property line
Who determines final approval in determining exit sign locations?
Field inspector
Distance between wall and beginning of grab bar - grab bar length
12” max from wall to beginning of grab bar. Grab bar length is 42”
Interstitial space
Space between floors for mech and other systems
Dual duct heating and cooling
Allows for heating and cooling at the same time - expensive
A system that exhausts all return air
Fan coil with supplementary air
Energy recovery ventilators
Work best in climates where the difference between indoor and outdoor and temperature is high
Water loop heat pumps
Continuous flow of tempered water to extract heat from areas that need to be cold and add heat to other areas requiring heating using very little if any additional energy input
Heat pipes
They pre-warm cool outdoor air
Recuperative fuel economizer
Uses hot, exhaust gas to preheat incoming air or water
How much space does an all air or air water system need of the gross area for HVAC system mechanical space
3% to 9% of the gross *. Office space falls between this range so at 6%.
Factors influencing, infiltration and exfiltration rates of air with air barriers
Stack Effect/heating ventilating and air conditioning and fan pressure/wind pressure/exhaust vents
High voltages are used in commercial buildings because
Conductors and conduit can be smaller
Column stiffness variation
When columns are different heights like on a slope
Complex wind calculations in wind panel testing are required for
Buildings with heights exceeding 400 feet
Building subject to dynamic effects or sensitive vibrations
and for buildings with a height width ratio of five or more
Zonal cavity method (also known as lumen method)
Definition - used to calculate the total number of luminaires required to achieve the desired average illumination on the work surface, which is assume to be 30 inches above the floor
Variables considered :
Level of illumination, desired
Area of the room
Number of lamps in each luminaire
The lumen output of each lamp
The coefficient of utilization - measure of the efficiency of a particular Lumer in outputting light, and is based on the design of the Lumer itself, the reflectance of the room and the size of the room
Light loss factor - decoration of ideal light output due to the aging of lamp and gradual dirt accumulation
Wall reflectance
Gradual loss of light due to dirt accumulation
Variables that affect daylighting
Brightness of sky - solar altitude, cloud conditions, time of day
Area of the glass
Height of the head of the glass
Transmittance of the glass
Reflectance of the surfaces inside and outside the room
Obstructions such as overhangs or trees
Visual comfort probability
The rating of a lighting system expressed as the percentage of people who, when viewing from a specified location and in a specified direction, will be expected to find it acceptable in terms of discomfort glare.
What 3 lighting considerations would you have for computers in an office
Tasks/surrounds brightness ratio
Veiling reflections
Reflected glare
High pressure sodium lamps versus low sodium pressure lamps
Low pressure sodium lamps produce a monochromatic yellow light
High sodium reproduce color better
High Pressure Sodium (HPS): These lights are highly efficient and have low initial costs, making them a popular choice for outdoor and street lighting. They produce a warm (yellow/orange) light and have a long lifespan, but they have a lower color rendering index, meaning they do not reproduce the colors of objects accurately when compared to natural light.
Elevator types
Gearless traction - used for high speed elevators, reliable and durable, the wheel is above the cabin and moves with the cabin have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise applications.
Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost, ongoing maintenance costs, and energy consumption. Gear-less traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance costs, and use energy a bit more efficiently than geared traction elevators.
Geared traction - low speed high capacity, On geared traction elevators, the wheel is placed in the machine room which is above the elevator shaft have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet.
Standard hydraulic - two to five stories or up to 50’ , Conventional Hydraulic Elevators have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are lower compared to the other elevator types. However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of elevators because the electric motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as often as in the past.
Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine.
Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and can travel at speeds up to 500 feet-per-minute. MRL elevators are comparable to geared traction elevators in terms of initial and maintenance costs, but they have relatively low energy consumption compared to geared elevators.
Machine-room-less elevators are becoming the most popular choice for mid-rise buildings where the travel distance is up to 250 feet. They are energy efficient, require less space, and their operation and reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators.
Interior Layout Efficiency:
Interior Layout Efficiency: Ratio of the net assignable areas to the usable areas.
Expressed as a percentage of the usable area.
This is typically used in the programming phase to calculate the total usable area requirements, based on the net assignable area requirements of a given project.
Formulas
Interior Layout Efficiency = Net Assignable
Area / Usable Area
Usable Area = Rentable Area / Interior Layout
Efficiency
Gross area = Net assignable area / efficiency ratio
These are common interior layout efficiencies for some building types:
Corporate Office - .62
Auditorium - .75
Museum - .81
Library - 81
Warehouse - 1.0
Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte, like water
Astragal
An astragal is commonly used to seal between a pair of doors. The astragal closes the clearance gap created by bevels on one or both mating doors, and helps deaden sound.
A little strip between doors that closes the gap
Shoe molding
A quarter round for flooring but a little taller
Laminated glass is usually used for
Acoustical control, decorative purposes, safety, security
Laminated glass is usually used for
Acoustical control, decorative purposes, safety, security
roofing material types
EPDM -. is an extremely durable synthetic rubber roofing membrane (ethylene propylene diene terpolymer) widely used in low-slope buildings in the United States and worldwide. Its two primary ingredients, ethylene and propylene, are derived from oil and natural gas. EPDM is available in both black and white Ho it is usually black, and is sold a broad variety of widths, ranging from 7.5 feet to fifty feet, and in two thicknesses, 45 and 60 mils. EPDM can be installed either fully adhered, mechanically attached or ballasted, with the seams of the roofing system sealed with liquid adhesives or specially formulated tape.
The ballasted EPDM roof installation is relatively simple — the insulation and EPDM membrane are laid loosely over the substrate and held in place by river-washed stones or concrete pavers. It’s necessary to flash the roof’s perimeter and penetrations, but the ballast weight keeps the entire roof assembly securely in place.
Unlike the ballasted system, mechanically attached EPDM roofs are lightweight and can be used on almost any low-slope or sloped roof (max. 4:12 slope) The insulation sheets are either adhered to or mechanically attached to the roof deck with insulation plates and fasteners. Then, the EPDM membrane is laid over the insulation, and adjoining EPDM sheets are mechanically attached with seam plates and fasteners. The roof perimeter is also mechanically attached or fully adhered while penetrations and openings are flashed. Typically, fasteners are applied at the membrane’s edge and covered with the edge of the next sheet, which is adhered over the seam.
Fully-adhered EPDM roofs offer the highest wind-uplift approvals and can be used on low slopes or roofs with unlimited slopes. In addition, Elevate EPDM adhered membranes can be installed on roofs up to 250’ (76.2m) high and be eligible for up to 30-year warranties.
Unlike mechanically attached membranes, the fully adhered EPDM membranes don’t flutter and have no indoor air intrusion into the roof assembly. As a result, fully-adhered EPDM membranes are more energy-efficient, according to EPDM Roofing Association.
Tpo - 10 to 25 year white in color general purpose
Modified bitumen - longest lasting. Two ply.
PVC - 15-30 years doesn’t do well in cold
photoelectric detector
Fire detector during smoldering phase
What is true about conduit and piping in concrete
The minimum concrete cover over piping and conduit should be 3/4”
Conduit solid always be placed on the lower half is the structural slab
The outside diameter of the conduit should not be greater than 1/3 thickness of slab
Pipes carrying gas or fluid must be pressure treated prior to concrete pour
What is acoustically live / dead
Live is high reverb dead is low
Two Banned refrigerants
Halon and chlorofluorocarbon
To minimize glare the brightness ratio between a task and its adjacent surroundings cutoff be limited to
1:1/3
Bentonite
As a swelling clay, bentonite has the ability to absorb large quantities of water, which increases its volume by up to a factor of eight.[5] This makes bentonite beds unsuitable for building and road construction. However, the swelling property is used to advantage in drilling mud and groundwater sealants.
Used for pile construction. With water, it expands. Slurry
Demand controlled ventilation is useful when
Widely varied occupant load. Not useful when you need to exhaust air like for places with odor and such
Elevator operating systems - selective collective operation – computerized system control – single automatic - push button control – collective control - pre register - non selective
Selective collective operation - When people board an elevator and have different destinations, the selective collective operation method will go in one direction and will drop the passengers to their destination on the way. Such elevators do not alter their route according to the floors selected but stick to their own direction and thus save time. Such a type of operation is commonly used in commercial lifts and Limited Use/Limited Application elevators. Collect calls and answers the calls on the up trip, travels to the floor level with the highest call, then collects and answers to down calls on the round-trip to the floor level with the lowest call. Works best with more than one car reducing waiting time at the stops.
Computerized controls are much more sophisticated and expensive program based on data about building traffic patterns and analysis of important calls 
Constant Pressure Operation
Constant pressure elevators require optimum pressure to be maintained on the button indicating the destination floor. The lift car will move until the pressure is maintained on the button. Thus, if the pressure is removed, the lift car will stop mid-travel or change its direction before it arrives at the given floor. Such operation of elevators is only allowed by code for wheelchair elevators.
(Non-selective) Collective Operation
Usually, residential elevator applications utilize the non-selective collective operation system since such types of elevators are task-oriented. This implies that the elevator will respond sequentially to a command. Thus, when an individual commands the elevator for a particular floor and someone else commands the lift for another floor, the elevator will obey each command in a sequential manner regardless of the direction.
Single Automatic Operation
In elevators with single automatic operation, there is no collective function within the elevator control system. This is also a task-oriented system that has a momentary push button. With this operation, the elevator will move towards the requested floor once the command is made. After this, the lift car will wait for any further commands. This kind of operation is mostly used in material lift applications.
Pre-register Operation
In a pre-register operation, the signal to stop is already registered in advance with the help of buttons in the lift car. The attendant in the car is then notified to initiate the stop with the help of a signal. This signal can be visual or audible after which a command of ‘STOP’ is given.
Call active calls no longer use does not differentiate between up-and-down calls
How to initially lay out ceiling diffusers
Ceiling diffusers to be laid out at a distance from each other roughly the height of the ceiling with the units close to walls at half that length
A curtain board is
Used to restrict the movement of smoke and flame
PV cell types - Crystalline - Polycrystalline - Amorphous
Crystalline - beat power generators
Crystalline panels need to be as perpendicular to the sun as possible to achieve the best performance. Crystalline panels do not perform as well in partial shading (compared to Amorphous cells) and they do gradually lose a small percentage of output as the temperature rises above 25°C.
Polycrystalline - produce less per more competitively priced
Amorphous - least power, can be attached to other buildings materials
Amorphous cells offer higher efficiency than the other two. They are your most efficient cell in the market today, although they do require twice as much surface area for the same power output as a monocrystalline blanket or panel. However, they are more flexible and can handle higher temperatures better.
Amorphous cells are constructed from a fine layer of silicon, which enables solar panels to be more flexible and therefore lightweight.
Amorphous cells can withstand higher temperatures without output being affected, compared to poly or mono crystalline cells.
Amorphous cells perform better in low light conditions compared to even the most efficient monocrystalline panels. This is because they can absorb a wider band of the visible light spectrum due to the uni-solar triple junction cell technology.
Noise reduction facts
Even a small hole on a ten by ten wall such as unsealed receptacles placed back to back can make the partition effectively useless for blocking sound
The absorption coefficient is a fractional number and cannot exceed 1. The correct absorption coefficient for room should be between .2 and .5
Doubling the absorbing surfaces in a room results in a noise reduction of only 3dB, which is barely perceptible. To justify expense of adding more absorptive material in a room the absorption should be tripled, which would reduce sound by 5dB
In large rooms it makes sense to tackle the ceiling since there is more ceiling area
Boiler room and chilled water plant
Each mechanical room should have at least one exterior wall
The boiler room should be adjacent to the chilled water plant
Ceilings in both rooms tend to want to be 12’ high
Space between walls at cavity with wall hung toilets on either side
24” according to the study guide
What’s the best glass for both east?
Low e
Reflective
Tinted
Triple pane
Low e
Retainage at substantial completion is frequently
Equivalent to the contractors profits - 5% to 20%
Therefore they are usually anxious to establish a date for substantial completion
New urbanism basic tenets
Mass transit within walking distance of homes and businesses
Mix you zoning with multifamily housing commercial uses in proximity to one another
Single-family homes and apartments in the same neighborhood which allows people to choose a housing that fits their needs
More independence for those who cannot drive or do not own a car
Narrow streets, and frequent 90° intersections
On street or small lot parking rather than vast parking streets that are safe and interest to pedestrians, which encourage walking ( parallel parking )
Float glass
Glass made by floating melted glass over melted tin
Blast resistant design
Blast energy decreases in inverse proportion to the cube of the distance
Most effective site planning strategy is to maximize the distance between the building and the outermost secured perimeter
To determine the regulations that pertain to development around wet lands, where do you look
Local and state governmental rules, abcs US army corps of engineers regulations
To determine the regulations that pertain to development around wet lands, where do you look
Local and state governmental rules, abcs US army corps of engineers regulations
Sound absorption coefficient
The absorption coefficient ranges between zero and one, one meaning no sound energy is reflected and the sound is either absorbed or transmitted. For example, an opened exterior window has the absorption coefficient of one because no sound returns to the room. An effective absorber will have a sound absorption coefficient greater than .75.
Sound absorption coefficient
The absorption coefficient ranges between zero and one, one meaning no sound energy is reflected and the sound is either absorbed or transmitted. For example, an opened exterior window has the absorption coefficient of one because no sound returns to the room. An effective absorber will have a sound absorption coefficient greater than .75.
What is a plat?
A legal description of a subdivided piece of property that includes information on lots streets rights of way and easements among other items
Catchment area
An area from which surface runoff is carried away by a single drainage system
The area contributing surface water flow to a point on a drainage or river system
Contextualism
Building should be designed to harmonize with other buildings and elements in the vicinity
Contextualism
Building should be designed to harmonize with other buildings and elements in the vicinity
Pud - planned unit development
A large parcel of land, typically with a mix of uses that has been designed and laid out according to principles approved by the local planning authority and often with citizen input. Commonly used to develop land in a way that ordinarily would not be allowed based on normal planning and zoning restrictions of a jurisdiction
Superblock
A large parcel of land designed to minimize the impact of the automobile on residential development in which access to interior lots is provided by cul de sacs branching from surrounding streets and providing one or more open spaces
Blocks put together for this purpose
Tax base
Object on which a tax is calculated
Imagibility
How existing buildings streets in public spaces contribute to the neighborhoods image that is those elements defined by stephen Lynch
Placing a building on a site ARE tenets
Road not to ever be perpendicular to topo
Road to be down slope from building
Types of streets and such
Local - direct access to building sites. Often curvilinear. Longer have more chances of site access so longer is more apt for local
Service Road - frontage road - runs parallel to a freeway or Expressway provides access to property bordering it
Collector streets - connect local with arterial. Empty into arterial.
Arterial streets - connect freeways or expressways
Slope - difficult to drive on
Tangent - straight portion of a road connected to a curved portion
Vertical alignment - elevation graph of street
Horizontal alignment - curvature of street in plan
Intersection daylighting - set parking and things back so cars can see people about to cross
Street low speed 80 wide right of way
Avenue medium speed 80 wide right of way
Boulevard is 100 to 130 right of way
Slope conversion
1% = 1/8
2% = 1/4
Invert
Low point of bottom of a pipe or manhole in a sewage system
When one road intersects another the minimum angle should be ___ degrees
80 degrees
When one road intersects another the minimum angle should be ___ degrees
80 degrees
Albedo
Energy reflected from a surface relative to the total radiant energy received
Temperate climate
The building can be oriented a few degrees to the east to capture sunlight during the daytime. The building can be extended in the east-west axis. The size of the windows should be such that it captures the midday sun in the winter while avoiding the harsh sun in the summer. The windows on the west side can be avoided.
Ventilation must be controllable
Windows on the eastern side receive substantial heat during the morning, which may be highly appreciated in winter time
17 degrees east of south
Ada aba guidelines the maximum allowable change in level on an accessible route without using a ramp or bevel is
1/3” vertical change
1/2” change with a 3:4 bevel
303.4 Ramps
Changes in level greater than 1/2 inch (13 mm) high shall be ramped, and shall comply with 405 or 406.”
Soil creep
Downhill creep, also known as soil creep or commonly just creep, is a type of creep characterized by the slow, downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of prolonged pressure and stress.
A____ % grade site would be appropriate for what?
buildings and walks
parking
walk and building becomes expensive
landscape prevent erosion
terrace to prevent erosion
8% buildings and walks
1.5% to 5% parking
Over 10% walk and building becomes expensive
Up to 25% landscape prevent erosion
Over 50% terrace to prevent erosion
Fall equinox
When the sun rises and sets over equator
Nfip standard flood insurance program
Require that local participating governments adopt minimum floodplain management plans. These plans include requirements for zoning subdivision of buildings and special purpose floodplain ordinances 
Nfip standard flood insurance program
Require that local participating governments adopt minimum floodplain management plans. These plans include requirements for zoning subdivision of buildings and special purpose floodplain ordinances 
Where to find electrical and telephone line location info
Utility companies
Sewer systems
Sanitary systems carry black water
Building sewer - portion of the sanitary sewer system from 3 feet beyond the building, connecting to the building sewers or to a private sewage disposal system
House sewer - “house drain “ - Portion of the sanitary sewer system within the building into a .3 feet outside the building
Storm - does not carry black water
Preferred minimum of how many steps in a stair
3
View plane restrictions
Protect scenic views. Governed by local ordinances
Minimum planting strip size
For trees 6’ tho recommended 7’
For grass 4’
Historic properties
Secretary of the interior standards for rehabilitation
Published by the technical preservation services of the national park services
- Preservation: The first standard emphasizes the importance of retaining the historic character and integrity of a property. This involves identifying, protecting, and maintaining the existing historic materials, features, and finishes of a building or landscape.
- Rehabilitation: The second standard allows for some changes to be made to a historic property to adapt it for contemporary use, while still preserving its historic character. This standard requires that any new work is compatible with the historic features of the property, and that the original materials and design are preserved to the greatest extent possible.
- Restoration: The third standard focuses on the accurate depiction of a historic property as it appeared during a particular period in history. This standard involves the removal of later additions and alterations that detract from the property’s historic character and the restoration of any missing historic features based on historical evidence.
- Reconstruction: The fourth standard applies to properties that have been destroyed or severely altered and need to be reconstructed.
Reconstruction should be based on accurate historical and architectural research, and should be compatible with the historic character of the property and the surrounding context.
Overall, the Standards
Repairing existing retention of existing. Some latitude in replacing damage elements. Removing historic materials or altering internal spaces should be avoided. If changes have been made with historical significance they must be retained and preserved.
Earthwork diagram
Used to show approximately how much of a building site needs to be regraded
Earth that is brought into an area is considered “fill” or embankment earth.
Hydrostatic water pressure building and foundation
Geotextiles - when used in conjunction with soil, can effectively perform multiple functions, including separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection, and drainage
Gravel fill below slab
Positive slope away from building
Appropriate waterproofing membrane
Foundation drain
Dampproofing not appropriate because does not stop water under pressure
Surcharging
Preloading of the ground with fill material to cause consolidation and settlement of the underlying soil. Used to increase the bearing capacity of soil or to decrease possible settlement or both
Needle beams
The needle beam consists of a stout timber beam or a composite flitched beam and forms the temporary primary support during the excavation
a strong and durable construction tool that supports load-bearing walls and structures during repairs and renovations.
Needle beams
The needle beam consists of a stout timber beam or a composite flitched beam and forms the temporary primary support during the excavation
a strong and durable construction tool that supports load-bearing walls and structures during repairs and renovations.
Steel sheeting (sheet piles)
A sheet pile is a long, slender structural member that is made of steel and has interlocking edges. They are used to create earth-retaining structures and can be used for a variety of applications, including:
Sheet piles are installed sequentially to the design depth along the planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. They can be installed using vibratory hammers, impact hammers, or hydraulically pushing the sheets into the ground.
Riverside and coastal protection projects
Earth-retaining walls
Marine structures
Basements and deep excavations
Floodwall construction projects
Sheet piles are installed sequentially to the design depth along the planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. They can be installed using vibratory hammers, impact hammers, or hydraulically pushing the sheets into the ground
Tiebacks
horizontal wires or rods that reinforce retaining walls for stability. They are anchored on one end to the wall and to a stable structure on the other. The stable structure could be a concrete deadman that’s been driven into the ground or anchored into the earth with resistance.
Raft foundation
Spread building load over large area of low bearing capacity
Caissons
watertight retaining structure[1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam,[2] or for the repair of ships.[3]
Caissons are constructed in such a way that the water can be pumped out, keeping the work environment dry. When piers are being built using an open caisson, and it is not practical to reach suitable soil, friction pilings may be driven to form a suitable sub-found
The four main types of caisson are box caisson, open caisson, pneumatic caisson and monolithic caisson
Parking angles 90 how many? 60 / 45?
90 - 11 per 100 lnft. 9 ft vertical dim
60 - 9 per 100 lnft. 10.4 ft vertical dim
45 - 8 per 100 lnft. 12.7 ft vertical dim
Local versus regional uses
Branch library or church is local so compatible with residential and pedestrian transportation
Community college regional - public transportation or vehicular
Access floor system
Individual panels typically 24 in.² supported on adjustable pedestals above the structural floor. The systems provide unlimited flexibility for routing power, communications, and air supply, but are expensive and not justified. Unless a great deal of cabling is involved or future changes will be extensive such as in a computer room.
Underfloor raceway system and cellular metal floor Raceway
Series of parallel, rectangular metal raceways laid on the structural slab and covered with concrete
Cellular metal floor Raceway, similar in concept, but part of the structure
 What is the most concerned relative to private water supply?
Hardness
Affect the quality and taste of water as well as the longevity of the plumbing systems very hard water can deposit minerals that buildup in pipes and plumbing fixtures. The taste may be objectionable requiring installation of water, softening or filtration system.
Voltage 120/208 three phase
120/240 single phase
120/208 voltage three phase for small commercial
120/240 single phase fire residential
Larger buildings require more
Energy cost budget method / system performance method / prescriptive criteria method
Energy cost budget method
Allows the designer to compare annual energy costs of the design building to a baseline building. Used for LEED.
Cannot be used to analyze a building that does not have a mechanical system or a low rise residential building
system performance method
Requires complex calculations based on the sites climate
prescriptive criteria method
Allows calculations to be completed relatively quickly but tends to be more restrictive than the other methods
Elevator lobby width
10’
packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC
self-contained heating and air conditioning system intended to be mounted through a wall
PTACs are commonly found in commercial settings (hotels, motels, hospitals), or multifamily facilities (senior housing, condominiums, apartment buildings). PTACs are mostly used to cool individual living spaces, there are units which offer resistance heating and/or heat pumps.
Sound movement
Creep - reflection of sound along a curved surface. The sound can be understood along the curve not not in the room
Diffusion is when sound is scattered
Specular reflection sound bouncing off hard surfaces
Focusing - sound being focused
Fire protection
Extinguishers
Stand pipe
Dry stand pipe
Fusible link
Annunciators
Two way communicator
Extinguishers
Every 75 feet
Wet stand pipe
Vertical through a building connected to at least one hose on each floor. Occupants access the hose and release water as necessary. Building height greater than 30’ standpipe is required
Dry stand pipe
Connected to a pumper car. Firefighters connect their hose on each floor
Fusible link
A sensor in a sprinkler head activated by a rise in temp
Annunciators
Used to give instructions by firefighters and other authorities to occupants for evacuation efforts
Two way communicator
For occupants to call for help
Best planting strategy for sound attenuation
Planting deciduous and evergreens
Psychrometric chart
presents physical and thermal properties of moist air in a graphical form.
Dry Bulb Temperature: the axis along the bottom
Humidity Ratio and Vapor Pressure: the right axis
Saturation Temperature or Dew Point: the curved left axis
Enthalpy: the slanted left axis
Relative Humidity: the lines that curve up from left to right
Wet Bulb Temperature: the lines that slant down from left to right
The most important principal of a psychrometric chart is that if you know any two values of the air conditions, you can determine all other parameters.
Study pic
Psychrometric chart
Look at pic
Which type of hvac uses the most space
Forced air
Demand controlled ventilation DCV
Used a carbon dioxide sensor to increase it decrease ventilation of a space according to occupancy
Best use where the occupancy of the space can vary greatly at different times during the day or week. And where there is not a high concentration of contaminants that need to be exhausted continuously.
Security systems
Photoelectric cells
Pressure sensors
Ultrasonic detectors
Photo electric beams
Photoelectric cells
Perimeter security system securing entry points such as doors and windows. Pass a beam of light from one point to another and sound an alarm when the beam is broken
Pressure sensors
Area or room protection system. Detect changes in pressure on the floor when walked on
Ultrasonic detectors
Area or room protection system. Use a high frequency sound wave to sense intruders
Photo electric beams
Area or room protection system. Infrared beam that trips when the beam is broken
Building energy use distribution
Lighting typically 50%
Heating and cooling 30%
Equipments in the building such as copy machines etc… 20%
Best cooling strategy in hot humid climate
Maximize breeze
Exits
Area of refuge
Exit
Exit access
Exit discharge
Exit enclosure
Exit passageway
Egress court
Public way
Area of refuge
An area Where the people who are unable to use, stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or resistance during emergency evacuations
Exit
Portion of a means of egress that is separated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by fire resistance, rated construction and opening protectives as required to provide a protected path of egress travel between the exit access and the exit discharge
Exit access
Portion of egress system that leads from any occupied portion of a building or structure to an exit
Exit discharge
That portion of a means of egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way
Exit enclosure
An exit component that is separated from all other interior spaces of a building or structured by fire resistance, rated construction and opening protectives and provides for a protected path of the travel in a vertical or horizontal direction to the exit discharge or the public way
Exit passageway
Exit component that is separated from all other interior spaces of a building or structured by fire resistance, rated construction and opening protectives and provides for a protected path of egress, travel in all horizontal direction to the exit discharge or the public way
Egress court
A court or yard that provides access to a public way for one or more exits
Public way
Street alley or other parcel of land open to the outside air leading to a street that has been deeded dedicated or otherwise appropriate for public use and has a clear width and height of not less than 10 feet
When should value engineering happen
Initial planning stages
Crime prevention through environmental design COTED
Provide clear transitions between public and private spaces
Provide windows for tenant surveillance
Make clear distinctions between public and semi public spaces
Locate stairways near heavily used areas
Signage area is controlled by
Zoning ordinances
Which building type is most appropriate for a retail store in an urban setting
Rear yard, put parking there
Moment resisting frames
Has rigid moment resisting connections between brands and columns. It is appropriate for resisting lateral forces not just in low rise buildings, but also B high rise buildings with 30 stories or less
For taller buildings use x or chevron bracing
Best building shape for lateral loads
Square no reentrant corners (inside corners for a slab)
Best building shape for lateral loads
Square
Earthquake damages covered by the building code
Ground shaking
Horizontal movement
Vibration effects
ASTM standards
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is a standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical international standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services
Chemical properties: Knowing your metal’s exact makeup guarantees performance and compatibility.
Mechanical properties: From strength under stress to resistance and wear, ASTM standards paint a clear picture of how your metal will behave.
Metallurgical properties: Grain size, microstructure, and other key factors are specified to ensure every metal is perfectly suited for its purpose.
A - Ferrous metals and products (steel)
B - Nonferrous metals and products (coatings)
C - Cementitious, ceramic, concrete, and masonry materials
F - end-use materials and products (bolts)
G - Corrosion, deterioration, weathering, durability, and degradation of materials and products
How to read an ASTM Standard:
Example: A328/A328m-13a (2018)- Standard Specification for steel sheet piling.
A - signifies a ferrous metal but does not classify as carbon steel, alloy, tool, stainless or cast-iron steel.
328- is a sequential number without any relationships to the metal’s properties.
M - Si units (metric) 328/328M, both inch per pound and Si units.
13 – the year of adoption
A/B – second or third revision of the standard.
(2018) – the year of last re- approval.
What are the most common ASTM Standards at Alliance Steel?
A1011 - CSB, SS Gr. 36 - Gr. 55, HSLA Gr. 50 – Gr. 100
A1018 - CSB, SS Gr. 36 - Gr. 55, HSLA Gr. 50 – Gr. 100
A572 Gr. 50 – Gr. 60
When two codes have different standards
Design to the strictest
When determining the massing of a building during preliminary design what should be researched first
Zoning regulations
Layout organization
Grid
Circular loop
Radial
Linear
Central
Grid
Spread out not great for mech. Fewer primary adjacencies. Allows for expansion. Requires many corridors. To connect the spaces in the grid increasing the size and making director adjacencies difficult
Circular loop
Circulation system that is spread out in more complicated to integrate with mechanical systems, although structural systems may be easily integrated.
Radial
Circulation system is spread out and more complicated to integrate with mechanical systems. fewer primary adjacencies. Extends the building, necessarily places some spaces far away from others along a quarter making primary adjacencies difficult
Central
Allows for short, walking distances between spaces for both people and supplies. If the entire area around the central space is used, however, expansion can be problematic because corridors must be made to connect the expansion with the original layout. Spaces and activities provide immediate adjacent seats between spaces next to each other in across the central organizing space
Linear layout
mechanical layout scheme is simplest
Places spaces far away from each other along corridor, making primary adjacencies difficult.
Evidence based design
Suggests that having access to views and ample daylighting contributes to increased efficiency and satisfaction for office workers
Also that environment can help people heal in hospitals
On a south facing slope, the most favorable microclimate locations for a house are
Hot arid
Temperate
Cold
Hot humid
Hot-arid climate: bottom of the hill, due to the exposure to cold air flow at night.
Temperate climate: middle of the hill, towards the top, due to access to sun and wind but also because it still protects the house from the strong winds at the top of the hill.
Cold climate: middle of the hill, towards the bottom, because the house is protected from the northern cold winds in the winter while still taking advantage of the exposure to sun from the south. It is also high enough to be protected from the cold air collection at the bottom of the slope.
Hot-humid climate: top of the hill because it’s the most windy location, thus maximizing passive cooling.
On a south facing slope, the most favorable microclimate locations for a house are
Hot arid
Temperate
Cold
Hot humid
Hot-arid climate: bottom of the hill, due to the exposure to cold air flow at night.
Temperate climate: middle of the hill, towards the top, due to access to sun and wind but also because it still protects the house from the strong winds at the top of the hill.
Cold climate: middle of the hill, towards the bottom, because the house is protected from the northern cold winds in the winter while still taking advantage of the exposure to sun from the south. It is also high enough to be protected from the cold air collection at the bottom of the slope.
Hot-humid climate: top of the hill because it’s the most windy location, thus maximizing passive cooling.
Solar Reflectance Index (SRI)
is a measure that combines both solar reflectance and thermal emittance into a single value to evaluate a material’s ability to stay cool under sunlight.
Higher SRI values indicate better heat reflection and reduced heat absorption, leading to cooler surfaces. SRI is particularly relevant for roofing materials and can help in designing energy-efficient buildings.
Wall mounted fixtures, at a height of__”, shall not project horizontally from either side more than ____”
Wall mounted fixtures, at a height of 70”, shall not project horizontally from either side more than 4”
Section 803.1 of the International Building Code
(IBC) classifies materials into three different classes - Class A, Class B, and Class C - based on their performance in flame spread and smoke-developed indexes.
Flame Spread Index (FSI):
Smoke-Developed Index (SDI):
Flame Spread Index (FSI): This index measures the rate at which flames spread along the surface of a material when it is exposed to a standard fire. Lower FSI values indicate that the material has better resistance to flame spread.
The FSI is determined through standardized fire tests, such as the ASTM E84 or UL 723.
Smoke-Developed Index (SDI): This index measures the amount of smoke produced by a material when it is exposed to a fire. Lower SDI values indicate that the material generates less smoke during combustion. The SDI is also determined through standardized fire tests, such as the ASTM E84 or UL 723.
Class A: Materials in this class have an FSI of 0 to 25 and an SDI of 450 or less. These materials have the highest fire resistance and the lowest smoke production, making them suitable for use in buildings where fire safety is a priority.
Class B: Materials in this class have an FSI of 26 to 75 and an SDI of 450 or less. These materials have a moderate level of fire resistance and smoke production, and they are suitable for use in buildings with average fire safety requirements.
Class C: Materials in this class have an FSI of 76 to 200 and an SDI of 450 or less. These materials have the lowest fire resistance and the highest smoke production among the three classes. They are suitable for use in buildings with minimal fire safety requirements.
Incentive zoning
encourages developers to provide community benefits in exchange for allowing them to build at a greater density than would normally be permitted by the zoning code
U.S. Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
based on a grid system consisting of principal meridians (north-south lines) and base lines (east-west lines). The intersection of a principal meridian and a base line creates an initial point, which serves as the origin for the land survey in a particular region.
The grid is further divided into
townships, 36 square miles
ranges, 6 miles
sections, 1 square mile
Each section has 16 quarter quarter sections
and smaller subdivisions.
Smaller subdivisions: Sections can be further divided into smaller units such as quarter-sections (160 acres), half-quarter sections (80 acres), and quarter-quarter sections (40 acres).
Plasticity Index
Plasticity Index is a measure of the plasticity or workability of a soil sample. It is calculated as the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil. A high PI indicates that the soil is highly plastic, while a low Pl indicates that the soil is less plastic and has limited workability.
Liquid Limit is the moisture content at which soil transitions from a plastic to a liquid state. At this point, the soil has minimal shear strength and behaves more like a viscous liquid. It is an important parameter for determining the stability and workability of a soil.
Plastic Limit is the moisture content at which soil transitions from a semi-solid to a plastic state. At this point, the soil can be molded without crumbling and maintains its shape when deformed. It is an important parameter for evaluating the soil’s workability and stability during construction.
Liquid Limit - Plastic limit = PSI
Phytoremediation
Soil washing
Solvent extraction
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments. Plants can help clean up many types of contaminants including metals, pesticides, explosives, and oil.
Soil washing uses water going through the soil to flush out contaminants.
Solvent extraction is a similar process but uses solvents instead of water.
Bioremediation, microorganisms are used, on or off site, to degrade certain organic compounds.
Phytoremediation
Soil washing
Solvent extraction
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments. Plants can help clean up many types of contaminants including metals, pesticides, explosives, and oil.
Soil washing uses water going through the soil to flush out contaminants.
Solvent extraction is a similar process but uses solvents instead of water.
Bioremediation, microorganisms are used, on or off site, to degrade certain organic compounds.
William Pena’s 5-step programming process:
William Pena’s 5-step programming process:
1 Establishing Goals
2 Collecting Facts
3 Uncovering Concepts
4 Determining Needs
5 Stating the problem
Overall building efficiency
Dividing the Net Assignable Area by the Building Gross Area
Overall Building Efficiency = Base Building
Efficiency * Interior Layout Efficiency
Overall Building Efficiency = Net Assignable
Area / Building Gross Area
Building Gross Area = Net Assignable Area /
Overall Building Efficiency
Overall building efficiency is calculated by…
Dividing the Net Assignable Area by the Building Gross Area
Base building efficiency
Base building Efficiency: Ratio of the usable areas to the building gross area. Expressed as a percentage of the gross area. This is typically used in the programming phase to calculate the total building gross area requirements, based on the usable area requirements of a given project.
Formulas
Base Building Efficiency = Usable Area /
Building Gross Area
Building Gross Area = Usable Area / Base
Building Efficiency
Loss factor
Loss Factor: This factor represents the proportion of a tenant’s rented area to the total usable area in a building. This is sometimes referred to as “load factor” or R/U
Ratio.
Formulas
Loss Factor = Rentable Area/ Usable Area
Usable Area = Rentable Area / Loss Factor
Typically, laundry rooms over ___ sf, are required to have a ____-hour separation or a sprinkler system installed.
Typically, laundry rooms over 100 sf, are required to have a 1-hour separation or a sprinkler system installed.
Usable Area
Usable Area: The floor area of a building assigned to occupant groups or available for assignment.
Includes: net assignable areas of interior walls, building columns and projections, and secondary circulation
Excludes: exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, primary circulation, building core, and building service areas.
Measurement method: Measured to the inside finished surface of the exterior building walls, to the finished surface of the walls surrounding major vertical penetrations and building core and service areas, and to the center of the walls dividing the space from adjoining usable areas.
Net Assignable or Net Area
Net Assignable Area or Net Area: The area required to accommodate a certain function, equipment, or occupant(s).
Includes: interior walls, building columns, and projections.
Excludes: exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, building core and service areas, primary circulation, and secondary circulation
Measurement method: Measured to the inside surface of the exterior building walls, to the finished surface of walls surrounding major vertical penetrations, building core areas, and service areas, and to the center of partitions separating from other net assignable areas and from secondary circulation space.
Rentable area
Rentable Area: The floor area of a building available for assignment to a tenant - leased or owner-occupied.
Includes: usable area, building core and service areas, and primary circulation
Excludes: major vertical floor penetrations, such as elevator shafts and stairs. The definition of rentable area may vary according to the terms of a specific lease.
Measurement method: Measure to the inside finished surface of the exterior building walls, excluding any major vertical penetrations of the floor.
Unassigned areas
Unassigned areas: These encompass all remaining areas within the building, including circulation spaces, mechanical rooms, communal restrooms, janitorial closets, unallocated storage, walls, and partitions.
Tare areas
Tare Area: The residual area obtained when the net assignable area is deducted from the gross building area.
Public enterprise revenue bonds
Public agencies use public enterprise revenue bonds to finance facilities for revenue generating municipal utility systems, including power, water, waste water and solid waste systems, proprietary operations such as airports and parking, and other revenue generating enterprises. These bonds are also used for financing stand alone, revenue generating projects such as power generation facilities and toll roads and bridges. The use of public enterprise revenue bonds can be challenging for enterprises such as hospital systems that do not generate positive cash flow. These bonds are also often a vehicle for refunding revenue secured debt.
The maximum length of dead end corridors are ___ ft and ___ ft - without and with an automatic sprinkler system. There is an exception, though, stating that dead end corridors’ length shall not be limited, as long as it does not exceed ____ times its width.
The maximum length of dead end corridors are 20 ft and 50 ft - without and with an automatic sprinkler system. There is an exception, though, stating that dead end corridors’ length shall not be limited, as long as it does not exceed 2.5 times its width.
Which sort of
information would probably be present in a topographic survey?
• Contour lines
• Transmission lines
• Existing buildings
what are some of the strategies, regarding street orientation and layout, that would benefit internal loaded buildings?
(Elongate blocks N-S) would be a good strategy in a hot-arid climate, if the E-W facades are shaded.
(Space E-W streets) is an appropriate strategy in a cold climate.
Narrow N-S streets, Avoid strict cardinal orientation,
Elongate blocks E-W for mixed arid
Contour lines
• Contour lines representing a valley “point”
up-slope
• Concave slopes’ contour lines are closer to each other near the top
Equally spaced contour lines represent a uniform slope, contour lines representing a ridge “point” down-slope and contour lines of convex slopes are closer to each other near the bottom.
Some typical max. spans for different structural systems:
Steel heavy trusses =
Glue-laminated arches =
Steel arches =
Concrete thin shell dome =
Glue lam truss =
Steel heavy trusses = +/- 300 ft
Glue-laminated arches = +/- 250 ft
Steel arches = +/- 350 ft
Concrete thin shell dome = +/- 250 ft
Glue lam truss = +/- 100 ft
bridge, hard money, blanket loans
A bridge loan is a short-term loan between two transactions, typically the buying of a property and the selling of another.
A hard money loan is a high interest short-term loan, typical in situations of bankruptcy, and they are usually funded by private investors as opposed to banks like in conventional loans.
a blanket loan, common in situations where an entity buys a large piece of land, subdivides it into smaller individual parcels, to be sold individually.
Volatile organic chemicals
Man made chemicals found in brownfields
How many mph for wind turbines
Small turbines = 9miles
Utility scale = 13 mph
Residential = 10 mph
New generation =5 mph
Silt
Smaller particles with occasional plastic behavior
Clay
Particles with some cohesion and plasticity in their behavior
Gross area Calc
Gross = Net assignable / efficiency ratio
Gross area Calc
Gross = Net assignable / efficiency ratio
Roof wind pressure is mostly
Suction or uplift
Wind calculations are required for buildings
Over 400ft, subject to dynamic loads like wind, and those with a height to width ratio of 5 or more
Line voltage
Lower voltage drop, can carry power for greater distances
Line voltage
Lower voltage drop while carrying power over greater distances
Fire extinguisher classes
Class A: For ordinary combustible fires, such as wood, paper, and plastic (water)
• Class B: For flammable liquid fires, such as oil, gas, and petroleum (foam)
• Class C: For electrical fires
• Class D: For combustible metal fires, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium
• Class K: For cooking fires caused by flammable oil and grease (wet chemical)
Powder can be used on almost all types
Fire extinguisher classes
Class A: For ordinary combustible fires, such as wood, paper, and plastic
• Class B: For flammable liquid fires, such as oil, gas, and petroleum
• Class C: For electrical fires
• Class D: For combustible metal fires, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium
• Class K: For cooking fires caused by flammable oil and grease
Engineered glue lam truss
Spans 100’ allows mech to run through
Engineered glue lam truss
Spans 100’ allows mech to run through
Cc’s and r’s
Covenants,conditions, and restrictions
General term for owner reqs
Restoration
Going back to the most important time period of the building
Riparian rights
Riparian rights are legal rights that give landowners access to the natural flow of water on land that borders a body of water, such as a river, stream, lake, or creek
Riprap
Riprap is a layer of large stones that protects soil from erosion in areas of high or concentrated flows. It is especially useful for armoring channel and ditch banks, among other features. Construction staff may also pair riprap with other stormwater control measures to reduce stormwater flow rates.
Recess line
part of a wall which is built further back than the rest of the wall. Usually the higher floors on the frontage side of a site pushed back
_____
|
_____|
|
| Building
___ |
Conditional covenant
Conditional Covenant: Clause that imposes a restriction on a buyer and specifies that if the restriction is violated, something will happen.
Restrictive covenant
House covenants in Massachusetts are restrictions placed on properties to regulate their use and preserve them for future generations. They can limit property size, architectural designs, and other aspects to maintain uniformity within a community.
Usually hoa
Affirmative covenant
An affirmative covenant is a legally binding promise or obligation made by a party to take specific actions or fulfill certain responsibilities.
Storm water prevention plan SWPPP and erosion control plan
A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is a written document that includes erosion control measures and other best management practices (BMPs) to prevent water pollution at construction sites. SWPPPs are also known as erosion, sedimentation, and pollution control (ES&PC) plans.
SWPPPs are required for construction sites that want to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permit limits the pollutants that can be discharged into waterways, and how those discharges are monitored and reported.
SWPPP LESS THAN 1 ACRE - not needed
OVER 1 ACRE - REQUIRED
OVER 5 ACRES - MORE REQUIREMENTS
BASED ON TOTAL DISTURBANCE AREA
An erosion control plan, also known as an Erosion and Sediment Control (E&S) plan, is a strategy to reduce erosion and sedimentation at a specific site. It’s required by law for any earthmoving activity.
Hazardous materials entities
EPA - OSHA - TSCA
On site remediation
X superfund (CERCLA) - SITE IS PLACED ON NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST
X - EPA BROWNFIELDS. Allows state communities to make the call
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act – otherwise known as CERCLA or Superfund – provides a Federal “Superfund” to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment
Isolated gain
A type of *passive solar heating system where the collector and thermal mass are located outside (isolated from) the thermal envelope and living space of the building. The solar energy is absorbed by the thermal mass and is then transmitted to the living space via conduction or convection. An atrium, conservatory, and sunroom are all types of isolated gain system
Steel joists
Steel joists and joist girders are typically an economical alternative for roof and floor structures. A lighter structural system, they have a reduced cost and also allow to reduce the cost of foundations.
Quick to erect
Good for regular building forms
Not very forgiving with changes in load
Building period is
Equal to floors divided by ten
Building period is
Equal to floors divided by ten
What info is are in a subsurface investigation report
Results of field tests
Results of lab tests
Recommended types of foundation
Boring location plan
Liquefaction
Sudden loss of shearing resistance in a cohesionless soil.
Collapsing soil
Soils that are relatively low density materials that shrink in volume when they become wet, and/or are subjected to great weight such as from a building or road fill
Expansive soils
Soils that change volume significantly in response to water content changes. They contain high amounts of clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and smectite that absorb water and cause the soil to swell
Clay versus silt
Clay has smaller particles and higher plasticity. Drains worse
Vapor extraction
Soil vapor extraction (SVE) involves the application of a vacuum in the vadose zone to induce the controlled flow of air and removal of volatile and some semivolatile contaminants from the subsurface.
Vadose zone
Known as Unsaturated zone - region of the earth between land surface and the water table
Photolysis
Decomposition or separation of molecules by the action of light
Traffic signals required if traffic is
Over 750 cars per hour
A 2 lane highway with 9’ shoulders can be
40’ - 42’ wide
A 2 lane highway with 9’ shoulders can be
40’ - 42’ wide
Collector sidewalks to be
6’ to 10’ wide to handle higher pedestrian numbers
Collector sidewalks to be
6’ to 10’ wide to handle higher pedestrian numbers
Tributary area
Area being supported by a framing member
Eccentric load
Load applied outside of a members centroid
Portal frames
Portal frame is a construction technique where vertical supports are connected to horizontal beams or trusses via fixed joints with designed-in moment-resisting capacity.[1] The result is wide spans and open floors.
Portal frame construction is therefore typically seen in warehouses, barns and other places where large, open spaces are required at low cost and a pitched roof is acceptable.
These include steel, reinforced concrete and laminated timber such as glulam.
Tungsten halogen
Provide sparkle to jewelry displays and highlight featured merchandise
