SITE PLANNING Flashcards

Question

Strap bridging

Answer 1

' cross bracing light gauge metal framing

Answer 2

Allow for movement between a slab and adjacent wall or column. +20'

Answer 3

' usable area =gross area x base building efficiency. Rentable area =usable area x loss factor

Answer 4

Silica soda ash and lime

Answer 5

End bearing and friction / bored/ aggregate

Answer 6

Gravity for retaining structures 4 up to 10 feet /counter fort up 12 feet / l-type also up to 12 feet but also back brace

Answer 7

Wind or earthquake /rapid changes in magnetic direction or both

Answer 8

'Moving cars

Answer 9

Person standing group of people, movable equipment, furniture

Answer 10

Type I Construction: Fire Resistive This category applies to any building that stands over 75 feet tall. This applies to all high-rise housing and commercial space. That includes apartment buildings, offices, and hotels. These buildings are designed to withstand high temperatures for a long time without collapsing. Beyond that, all structural materials are non-combustible. Walls, floors, and roofs are constructed with reinforced concrete and protected steel. While these features make these buildings extremely durable, it also increases construction costs. Some Type 1 buildings have HVAC systems and self-pressurizing stairwells to prevent fires from spreading. These building elements make it easier for firefighters to access and extinguish fires. When entering a Type 1 building, their main objective revolves around securing stairwells to ensure a safe evacuation. Type II Construction: Non-Combustible Like Type 1 buildings, Type 2 buildings contain non-combustible walls, partitions, columns, floors, and roofs. Though these structures typically contain fire suppression systems, they are not often protected with fire-resistive coatings and are prone to collapse. They typically contain metal floors and metal roofs with masonry or tilt-slab walls. Newer school buildings, shopping malls, and recently renovated commercial buildings typically fall under this construction type. If firefighters are called to a Type 2 building, their main priority will be to ventilate the building to prevent a dangerous rise in temperature. Check out our list of the best master’s programs in construction management here. Type III Construction: Ordinary Also known as brick-and-joist structures, Type III buildings consist of either tilt-slap or reinforced masonry walls. These materials are non-combustible. That is to say, some of the interior structural elements (frames, floor, ceilings, etc.) are made with wood or combustible materials. This kind of construction can apply to both old and new buildings. Old buildings generally contain conventionally framed roofs, while newer units are typically built with lightweight roof systems. Schools, buildings, and houses can all fall under this construction type. One of the perks associated with this construction type is that ventilation is possible. That said, many Type III buildings contain connected attics or horizontal void spaces, making fire extensions more likely. Type IV Construction: Heavy Timber Type IV buildings are largely constructed using large pieces of lumber connected using metal plates and bolts. This was a common practice before 1960, making heavy timber construction easy to spot. Old churches, factories, and barns typically fall under this category. This building type demands that all wooden members meet specific dimensional requirements. Structural wood supports such as columns, beams, and girders must be at least 8 inches thick. Heavy planks for roofs and floors must be at least 6 inches thick. Type IV buildings have noncombustible exterior walls and interior elements. Though these buildings contain combustible materials, they generally fare well when exposed to fire. Their structural mass also makes them more resilient against collapse. Still, firefighters will require large volumes of water to extinguish a fire in this type of building. Metal joint connections can also lead to a rapid increase in fire severity. Type V Construction: Wood-Frame Type V buildings are the most combustible construction type on this list. It is the only category of construction that allows combustible exterior walls as well as combustible structural members on the interior walls. The frames, walls, floors, and roofs are made entirely or partly out of wood. These building elements are cheaper to develop and increasingly common in the construction of single-family homes and garages. These structural elements can be particularly worrisome to firefighters, as exposed wood offers no fire resistance. If a fire starts, the building will ignite significantly. These buildings may be somewhat resistant to collapse unless it is a lightweight construction. In that case, it will collapse within minutes of a fire breaking out.

Answer 11

Seismic weight over 200% of any adjacent story

Answer 12

A story with significantly less lateral stiffness, compared to above

Answer 13

A story significantly less lateral strength compared to above

Answer 14

N = above grade exterior/interior load bearing soft stone // O = above grade interior non load bearing/ S =below grade masonry foundations manholes retaining walls sewers brick patios M =gravity loads masonry below grade foundations retaining walls driveways, heavy loads

Answer 15

It is not all water. Has better control of airflow and humidity compared to all air. Allows lower floor to floor height. More expensive

Answer 16

Steel girder = 1/15 // steel beam =1/20

Answer 17

The less water, the stronger the concrete. Lower ratio reduces drying and cracking and reduces permeability, as well as increasing bonding to reinforcement. Ratio Range of .45 to .60. High strength concrete uses less water (.35) The minimum is .3 to .35 water to cement ratio. Below this it becomes too stiff and unworkable 1 gallon of water is 8.33 pounds

Answer 18

In order of strength flat plate = Flaps to porta by column without beams or girders,/flat slab = A flat system with drop panels or column capitals /waffle /concrete joist

Answer 19

Cost for city / 100 x n national average =cost for city

Answer 20

Consistent physical and mechanical properties in all directions

Answer 21

Percent area x cost and all added up

Answer 22

Expansion valve /evaporator /compressor /condenser

Answer 23

6db for each doubling of distance between the source and the receiver

Answer 24

Deluge = turn on all heads at once in high hazard buildings Deluge suppression systems are typically used in special hazard installations when water must be applied to an entire area for fire protection. These systems are considered a 'dry fire protection system' as the piping for the system is empty and at an atmospheric pressure with the sprinkler heads all open. chemical plants, aircraft hangars, oil extraction facilities, and any storage facility that holds or uses flammable chemicals. pre action concern over water, damaging the contents in the building. Pre-action sprinkler systems work well in areas with sensitive assets and equipment where accidental discharge needs to be prevented due to their 2-step activation process.A pre-action system is often more costly to install than a traditional sprinkler system because it is more complexThis system is also more difficult and costly to maintain because it has additional components and is more complex.Pre-action sprinklers can be designed to have pressurized nitrogen or air within the pipes to keep the water in place if the valve is accidentally opened. This form of pre-action system is most commonly found in freezer warehouses. MuseumsFreezer warehousesData centersArchivesLibrariesComputer roomsTelecommunications centers Process control rooms./ dry pipe compressed air or nitrogen where there are problems with freezing.

Answer 25

1 lm /ft2 =10.76 lx. //= foot candles = lumens / area [ lumens =foot candles x area] Lumens =foot candles x area

Answer 26

0.15 doors For buildings without a sprinkler system and emergency voice/alarm communication system – the egress capacity factor is 0.2 inches per occupant. For H (high hazard) and I-2 (institutional – typically hospitals and nursing homes; refer to the code for the full definition) – the egress capacity factor for doors is 0.2 inches per occupant. For other use groups (H and I-2 excluded) with a sprinkler system and emergency voice/alarm communication system – the egress capacity factor for doors is 0.15 inches per occupant. 1005.3.1 Stairways. The capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.3 inch (7.6 mm) per occupant. 1.For other than Group H and I-2 occupancies, the capacity, in inches, of means of egress stairways shall be calculated by multiplying the occupant load served by such stairways by a means of egress capacity factor of 0.2 inch (5.1 mm) per occupant in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system installed

Answer 27

Occupancy group /construction type /fire suppression

Answer 28

Higher installation cost /reduce maintenance cost/reduce energy consumption / maintenance of heat pumps disrupts occupied spaces

Answer 29

Above hoistway

Answer 30

Inversely proportional to length cubed ^3

Answer 31

Density and elasticity of the soil primary = p wave Secondary = S wave surface waves - Raleigh vertical / love horizontal

Answer 32

Improves workability and environmentally friendly

Answer 33

Torsion /vertical shear /horizontal shear /base shear =total horizontal force acting at the base of a building

Answer 34

Expansion valve - evaporator- compressor-condenser

Answer 35

Apartment buildings and hotels but seldom office and stores

Answer 36

All water - for arenas theaters libraries and offices

Answer 37

Air and water _ offices hospitals laboratories but rarely in apartment and hotel

Answer 38

While a CAV system uses variable air temperature and constant airflow, a VAV system keeps constant temperature and variable airflow CAV______ Benefits Simple design Easy installation Lower up-front installation costs Ideal for single-zone applications Cons Provides only fixed volume airflow Limited options (such as manual dampers) for zone-level air flow adjustment and adaptability Lower energy efficiency overall Poor humidity control VAV______ Benefits Better control over airflow, temperature, and humidity Multi-zone conditioning through built-in dampers More cost-effective ventilation overall - less fan power is needed to maintain each climate zone Cons More complicated infrastructure design that leverages more advanced fan controls and dampers Higher up-front costs than CAV installations Despite its drawbacks, note that these up-front costs tend to be offset by the lower operating costs of the system itself. All air used in hotels, schools, large commercial spaces, rarely in apartments

Answer 39

Aluminum and gold silver copper nickel

Answer 40

Doesn’t change over time

Answer 41

Compacted and sloped

Answer 42

Reverse normal strike-slip

Answer 43

Static loads

Answer 44

Peak heating and cooling loads of HVAC system

Answer 45

Outdoor design temperatures

Answer 46

During July is higher than the average daily temperature / different from wet bulb temperature in that it doesn’t account for humidity

Answer 47

Defines two different types of design temperatures Heating design temperature : the outdoor temperature used for designing heating systems which represents the lowest expected temperature for specific location during the heating season. The heating design temperature ensures that the building heating system can provide adequate warmth to maintain comfortable indoor temperature during the coldest days. Cooling design temperature: the outdoor temperature used for designing cooling systems which represents the highest expected temperature for a specific location during the cooling season the cooling design temperature and sure that the building cooling system can effectively remove heat and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures during the hottest days ASHRAE CLIMACTIC DATA FROM VARIOUS WEATHER STATIONS AND PROVIDES DESIGN TEMPERATURE GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENT LOCATIONS BASED ON THEIR HISTORICAL WEATHER PATTERNS For heating purposes, the outside temperature states above the winter temperature during 99% of the hours of the year for cooling purposes. The outside temperature only goes above the design temperature doing one percent of the hours of the year.

Answer 48

It is a diaphragm, horizontal framing member parallel to the applied force designed to transmit lateral loads to a vertical resisting element Structural component that is used to transfer lateral forces caused by seismic, events or wind loads from a diaphragm typically a horizontal structure element like a floor or roof to a vertical elements, such as sheer walls or brace frames. The purpose of drug is to ensure that the lateral loads are severely distributed across the empire structural system And that the forces are property resisted by the buildings vertical lateral load resisting components. Essential in designing buildings located in areas with high seismic or wind activity.

Answer 49

Detention Basins: These are man-made basins or reservoirs that store water temporarily during and immediately after heavy rainfall or storm. They are designed to hold a set amount of water and gradually release it at a controlled rate to prevent flooding. Most of the time, they are dry. Retention Basins: These are also man-made basins used to manage stormwater runoff and prevent flooding, but unlike detention basins, they are designed to hold a permanent pool of water that fluctuates in volume during and after rainfall events.

Answer 50

Howe /Belgian /Warren /Bowstring - also flat and Pratt

Answer 51

Reducing the volume of void pockets and entrapped air in fresh cementitious mixture

Answer 52

Refers to the presence of empty spaces or air pockets within the concrete mix occurs due to an adequate consolidation in proper mix proportions for entrapped air during mixing and placement

Answer 53

Maintaining appropriate temperature and moisture conditions in freshly placed concrete to ensure it’s optimal strength, development and durability. He typically starts immediately after the concrete has been placed and finished and continues for specific. Usually between 7 to 28 days during methods can include moist, curing using water or what coverings membrane curing, using occurring compound or plastic sheeting or controlled curing using heated or cooled enclosures

Answer 54

39= single layer of half inch gypsum on each side, wood stud, fiberglass insulation 44 = Double layer of 1/2 gypsum board on each side Wood stud batt insulation in wall 62= double layer of 58 gypsum board +2 loads of green glue on each side steel stud framing with insulation 72 = 8 inch concrete block wall painted with half-inch gypsum board on independent steel stud walls on each side, insulation in cavities An increase of 3dB is barely noticeable

Answer 55

Can have a cross slope of 1:50 / can have a 36 inch clear width / cannot have 180° turn that has a depth smaller than 48 inches / may have 180° turn that has a depth larger than 48 inches

Answer 56

a soil that contains particles of a wide range of sizes and has a good representation of all sizes from the No. 4 to No. 200 sieves. A well-graded gravel is classified as GW, while a well-graded sand is classified as SW. For example, a well graded sand (SW) comprises fine, medium, and coarse grains of sand. Whereas poorly graded sand (SP) only consists of one or two of the three possible grain sizes. Well graded gravel have an excellent work ability / well graded sands are previous / well great gravel have an excellent shear strength / poorly, grated gravel are very pervious

Answer 57

Measures the rate of heat transfer / account for conduction, radiation, and convection / based on various components and calculations / the lower the number the more energy efficient a given assembly is / u=1/r

Answer 58

Measures resistance to heat transfer / based on a specific material property value / does not measure airflow / the higher, the number of the more energy efficient / r=1/u

Answer 59

Ability of a column to resist buckling

Answer 60

Ability of a given wall, to resist the lateral loads such as wind or earth pressure

Answer 61

Compressive loads

Answer 62

Division 00 - Procurement and Contracting Requirements Division 01 - General Requirements Division 02 - Existing Conditions Division 03 - Concrete Division 04 - Masonry Division 05 - Metals Division 06 - Wood, Plastics, Composites Division 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection Division 08 - Openings Division 09 - Finishes Division 10 - Specialties Division 11 - Equipment Division 12 - Furnishings Division 13 - Special Construction Division 14 - Conveying Equipment Division 21 - Fire Suppression Division 22 - Plumbing Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Division 25 - Integrated Automation Division 26 - Electrical Division 27 - Communications Division 28 - Electronic Safety and Security Division 31 - Earthwork Division 32 - Exterior Improvements Division 33 - Utilities Division 34 - Transportation Division 35 - Waterway and Marine Construction Division 40 - Process Integration Division 41 - Material Processing and Handling Equipment Division 42 - Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment Division 43 - Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment Division 44 - Pollution and Waste Control Equipment Division 45 - Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment Division 46 - Water and Wastewater Equipment Division 48 - Electrical Power Generation

Answer 63

40 to 80 psi into building, / losses .433 psi/ft Upfeed water supply systems generally go up to 40-60 Minimum operating pressures for some fixtures: Sink faucet = 5-10 PSI Urinal flush valve = 15 PSI Shower = 12 PSI| Lavatory faucet = 8 PSI

Answer 64

Cancer is north Capricorn is south

Answer 65

Dowel =A steel bar connecting two pieces / lateral ties = also known as stirrups are close loop steel reinforcement bars, used to reinforced, concrete beams and columns, placed around the main longitudinal reinforcement bars help maintain their spacing prevent buckling lateral forces acting on the structure, in addition, lateral ties contribute to the sheer and torsional strength of the reinforced concrete elements / spiral reinforcement= continuous he wound steel bar but is used to fine and strengthen concrete columns, tort, particularly in high-rise buildings or structure, subjected to high lateral loads, such as seismic activity enhances the ductility of the column, allowing it to Deform underload without losing its load caring capacity, and also helps to prevent the premature buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement bars. / splice connection = connection between two reinforcement bars to create a continuous reinforcement system throughout the concrete structure different Include lap splices mechanical splices welded splices. Purpose of splicing is to maintain the structural integrity and loan caring capacity of reinforcement systems while accommodating construction constraints, such as length of available, reinforcement bars, or the need for movement joints

Answer 66

Known as personal food things are short cast in situ concrete piles used in areas with firm soil layers to provide additional support for the structures foundation. They act as transition between column, and the footing distributing the concentrated load to a larger surface area. Pedestal piles are typically formed by excavating a hole and filling it with concrete, which may contain reinforcement depending on the design requirements

Answer 67

Uncased cast in situ pile formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground. Once the desired depth is reached, Schelhas filled with concrete, and the steel tube is simultaneously withdrawn as a concrete is poured, leaving a concrete column in place. Suitable for various soil types, except those with large boulders or obstructions.

Answer 68

Known as pressure injected footing is a type of cast in situ Pile formed by driving a temporary steel casing into the ground. The casing is then filled with a small amount of dry granular material, which is compacted using a drop hammer this process forms a plug at the base of the casing which acts as a form for the concrete concrete is then placed into the casing under pressure and casing is withdrawn, leaving the concrete column in place.

Answer 69

Cast in situ call concrete pile formed using a tapered steel mandrel with a cylindrical corrugated steel shell attached to its lower end. The mandrel and shell are driven into the ground, and the mandrel is withdrawn, leaving the shell in place concrete is then poured into the shell, which serves as a form for the pile. The corrugated shell remains in the ground, providing additional friction resistance along the piles length.

Answer 70

Wide flange beams offer excellent load caring capacity can be driven into the ground with minimal soil displacement, commonly used in situations requiring high, vertical and lateral resistance

Answer 71

Opening between the annual rings of a softwood that contains a solid or liquid pitch = also known as a resin pocket or resin canal a small, naturally occurring opening or cavity found between the annual growth rings of some softwood species. These pockets contain pitch, which is a viscous mixture of resonance substances, such as terpenes and other organic compounds produced by the tree

Answer 72

Moment of inertia

Answer 73

People furniture stores material

Answer 74

Made up of iron and carbon / carbon at .5% to 1.5%. /Increased carbon content in hard, steel enhances, hardness, tensile strength, and wears resistance at the expense of ductility and hardness Chromium is added to enhance where resistance, corrosion resistance, and harden ability Molybdenum improve strength, hard ability, and resistance to temperature variations Vanadium increases strength, resistance, and ability Tungsten, enhances, hardness resistance, and height temperature stability Cobalt increases high strength, hardness and wear resistance

Answer 75

Fan coil unit recirculated air /air handling unit air from outside Fan coil is louder than VAV

Answer 76

1. Assembly (see Section 303): Groups A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5. 2. Business (see Section 304): Group B. 3. Educational (see Section 305): Group E. 4. Factory and Industrial (see Section 306): Groups F-1 and F-2. 5. High Hazard (see Section 307): Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4 and H-5. 6. Institutional (see Section 308): Groups I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4. 7. Mercantile (see Section 309): Group M.2 8. Residential (see Section 310): Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4. 9. Storage (see Section 311): Groups S-1 and S-2. 10. Utility and Miscellaneous (see Section 312): Group U.

Answer 77

No greater than 1:20 or 5% unless it’s a ramp Cross slopes may be up to 1:50 or 2% for drainage

Answer 78

Grade beam on piers

Answer 79

3% for recreation and for landscaping up to 25%

Answer 80

5% for parking area 2% for accessible

Answer 81

Public works

Answer 82

Study of cultural understanding of space for individuals

Answer 83

300 if it includes parking spaces, access, and fairly efficient driveways and 400 parking spaces drives and walkways

Answer 84

Buildings latitude but for space heating building latitude +15°

Answer 85

Five times the height of the trees

Answer 86

1/4 without 1/2 or greater must use ramp

Answer 87

Construction type occupancy group separation between adjacent buildings and sprinkler

Answer 88

Meets bounds , reference to section and Township, location within subdivision

Answer 89

Standoff distance

Answer 90

Calculation by grid - also called the division of square method — to determine volume for medium-sized projects that require leveling. The block method is more straightforward than the section method and more accurate than the average method. You can expect some margin of error when using the block method on projects involving both filling and cutting, but much less than the average method. end area method - We typically use the average method for smaller projects that require us to ascertain the levels at all grid points. Because this method is the simplest of the three, we can only use it when a project requires either filling or cutting. The average method provides inaccurate estimates if you use it for projects that use both cutting and filling. contour area method - Prismodial method: This method offers a precise way to get an estimate of the volume. Trapezoidal method: This method is also used in calculating volume with contour lines.

Answer 91

A leach field is a major element of most septic systems. Also known as a septic drain field, it consists of perforated pipes that sit underground near a septic tank. Essentially, leach fields are meant to filter out contaminants from effluent water before it drains into the ground. It uses a Percolation test

Answer 92

French drain

Answer 93

Optimum compaction of site fill based on its density and optimum moisture content

Answer 94

Dug hole to allow visual inspection

Answer 95

Considered first when locating a building

Answer 96

local government, state government, U.S. Army corp engineers

Answer 97

Most severe flood that may reasonably be possible for a particular location Higher than nfip

Answer 98

An expected flood

Answer 99

SW severe weathering for northeast. Nw normal weathering - when building an extension onto an existing brick building, or when you want the new bricks to blend in with the existing ones. Mw moderate weathering - best used in tropical climates or for outdoor walls where it can tolerate moderate amounts of freezing and dampness FBX is finish appearance Bricks can be rated as F0 (not frost resistant), F1 (moderately frost resistant), or F2 (frost resistant).

Answer 100

Trowel struck not recommended for exterior. \ Weather struck / Raked ] Concave ) Concave is the best for dealing with water on exterior walls

Answer 101

Grove in masonry or concrete to instert flashing into

Answer 102

Back to back L angles

Answer 103

Use neoprene spacers between metals to avoid

Answer 104

Metal roof bending. Use ribbed, matte and level substructure

Answer 105

Lumber joists often span 15 to 20 ft nominal width 2” Nominal depth of between 6 to 14” Heavy loads nominal width of 3 to 4” Spaced 12 to 16 “ on center

Answer 106

In masonry walls, they are cut at one end to allow the floor to fall inwards of the wall so it doesn’t bring the wall down

Answer 107

20ft - 45ft

Answer 108

2x12 on either side of a metal plate

Answer 109

Polyisocinurate

Answer 110

Laminated 2 panes with plastic between. Float is same as annealed. Annealed is regular glass that can be tempered or heat strengthened Tempered is twice as hard as heat strengthened For a ten story building tempered heat strengthened and laminated would work

Answer 111

High to low - cork. Linoleum/vinyl. Asphalt

Answer 112

Plain slicing figured pattern with a characteristic cathedral appearance Rotary slicing most varied grain slices Half round slicing gives a moderate amount of pattern Quarter slicing is cut perpendicular to the growth rings which gives the straightest pattern Rift slicing also produces uniform grain pattern

Answer 113

Doors that lead to what could be dangerous places for a visually impaired person to go to

Answer 114

Higher up front costs usually lead to lower operational costs It is economical to compete a life cycle cost analysis lcca if two items have similar installation costs but differing operational costs or projected lifespans Lcca evaluates all costs based their present value Salvage fees may be included in an lcca Sunk costs are costs incurred prior to baseline date

Answer 115

Gated streets / strict enforcement of code with criminal non compliance / help for new homeowners to finance and national properties / community designed to facilitate inversions among neighbors

Answer 116

Must be placed between studs at floors in for example balloon framing for fire stopping

Answer 117

Has the least amount of seams Will not pose a threat to clients inside a hospital Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) Standard NBR/PVC and EPDM insulation maintain a WVP rating of 0.03 perm-inch while one particular EPDM insulation’s WVP is 0.01 perm-inch; this rivals the WVP of a rigid closed cell insulation called cellular glass at 0.00. The lower the WVP, the less likely that a supplemental vapor barrier (jacket or mastic) will be required. A closed cell elastomeric insulation’s chemical polarity determines its UV, ozone and weather resistance. Polar (NBR/PVC) insulation will degrade when subjected to UV so manufacturers require protection in the form of a specially-formulated UV coating or mechanical jacket. Nonpolar materials (EPDM insulation) will degrade at a slower rate than NBR/PVC. Although the same protection is recommended, it is not required. As an example, vehicle manufacturers choose EPDM rubber for OEM components subjected to heat and UV such as hoses, weatherstripping, and wiper blades. Glass transition” refers to the temperature at which a closed cell elastomeric foam insulation begins to lose flexibility, becomes brittle and difficult to install. NBR/PVC’s glass transition temperature is approximately -4°F (-20°C) with EPDM at approximately -65°F (-53°C). EPDM insulation maintains its flexibility at lower temperatures during installation. All insulation types are subject to mold growth when organic food sources and moisture are present. As a preventive measure, NBR/PVC manufacturers add EPA-registered antimicrobial chemicals to their products during the manufacturing process. EPDM insulation, on the other hand, is naturally microbial-resistant because it does not contain organic food sources such as oils, plasticizers and binders.

Answer 118

Installed in mechanical equipment where fire needs to be stopped it at rated assemblies

Answer 119

Spread footing - shallow foundation type lower part of the foundation is gradually widened/not really used with multi story, low column load, soil capacity allows it Combined footing is a type of foundation that supports two or more columns or walls by distributing the load to a wider area of soil.

Answer 120

Resilient When you press into resilient flooring, it gives a little and then returns to shape - better traction -lower cost to replace damaged parts - ergonomic benefits - lower noise foot traffic Non resilient Materials with no give, one dented stay dented. Concrete for example Durability Price Maintenance costs

Answer 121

Asbestos lead polychlorinated biphenyls - Fluorescent Light Ballasts (FLBs) Caulking, Coatings & Sealants Specialty Paints Adhesives Ceiling Tiles Acoustic Boards vermiculite- often used asan aggregate in lightweight concrete, providing improved thermal insulation and fire resistance in buildings.

Answer 122

30% by about Five times the height of the trees

Answer 123

Coach prescribe a minimum corridor width of 44 inches with various exceptions. Corridors in residential occupancies or those serving an occupant load of less than 50 may be 36 inches wide B occupies require 44 inches.

Answer 124

1 acre is 43,560 ft.² ~ 208 ft x 208 ft 10,000 m2 in a hectare

Answer 125

ASCE-7 is the governing referenced standard for design loads on buildings & other structures for building codes throughout the US. Categorías B. Wooded area or single family homes C. Everything in between D. Most severe close to coastal areas Class 1 or 2 define any large flat area over a mile long as exposure D

Answer 126

Occupancy, construction type, distance from property line

Answer 127

Field inspector

Answer 128

12” max from wall to beginning of grab bar. Grab bar length is 42”

Answer 129

Space between floors for mech and other systems

Answer 130

Allows for heating and cooling at the same time - expensive

Answer 131

Fan coil with supplementary air

Answer 132

Work best in climates where the difference between indoor and outdoor and temperature is high

Answer 133

Continuous flow of tempered water to extract heat from areas that need to be cold and add heat to other areas requiring heating using very little if any additional energy input

Answer 134

They pre-warm cool outdoor air

Answer 135

Uses hot, exhaust gas to preheat incoming air or water

Answer 136

3% to 9% of the gross *. Office space falls between this range so at 6%.

Answer 137

Stack Effect/heating ventilating and air conditioning and fan pressure/wind pressure/exhaust vents

Answer 138

Conductors and conduit can be smaller

Answer 139

When columns are different heights like on a slope

Answer 140

Buildings with heights exceeding 400 feet Building subject to dynamic effects or sensitive vibrations and for buildings with a height width ratio of five or more

Answer 141

Definition - used to calculate the total number of luminaires required to achieve the desired average illumination on the work surface, which is assume to be 30 inches above the floor Variables considered : Level of illumination, desired Area of the room Number of lamps in each luminaire The lumen output of each lamp The coefficient of utilization - measure of the efficiency of a particular Lumer in outputting light, and is based on the design of the Lumer itself, the reflectance of the room and the size of the room Light loss factor - decoration of ideal light output due to the aging of lamp and gradual dirt accumulation Wall reflectance Gradual loss of light due to dirt accumulation

Answer 142

Brightness of sky - solar altitude, cloud conditions, time of day Area of the glass Height of the head of the glass Transmittance of the glass Reflectance of the surfaces inside and outside the room Obstructions such as overhangs or trees

Answer 143

The rating of a lighting system expressed as the percentage of people who, when viewing from a specified location and in a specified direction, will be expected to find it acceptable in terms of discomfort glare.

Answer 144

Tasks/surrounds brightness ratio Veiling reflections Reflected glare

Answer 145

Low pressure sodium lamps produce a monochromatic yellow light High sodium reproduce color better High Pressure Sodium (HPS): These lights are highly efficient and have low initial costs, making them a popular choice for outdoor and street lighting. They produce a warm (yellow/orange) light and have a long lifespan, but they have a lower color rendering index, meaning they do not reproduce the colors of objects accurately when compared to natural light.

Answer 146

Gearless traction - used for high speed elevators, reliable and durable, the wheel is above the cabin and moves with the cabin have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2,000 feet per minute and they have a maximum travel distance of around 2,000 feet so they are the only choice for high-rise applications. Geared traction elevators are middle of the road in terms of initial cost, ongoing maintenance costs, and energy consumption. Gear-less traction elevators have a high initial cost, medium ongoing maintenance costs, and use energy a bit more efficiently than geared traction elevators. Geared traction - low speed high capacity, On geared traction elevators, the wheel is placed in the machine room which is above the elevator shaft have a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. The maximum travel distance for a geared traction elevator is around 250 feet. Standard hydraulic - two to five stories or up to 50’ , Conventional Hydraulic Elevators have a sheave that extends below the floor of the elevator pit, which accepts the retracting piston as the elevator descends. Some configurations have a telescoping piston that collapses and requires a shallower hole below the pit. Max travel distance is approximately 60 feet. Hydraulic elevators have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are lower compared to the other elevator types. However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of elevators because the electric motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. A major drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can sometimes leak, which can cause a serious environmental hazard. The environmental risk and high energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as often as in the past. Machine-Room-Less Elevators are traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and is accessed from the top of the elevator cab when maintenance or repairs are required. The control boxes are located in a control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft on the highest landing and within around 150 feet of the machine. Machine-room-less elevators have a maximum travel distance of up to 250 feet and can travel at speeds up to 500 feet-per-minute. MRL elevators are comparable to geared traction elevators in terms of initial and maintenance costs, but they have relatively low energy consumption compared to geared elevators. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming the most popular choice for mid-rise buildings where the travel distance is up to 250 feet. They are energy efficient, require less space, and their operation and reliability are on par with gear-less traction elevators.

Answer 147

Interior Layout Efficiency: Ratio of the net assignable areas to the usable areas. Expressed as a percentage of the usable area. This is typically used in the programming phase to calculate the total usable area requirements, based on the net assignable area requirements of a given project. Formulas Interior Layout Efficiency = Net Assignable Area / Usable Area Usable Area = Rentable Area / Interior Layout Efficiency Gross area = Net assignable area / efficiency ratio These are common interior layout efficiencies for some building types: Corporate Office - .62 Auditorium - .75 Museum - .81 Library - 81 Warehouse - 1.0

Answer 148

Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte, like water

Answer 149

An astragal is commonly used to seal between a pair of doors. The astragal closes the clearance gap created by bevels on one or both mating doors, and helps deaden sound. A little strip between doors that closes the gap

Answer 150

A quarter round for flooring but a little taller

Answer 151

Acoustical control, decorative purposes, safety, security

Answer 152

Acoustical control, decorative purposes, safety, security

Answer 153

EPDM -. is an extremely durable synthetic rubber roofing membrane (ethylene propylene diene terpolymer) widely used in low-slope buildings in the United States and worldwide. Its two primary ingredients, ethylene and propylene, are derived from oil and natural gas. EPDM is available in both black and white Ho it is usually black, and is sold a broad variety of widths, ranging from 7.5 feet to fifty feet, and in two thicknesses, 45 and 60 mils. EPDM can be installed either fully adhered, mechanically attached or ballasted, with the seams of the roofing system sealed with liquid adhesives or specially formulated tape. The ballasted EPDM roof installation is relatively simple — the insulation and EPDM membrane are laid loosely over the substrate and held in place by river-washed stones or concrete pavers. It's necessary to flash the roof's perimeter and penetrations, but the ballast weight keeps the entire roof assembly securely in place. Unlike the ballasted system, mechanically attached EPDM roofs are lightweight and can be used on almost any low-slope or sloped roof (max. 4:12 slope) The insulation sheets are either adhered to or mechanically attached to the roof deck with insulation plates and fasteners. Then, the EPDM membrane is laid over the insulation, and adjoining EPDM sheets are mechanically attached with seam plates and fasteners. The roof perimeter is also mechanically attached or fully adhered while penetrations and openings are flashed. Typically, fasteners are applied at the membrane's edge and covered with the edge of the next sheet, which is adhered over the seam. Fully-adhered EPDM roofs offer the highest wind-uplift approvals and can be used on low slopes or roofs with unlimited slopes. In addition, Elevate EPDM adhered membranes can be installed on roofs up to 250' (76.2m) high and be eligible for up to 30-year warranties. Unlike mechanically attached membranes, the fully adhered EPDM membranes don't flutter and have no indoor air intrusion into the roof assembly. As a result, fully-adhered EPDM membranes are more energy-efficient, according to EPDM Roofing Association. Tpo - 10 to 25 year white in color general purpose Modified bitumen - longest lasting. Two ply. PVC - 15-30 years doesn’t do well in cold

Answer 154

Fire detector during smoldering phase

Answer 155

The minimum concrete cover over piping and conduit should be 3/4” Conduit solid always be placed on the lower half is the structural slab The outside diameter of the conduit should not be greater than 1/3 thickness of slab Pipes carrying gas or fluid must be pressure treated prior to concrete pour

Answer 156

Live is high reverb dead is low

Answer 157

Halon and chlorofluorocarbon

Answer 158

As a swelling clay, bentonite has the ability to absorb large quantities of water, which increases its volume by up to a factor of eight.[5] This makes bentonite beds unsuitable for building and road construction. However, the swelling property is used to advantage in drilling mud and groundwater sealants. Used for pile construction. With water, it expands. Slurry

Answer 159

Widely varied occupant load. Not useful when you need to exhaust air like for places with odor and such

Answer 160

Selective collective operation - When people board an elevator and have different destinations, the selective collective operation method will go in one direction and will drop the passengers to their destination on the way. Such elevators do not alter their route according to the floors selected but stick to their own direction and thus save time. Such a type of operation is commonly used in commercial lifts and Limited Use/Limited Application elevators. Collect calls and answers the calls on the up trip, travels to the floor level with the highest call, then collects and answers to down calls on the round-trip to the floor level with the lowest call. Works best with more than one car reducing waiting time at the stops. Computerized controls are much more sophisticated and expensive program based on data about building traffic patterns and analysis of important calls Constant Pressure Operation Constant pressure elevators require optimum pressure to be maintained on the button indicating the destination floor. The lift car will move until the pressure is maintained on the button. Thus, if the pressure is removed, the lift car will stop mid-travel or change its direction before it arrives at the given floor. Such operation of elevators is only allowed by code for wheelchair elevators. (Non-selective) Collective Operation Usually, residential elevator applications utilize the non-selective collective operation system since such types of elevators are task-oriented. This implies that the elevator will respond sequentially to a command. Thus, when an individual commands the elevator for a particular floor and someone else commands the lift for another floor, the elevator will obey each command in a sequential manner regardless of the direction. Single Automatic Operation In elevators with single automatic operation, there is no collective function within the elevator control system. This is also a task-oriented system that has a momentary push button. With this operation, the elevator will move towards the requested floor once the command is made. After this, the lift car will wait for any further commands. This kind of operation is mostly used in material lift applications. Pre-register Operation In a pre-register operation, the signal to stop is already registered in advance with the help of buttons in the lift car. The attendant in the car is then notified to initiate the stop with the help of a signal. This signal can be visual or audible after which a command of ‘STOP’ is given. Call active calls no longer use does not differentiate between up-and-down calls

Answer 161

Ceiling diffusers to be laid out at a distance from each other roughly the height of the ceiling with the units close to walls at half that length

Answer 162

Used to restrict the movement of smoke and flame

Answer 163

Crystalline - beat power generators Crystalline panels need to be as perpendicular to the sun as possible to achieve the best performance. Crystalline panels do not perform as well in partial shading (compared to Amorphous cells) and they do gradually lose a small percentage of output as the temperature rises above 25°C. Polycrystalline - produce less per more competitively priced Amorphous - least power, can be attached to other buildings materials Amorphous cells offer higher efficiency than the other two. They are your most efficient cell in the market today, although they do require twice as much surface area for the same power output as a monocrystalline blanket or panel. However, they are more flexible and can handle higher temperatures better. Amorphous cells are constructed from a fine layer of silicon, which enables solar panels to be more flexible and therefore lightweight. Amorphous cells can withstand higher temperatures without output being affected, compared to poly or mono crystalline cells. Amorphous cells perform better in low light conditions compared to even the most efficient monocrystalline panels. This is because they can absorb a wider band of the visible light spectrum due to the uni-solar triple junction cell technology.

Answer 164

Even a small hole on a ten by ten wall such as unsealed receptacles placed back to back can make the partition effectively useless for blocking sound The absorption coefficient is a fractional number and cannot exceed 1. The correct absorption coefficient for room should be between .2 and .5 Doubling the absorbing surfaces in a room results in a noise reduction of only 3dB, which is barely perceptible. To justify expense of adding more absorptive material in a room the absorption should be tripled, which would reduce sound by 5dB In large rooms it makes sense to tackle the ceiling since there is more ceiling area

Answer 165

Each mechanical room should have at least one exterior wall The boiler room should be adjacent to the chilled water plant Ceilings in both rooms tend to want to be 12’ high

Answer 166

24” according to the study guide

Answer 167

Equivalent to the contractors profits - 5% to 20% Therefore they are usually anxious to establish a date for substantial completion

Answer 168

Mass transit within walking distance of homes and businesses Mix you zoning with multifamily housing commercial uses in proximity to one another Single-family homes and apartments in the same neighborhood which allows people to choose a housing that fits their needs More independence for those who cannot drive or do not own a car Narrow streets, and frequent 90° intersections On street or small lot parking rather than vast parking streets that are safe and interest to pedestrians, which encourage walking ( parallel parking )

Answer 169

Glass made by floating melted glass over melted tin

Answer 170

Blast energy decreases in inverse proportion to the cube of the distance Most effective site planning strategy is to maximize the distance between the building and the outermost secured perimeter

Answer 171

Local and state governmental rules, abcs US army corps of engineers regulations

Answer 172

Local and state governmental rules, abcs US army corps of engineers regulations

Answer 173

The absorption coefficient ranges between zero and one, one meaning no sound energy is reflected and the sound is either absorbed or transmitted. For example, an opened exterior window has the absorption coefficient of one because no sound returns to the room. An effective absorber will have a sound absorption coefficient greater than .75.

Answer 174

The absorption coefficient ranges between zero and one, one meaning no sound energy is reflected and the sound is either absorbed or transmitted. For example, an opened exterior window has the absorption coefficient of one because no sound returns to the room. An effective absorber will have a sound absorption coefficient greater than .75.

Answer 175

A legal description of a subdivided piece of property that includes information on lots streets rights of way and easements among other items

Answer 176

An area from which surface runoff is carried away by a single drainage system The area contributing surface water flow to a point on a drainage or river system

Answer 177

Building should be designed to harmonize with other buildings and elements in the vicinity

Answer 178

Building should be designed to harmonize with other buildings and elements in the vicinity

Answer 179

A large parcel of land, typically with a mix of uses that has been designed and laid out according to principles approved by the local planning authority and often with citizen input. Commonly used to develop land in a way that ordinarily would not be allowed based on normal planning and zoning restrictions of a jurisdiction

Answer 180

A large parcel of land designed to minimize the impact of the automobile on residential development in which access to interior lots is provided by cul de sacs branching from surrounding streets and providing one or more open spaces Blocks put together for this purpose

Answer 181

Object on which a tax is calculated

Answer 182

How existing buildings streets in public spaces contribute to the neighborhoods image that is those elements defined by stephen Lynch

Answer 183

Road not to ever be perpendicular to topo Road to be down slope from building

Answer 184

Local - direct access to building sites. Often curvilinear. Longer have more chances of site access so longer is more apt for local Service Road - frontage road - runs parallel to a freeway or Expressway provides access to property bordering it Collector streets - connect local with arterial. Empty into arterial. Arterial streets - connect freeways or expressways Slope - difficult to drive on Tangent - straight portion of a road connected to a curved portion Vertical alignment - elevation graph of street Horizontal alignment - curvature of street in plan Intersection daylighting - set parking and things back so cars can see people about to cross Street low speed 80 wide right of way Avenue medium speed 80 wide right of way Boulevard is 100 to 130 right of way

Answer 185

1% = 1/8 2% = 1/4

Answer 186

Low point of bottom of a pipe or manhole in a sewage system

Answer 187

80 degrees

Answer 188

80 degrees

Answer 189

Energy reflected from a surface relative to the total radiant energy received

Answer 190

The building can be oriented a few degrees to the east to capture sunlight during the daytime. The building can be extended in the east-west axis. The size of the windows should be such that it captures the midday sun in the winter while avoiding the harsh sun in the summer. The windows on the west side can be avoided. Ventilation must be controllable Windows on the eastern side receive substantial heat during the morning, which may be highly appreciated in winter time 17 degrees east of south

Answer 191

1/3" vertical change 1/2" change with a 3:4 bevel 303.4 Ramps Changes in level greater than 1/2 inch (13 mm) high shall be ramped, and shall comply with 405 or 406."

Answer 192

Downhill creep, also known as soil creep or commonly just creep, is a type of creep characterized by the slow, downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of prolonged pressure and stress.

Answer 193

8% buildings and walks 1.5% to 5% parking Over 10% walk and building becomes expensive Up to 25% landscape prevent erosion Over 50% terrace to prevent erosion

Answer 194

When the sun rises and sets over equator

Answer 195

Require that local participating governments adopt minimum floodplain management plans. These plans include requirements for zoning subdivision of buildings and special purpose floodplain ordinances

Answer 196

Require that local participating governments adopt minimum floodplain management plans. These plans include requirements for zoning subdivision of buildings and special purpose floodplain ordinances

Answer 197

Utility companies

Answer 198

Sanitary systems carry black water Building sewer - portion of the sanitary sewer system from 3 feet beyond the building, connecting to the building sewers or to a private sewage disposal system House sewer - “house drain “ - Portion of the sanitary sewer system within the building into a .3 feet outside the building Storm - does not carry black water

Answer 199

Protect scenic views. Governed by local ordinances

Answer 200

For trees 6’ tho recommended 7’ For grass 4’

Answer 201

Secretary of the interior standards for rehabilitation Published by the technical preservation services of the national park services 1. Preservation: The first standard emphasizes the importance of retaining the historic character and integrity of a property. This involves identifying, protecting, and maintaining the existing historic materials, features, and finishes of a building or landscape. 2. Rehabilitation: The second standard allows for some changes to be made to a historic property to adapt it for contemporary use, while still preserving its historic character. This standard requires that any new work is compatible with the historic features of the property, and that the original materials and design are preserved to the greatest extent possible. 3. Restoration: The third standard focuses on the accurate depiction of a historic property as it appeared during a particular period in history. This standard involves the removal of later additions and alterations that detract from the property's historic character and the restoration of any missing historic features based on historical evidence. 4. Reconstruction: The fourth standard applies to properties that have been destroyed or severely altered and need to be reconstructed. Reconstruction should be based on accurate historical and architectural research, and should be compatible with the historic character of the property and the surrounding context. Overall, the Standards Repairing existing retention of existing. Some latitude in replacing damage elements. Removing historic materials or altering internal spaces should be avoided. If changes have been made with historical significance they must be retained and preserved.

Answer 202

Used to show approximately how much of a building site needs to be regraded Earth that is brought into an area is considered “fill” or embankment earth.

Answer 203

Geotextiles - when used in conjunction with soil, can effectively perform multiple functions, including separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection, and drainage Gravel fill below slab Positive slope away from building Appropriate waterproofing membrane Foundation drain Dampproofing not appropriate because does not stop water under pressure

Answer 204

Preloading of the ground with fill material to cause consolidation and settlement of the underlying soil. Used to increase the bearing capacity of soil or to decrease possible settlement or both

Answer 205

The needle beam consists of a stout timber beam or a composite flitched beam and forms the temporary primary support during the excavation a strong and durable construction tool that supports load-bearing walls and structures during repairs and renovations.

Answer 206

The needle beam consists of a stout timber beam or a composite flitched beam and forms the temporary primary support during the excavation a strong and durable construction tool that supports load-bearing walls and structures during repairs and renovations.

Answer 207

A sheet pile is a long, slender structural member that is made of steel and has interlocking edges. They are used to create earth-retaining structures and can be used for a variety of applications, including: Sheet piles are installed sequentially to the design depth along the planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. They can be installed using vibratory hammers, impact hammers, or hydraulically pushing the sheets into the ground. Riverside and coastal protection projects Earth-retaining walls Marine structures Basements and deep excavations Floodwall construction projects Sheet piles are installed sequentially to the design depth along the planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. They can be installed using vibratory hammers, impact hammers, or hydraulically pushing the sheets into the ground

Answer 208

horizontal wires or rods that reinforce retaining walls for stability. They are anchored on one end to the wall and to a stable structure on the other. The stable structure could be a concrete deadman that's been driven into the ground or anchored into the earth with resistance.

Answer 209

Spread building load over large area of low bearing capacity

Answer 210

watertight retaining structure[1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam,[2] or for the repair of ships.[3] Caissons are constructed in such a way that the water can be pumped out, keeping the work environment dry. When piers are being built using an open caisson, and it is not practical to reach suitable soil, friction pilings may be driven to form a suitable sub-found The four main types of caisson are box caisson, open caisson, pneumatic caisson and monolithic caisson

Answer 211

90 - 11 per 100 lnft. 9 ft vertical dim 60 - 9 per 100 lnft. 10.4 ft vertical dim 45 - 8 per 100 lnft. 12.7 ft vertical dim

Answer 212

Branch library or church is local so compatible with residential and pedestrian transportation Community college regional - public transportation or vehicular

Answer 213

Individual panels typically 24 in.² supported on adjustable pedestals above the structural floor. The systems provide unlimited flexibility for routing power, communications, and air supply, but are expensive and not justified. Unless a great deal of cabling is involved or future changes will be extensive such as in a computer room.

Answer 214

Series of parallel, rectangular metal raceways laid on the structural slab and covered with concrete Cellular metal floor Raceway, similar in concept, but part of the structure

Answer 215

Hardness Affect the quality and taste of water as well as the longevity of the plumbing systems very hard water can deposit minerals that buildup in pipes and plumbing fixtures. The taste may be objectionable requiring installation of water, softening or filtration system.

Answer 216

120/208 voltage three phase for small commercial 120/240 single phase fire residential Larger buildings require more

Answer 217

Energy cost budget method Allows the designer to compare annual energy costs of the design building to a baseline building. Used for LEED. Cannot be used to analyze a building that does not have a mechanical system or a low rise residential building system performance method Requires complex calculations based on the sites climate prescriptive criteria method Allows calculations to be completed relatively quickly but tends to be more restrictive than the other methods

Answer 218

self-contained heating and air conditioning system intended to be mounted through a wall PTACs are commonly found in commercial settings (hotels, motels, hospitals), or multifamily facilities (senior housing, condominiums, apartment buildings). PTACs are mostly used to cool individual living spaces, there are units which offer resistance heating and/or heat pumps.

Answer 219

Creep - reflection of sound along a curved surface. The sound can be understood along the curve not not in the room Diffusion is when sound is scattered Specular reflection sound bouncing off hard surfaces Focusing - sound being focused

Answer 220

Extinguishers Every 75 feet Wet stand pipe Vertical through a building connected to at least one hose on each floor. Occupants access the hose and release water as necessary. Building height greater than 30’ standpipe is required Dry stand pipe Connected to a pumper car. Firefighters connect their hose on each floor Fusible link A sensor in a sprinkler head activated by a rise in temp Annunciators Used to give instructions by firefighters and other authorities to occupants for evacuation efforts Two way communicator For occupants to call for help

Answer 221

Planting deciduous and evergreens

Answer 222

presents physical and thermal properties of moist air in a graphical form. Dry Bulb Temperature: the axis along the bottom Humidity Ratio and Vapor Pressure: the right axis Saturation Temperature or Dew Point: the curved left axis Enthalpy: the slanted left axis Relative Humidity: the lines that curve up from left to right Wet Bulb Temperature: the lines that slant down from left to right The most important principal of a psychrometric chart is that if you know any two values of the air conditions, you can determine all other parameters. Study pic

Answer 223

Look at pic

Answer 224

Forced air

Answer 225

Used a carbon dioxide sensor to increase it decrease ventilation of a space according to occupancy Best use where the occupancy of the space can vary greatly at different times during the day or week. And where there is not a high concentration of contaminants that need to be exhausted continuously.

Answer 226

Photoelectric cells Perimeter security system securing entry points such as doors and windows. Pass a beam of light from one point to another and sound an alarm when the beam is broken Pressure sensors Area or room protection system. Detect changes in pressure on the floor when walked on Ultrasonic detectors Area or room protection system. Use a high frequency sound wave to sense intruders Photo electric beams Area or room protection system. Infrared beam that trips when the beam is broken

Answer 227

Lighting typically 50% Heating and cooling 30% Equipments in the building such as copy machines etc… 20%

Answer 228

Maximize breeze

Answer 229

Area of refuge An area Where the people who are unable to use, stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or resistance during emergency evacuations Exit Portion of a means of egress that is separated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by fire resistance, rated construction and opening protectives as required to provide a protected path of egress travel between the exit access and the exit discharge Exit access Portion of egress system that leads from any occupied portion of a building or structure to an exit Exit discharge That portion of a means of egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way Exit enclosure An exit component that is separated from all other interior spaces of a building or structured by fire resistance, rated construction and opening protectives and provides for a protected path of the travel in a vertical or horizontal direction to the exit discharge or the public way Exit passageway Exit component that is separated from all other interior spaces of a building or structured by fire resistance, rated construction and opening protectives and provides for a protected path of egress, travel in all horizontal direction to the exit discharge or the public way Egress court A court or yard that provides access to a public way for one or more exits Public way Street alley or other parcel of land open to the outside air leading to a street that has been deeded dedicated or otherwise appropriate for public use and has a clear width and height of not less than 10 feet

Answer 230

Initial planning stages

Answer 231

Provide clear transitions between public and private spaces Provide windows for tenant surveillance Make clear distinctions between public and semi public spaces Locate stairways near heavily used areas

Answer 232

Zoning ordinances

Answer 233

Rear yard, put parking there

Answer 234

Has rigid moment resisting connections between brands and columns. It is appropriate for resisting lateral forces not just in low rise buildings, but also B high rise buildings with 30 stories or less For taller buildings use x or chevron bracing

Answer 235

Square no reentrant corners (inside corners for a slab)

Answer 236

Ground shaking Horizontal movement Vibration effects

Answer 237

ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is a standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical international standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services Chemical properties: Knowing your metal's exact makeup guarantees performance and compatibility. Mechanical properties: From strength under stress to resistance and wear, ASTM standards paint a clear picture of how your metal will behave. Metallurgical properties: Grain size, microstructure, and other key factors are specified to ensure every metal is perfectly suited for its purpose. A - Ferrous metals and products (steel) B - Nonferrous metals and products (coatings) C - Cementitious, ceramic, concrete, and masonry materials F - end-use materials and products (bolts) G - Corrosion, deterioration, weathering, durability, and degradation of materials and products How to read an ASTM Standard: Example: A328/A328m-13a (2018)- Standard Specification for steel sheet piling. A - signifies a ferrous metal but does not classify as carbon steel, alloy, tool, stainless or cast-iron steel. 328- is a sequential number without any relationships to the metal’s properties. M - Si units (metric) 328/328M, both inch per pound and Si units. 13 – the year of adoption A/B – second or third revision of the standard. (2018) – the year of last re- approval. What are the most common ASTM Standards at Alliance Steel? A1011 - CSB, SS Gr. 36 - Gr. 55, HSLA Gr. 50 – Gr. 100 A1018 - CSB, SS Gr. 36 - Gr. 55, HSLA Gr. 50 – Gr. 100 A572 Gr. 50 – Gr. 60

Answer 238

Design to the strictest

Answer 239

Zoning regulations

Answer 240

Grid Spread out not great for mech. Fewer primary adjacencies. Allows for expansion. Requires many corridors. To connect the spaces in the grid increasing the size and making director adjacencies difficult Circular loop Circulation system that is spread out in more complicated to integrate with mechanical systems, although structural systems may be easily integrated. Radial Circulation system is spread out and more complicated to integrate with mechanical systems. fewer primary adjacencies. Extends the building, necessarily places some spaces far away from others along a quarter making primary adjacencies difficult Central Allows for short, walking distances between spaces for both people and supplies. If the entire area around the central space is used, however, expansion can be problematic because corridors must be made to connect the expansion with the original layout. Spaces and activities provide immediate adjacent seats between spaces next to each other in across the central organizing space Linear layout mechanical layout scheme is simplest Places spaces far away from each other along corridor, making primary adjacencies difficult.

Answer 241

Suggests that having access to views and ample daylighting contributes to increased efficiency and satisfaction for office workers Also that environment can help people heal in hospitals

Answer 242

Hot-arid climate: bottom of the hill, due to the exposure to cold air flow at night. Temperate climate: middle of the hill, towards the top, due to access to sun and wind but also because it still protects the house from the strong winds at the top of the hill. Cold climate: middle of the hill, towards the bottom, because the house is protected from the northern cold winds in the winter while still taking advantage of the exposure to sun from the south. It is also high enough to be protected from the cold air collection at the bottom of the slope. Hot-humid climate: top of the hill because it's the most windy location, thus maximizing passive cooling.

Answer 243

Hot-arid climate: bottom of the hill, due to the exposure to cold air flow at night. Temperate climate: middle of the hill, towards the top, due to access to sun and wind but also because it still protects the house from the strong winds at the top of the hill. Cold climate: middle of the hill, towards the bottom, because the house is protected from the northern cold winds in the winter while still taking advantage of the exposure to sun from the south. It is also high enough to be protected from the cold air collection at the bottom of the slope. Hot-humid climate: top of the hill because it's the most windy location, thus maximizing passive cooling.

Answer 244

is a measure that combines both solar reflectance and thermal emittance into a single value to evaluate a material's ability to stay cool under sunlight. Higher SRI values indicate better heat reflection and reduced heat absorption, leading to cooler surfaces. SRI is particularly relevant for roofing materials and can help in designing energy-efficient buildings.

Answer 245

Wall mounted fixtures, at a height of 70", shall not project horizontally from either side more than 4"

Answer 246

Flame Spread Index (FSI): This index measures the rate at which flames spread along the surface of a material when it is exposed to a standard fire. Lower FSI values indicate that the material has better resistance to flame spread. The FSI is determined through standardized fire tests, such as the ASTM E84 or UL 723. Smoke-Developed Index (SDI): This index measures the amount of smoke produced by a material when it is exposed to a fire. Lower SDI values indicate that the material generates less smoke during combustion. The SDI is also determined through standardized fire tests, such as the ASTM E84 or UL 723. Class A: Materials in this class have an FSI of 0 to 25 and an SDI of 450 or less. These materials have the highest fire resistance and the lowest smoke production, making them suitable for use in buildings where fire safety is a priority. Class B: Materials in this class have an FSI of 26 to 75 and an SDI of 450 or less. These materials have a moderate level of fire resistance and smoke production, and they are suitable for use in buildings with average fire safety requirements. Class C: Materials in this class have an FSI of 76 to 200 and an SDI of 450 or less. These materials have the lowest fire resistance and the highest smoke production among the three classes. They are suitable for use in buildings with minimal fire safety requirements.

Answer 247

encourages developers to provide community benefits in exchange for allowing them to build at a greater density than would normally be permitted by the zoning code

Answer 248

based on a grid system consisting of principal meridians (north-south lines) and base lines (east-west lines). The intersection of a principal meridian and a base line creates an initial point, which serves as the origin for the land survey in a particular region. The grid is further divided into townships, 36 square miles ranges, 6 miles sections, 1 square mile Each section has 16 quarter quarter sections and smaller subdivisions. Smaller subdivisions: Sections can be further divided into smaller units such as quarter-sections (160 acres), half-quarter sections (80 acres), and quarter-quarter sections (40 acres).

Answer 249

Plasticity Index is a measure of the plasticity or workability of a soil sample. It is calculated as the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil. A high PI indicates that the soil is highly plastic, while a low Pl indicates that the soil is less plastic and has limited workability. Liquid Limit is the moisture content at which soil transitions from a plastic to a liquid state. At this point, the soil has minimal shear strength and behaves more like a viscous liquid. It is an important parameter for determining the stability and workability of a soil. Plastic Limit is the moisture content at which soil transitions from a semi-solid to a plastic state. At this point, the soil can be molded without crumbling and maintains its shape when deformed. It is an important parameter for evaluating the soil's workability and stability during construction. Liquid Limit - Plastic limit = PSI

Answer 250

Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments. Plants can help clean up many types of contaminants including metals, pesticides, explosives, and oil. Soil washing uses water going through the soil to flush out contaminants. Solvent extraction is a similar process but uses solvents instead of water. Bioremediation, microorganisms are used, on or off site, to degrade certain organic compounds.

Answer 251

Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments. Plants can help clean up many types of contaminants including metals, pesticides, explosives, and oil. Soil washing uses water going through the soil to flush out contaminants. Solvent extraction is a similar process but uses solvents instead of water. Bioremediation, microorganisms are used, on or off site, to degrade certain organic compounds.

Answer 252

William Pena's 5-step programming process: 1 Establishing Goals 2 Collecting Facts 3 Uncovering Concepts 4 Determining Needs 5 Stating the problem

Answer 253

Dividing the Net Assignable Area by the Building Gross Area Overall Building Efficiency = Base Building Efficiency * Interior Layout Efficiency Overall Building Efficiency = Net Assignable Area / Building Gross Area Building Gross Area = Net Assignable Area / Overall Building Efficiency

Answer 254

Dividing the Net Assignable Area by the Building Gross Area

Answer 255

Base building Efficiency: Ratio of the usable areas to the building gross area. Expressed as a percentage of the gross area. This is typically used in the programming phase to calculate the total building gross area requirements, based on the usable area requirements of a given project. Formulas Base Building Efficiency = Usable Area / Building Gross Area Building Gross Area = Usable Area / Base Building Efficiency

Answer 256

Loss Factor: This factor represents the proportion of a tenant's rented area to the total usable area in a building. This is sometimes referred to as "load factor" or R/U Ratio. Formulas Loss Factor = Rentable Area/ Usable Area Usable Area = Rentable Area / Loss Factor

Answer 257

Typically, laundry rooms over 100 sf, are required to have a 1-hour separation or a sprinkler system installed.

Answer 258

Usable Area: The floor area of a building assigned to occupant groups or available for assignment. Includes: net assignable areas of interior walls, building columns and projections, and secondary circulation Excludes: exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, primary circulation, building core, and building service areas. Measurement method: Measured to the inside finished surface of the exterior building walls, to the finished surface of the walls surrounding major vertical penetrations and building core and service areas, and to the center of the walls dividing the space from adjoining usable areas.

Answer 259

Net Assignable Area or Net Area: The area required to accommodate a certain function, equipment, or occupant(s). Includes: interior walls, building columns, and projections. Excludes: exterior walls, major vertical penetrations, building core and service areas, primary circulation, and secondary circulation Measurement method: Measured to the inside surface of the exterior building walls, to the finished surface of walls surrounding major vertical penetrations, building core areas, and service areas, and to the center of partitions separating from other net assignable areas and from secondary circulation space.

Answer 260

Rentable Area: The floor area of a building available for assignment to a tenant - leased or owner-occupied. Includes: usable area, building core and service areas, and primary circulation Excludes: major vertical floor penetrations, such as elevator shafts and stairs. The definition of rentable area may vary according to the terms of a specific lease. Measurement method: Measure to the inside finished surface of the exterior building walls, excluding any major vertical penetrations of the floor.

Answer 261

Unassigned areas: These encompass all remaining areas within the building, including circulation spaces, mechanical rooms, communal restrooms, janitorial closets, unallocated storage, walls, and partitions.

Answer 262

Tare Area: The residual area obtained when the net assignable area is deducted from the gross building area.

Answer 263

Public agencies use public enterprise revenue bonds to finance facilities for revenue generating municipal utility systems, including power, water, waste water and solid waste systems, proprietary operations such as airports and parking, and other revenue generating enterprises. These bonds are also used for financing stand alone, revenue generating projects such as power generation facilities and toll roads and bridges. The use of public enterprise revenue bonds can be challenging for enterprises such as hospital systems that do not generate positive cash flow. These bonds are also often a vehicle for refunding revenue secured debt.

Answer 264

The maximum length of dead end corridors are 20 ft and 50 ft - without and with an automatic sprinkler system. There is an exception, though, stating that dead end corridors' length shall not be limited, as long as it does not exceed 2.5 times its width.

Answer 265

• Contour lines • Transmission lines • Existing buildings

Answer 266

(Elongate blocks N-S) would be a good strategy in a hot-arid climate, if the E-W facades are shaded. (Space E-W streets) is an appropriate strategy in a cold climate. Narrow N-S streets, Avoid strict cardinal orientation, Elongate blocks E-W for mixed arid

Answer 267

• Contour lines representing a valley "point" up-slope • Concave slopes' contour lines are closer to each other near the top Equally spaced contour lines represent a uniform slope, contour lines representing a ridge "point" down-slope and contour lines of convex slopes are closer to each other near the bottom.

Answer 268

Steel heavy trusses = +/- 300 ft Glue-laminated arches = +/- 250 ft Steel arches = +/- 350 ft Concrete thin shell dome = +/- 250 ft Glue lam truss = +/- 100 ft

Answer 269

A bridge loan is a short-term loan between two transactions, typically the buying of a property and the selling of another. A hard money loan is a high interest short-term loan, typical in situations of bankruptcy, and they are usually funded by private investors as opposed to banks like in conventional loans. a blanket loan, common in situations where an entity buys a large piece of land, subdivides it into smaller individual parcels, to be sold individually.

Answer 270

Man made chemicals found in brownfields

Answer 271

Small turbines = 9miles Utility scale = 13 mph Residential = 10 mph New generation =5 mph

Answer 272

Smaller particles with occasional plastic behavior

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Particles with some cohesion and plasticity in their behavior

Answer 274

Gross = Net assignable / efficiency ratio

Answer 275

Gross = Net assignable / efficiency ratio

Answer 276

Suction or uplift

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Over 400ft, subject to dynamic loads like wind, and those with a height to width ratio of 5 or more

Answer 278

Lower voltage drop, can carry power for greater distances

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Lower voltage drop while carrying power over greater distances

Answer 280

Class A: For ordinary combustible fires, such as wood, paper, and plastic (water) • Class B: For flammable liquid fires, such as oil, gas, and petroleum (foam) • Class C: For electrical fires • Class D: For combustible metal fires, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium • Class K: For cooking fires caused by flammable oil and grease (wet chemical) Powder can be used on almost all types

Answer 281

Class A: For ordinary combustible fires, such as wood, paper, and plastic • Class B: For flammable liquid fires, such as oil, gas, and petroleum • Class C: For electrical fires • Class D: For combustible metal fires, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium • Class K: For cooking fires caused by flammable oil and grease

Answer 282

Spans 100’ allows mech to run through

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Spans 100’ allows mech to run through

Answer 284

Covenants,conditions, and restrictions General term for owner reqs

Answer 285

Going back to the most important time period of the building

Answer 286

Riparian rights are legal rights that give landowners access to the natural flow of water on land that borders a body of water, such as a river, stream, lake, or creek

Answer 287

Riprap is a layer of large stones that protects soil from erosion in areas of high or concentrated flows. It is especially useful for armoring channel and ditch banks, among other features. Construction staff may also pair riprap with other stormwater control measures to reduce stormwater flow rates.

Answer 288

part of a wall which is built further back than the rest of the wall. Usually the higher floors on the frontage side of a site pushed back _____ | _____| | | Building ___ |

Answer 289

Conditional Covenant: Clause that imposes a restriction on a buyer and specifies that if the restriction is violated, something will happen.

Answer 290

House covenants in Massachusetts are restrictions placed on properties to regulate their use and preserve them for future generations. They can limit property size, architectural designs, and other aspects to maintain uniformity within a community. Usually hoa

Answer 291

An affirmative covenant is a legally binding promise or obligation made by a party to take specific actions or fulfill certain responsibilities.

Answer 292

A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is a written document that includes erosion control measures and other best management practices (BMPs) to prevent water pollution at construction sites. SWPPPs are also known as erosion, sedimentation, and pollution control (ES&PC) plans. SWPPPs are required for construction sites that want to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permit limits the pollutants that can be discharged into waterways, and how those discharges are monitored and reported. SWPPP LESS THAN 1 ACRE - not needed OVER 1 ACRE - REQUIRED OVER 5 ACRES - MORE REQUIREMENTS BASED ON TOTAL DISTURBANCE AREA An erosion control plan, also known as an Erosion and Sediment Control (E&S) plan, is a strategy to reduce erosion and sedimentation at a specific site. It's required by law for any earthmoving activity.

Answer 293

EPA - OSHA - TSCA On site remediation X superfund (CERCLA) - SITE IS PLACED ON NATIONAL PRIORITY LIST X - EPA BROWNFIELDS. Allows state communities to make the call The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act -- otherwise known as CERCLA or Superfund -- provides a Federal "Superfund" to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites as well as accidents, spills, and other emergency releases of pollutants and contaminants into the environment

Answer 294

A type of *passive solar heating system where the collector and thermal mass are located outside (isolated from) the thermal envelope and living space of the building. The solar energy is absorbed by the thermal mass and is then transmitted to the living space via conduction or convection. An atrium, conservatory, and sunroom are all types of isolated gain system

Answer 295

Steel joists and joist girders are typically an economical alternative for roof and floor structures. A lighter structural system, they have a reduced cost and also allow to reduce the cost of foundations. Quick to erect Good for regular building forms Not very forgiving with changes in load

Answer 296

Equal to floors divided by ten

Answer 297

Equal to floors divided by ten

Answer 298

Results of field tests Results of lab tests Recommended types of foundation Boring location plan

Answer 299

Sudden loss of shearing resistance in a cohesionless soil.

Answer 300

Soils that are relatively low density materials that shrink in volume when they become wet, and/or are subjected to great weight such as from a building or road fill

Answer 301

Soils that change volume significantly in response to water content changes. They contain high amounts of clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and smectite that absorb water and cause the soil to swell

Answer 302

Clay has smaller particles and higher plasticity. Drains worse

Answer 303

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) involves the application of a vacuum in the vadose zone to induce the controlled flow of air and removal of volatile and some semivolatile contaminants from the subsurface.

Answer 304

Known as Unsaturated zone - region of the earth between land surface and the water table

Answer 305

Decomposition or separation of molecules by the action of light

Answer 306

Over 750 cars per hour

Answer 307

40’ - 42’ wide

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40’ - 42’ wide

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6’ to 10’ wide to handle higher pedestrian numbers

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6’ to 10’ wide to handle higher pedestrian numbers

Answer 311

Area being supported by a framing member

Answer 312

Load applied outside of a members centroid

Answer 313

Portal frame is a construction technique where vertical supports are connected to horizontal beams or trusses via fixed joints with designed-in moment-resisting capacity.[1] The result is wide spans and open floors. Portal frame construction is therefore typically seen in warehouses, barns and other places where large, open spaces are required at low cost and a pitched roof is acceptable. These include steel, reinforced concrete and laminated timber such as glulam.

Answer 314

Provide sparkle to jewelry displays and highlight featured merchandise