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Biology Unit 2 > Simple inheritance in animals and plants > Flashcards

Simple inheritance in animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis

A

The type of cell division that produces identical new cells

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2
Q

In body cells how are chromosomes found

A

In pairs

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3
Q

Why do body cells need to divide

A

To produce new cells for growth or repair

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4
Q

What do chromosomes contain and what must be done with them

A

Genes/alleles

They must be passed on to each new cell

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5
Q

When do most animal cells differentiate

A

Early in development and cell division mainly for repair and replacement

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6
Q

Describe the cell division process of mitosis

A

The normal body cell has four chromosomes in two pairs
as salsa vision starts a copy of each chromosome is made
The cell divides into two forms of two daughter cells
Each daughter cell has a nucleus containing four chromosomes identical to the ones in the original parent cell

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7
Q

What is meiosis

A

The two stage process of cell division which reduces the chromosome number of the daughter cells

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8
Q

Explain how four gametes are formed from one cell

A

There are two sets of cell division a body cell divides into two and each divides again

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9
Q

What do gametes have

A

One set of chromosomes other body cells have two sets

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10
Q

What does sexual reproduction result in

A

Variation as the gametes from each parent fuse so half the genetic information comes from the father and a half from the mother

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11
Q

Where are stem cells found in adult humans

A

In bone marrow

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12
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can form into many varieties of different cell types when required

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13
Q

What can Stem cells be used to cure

A

Conditions such as paralysis e.g. by differentiating into new nerve cells

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14
Q

Where else can stem cells be found

A

in the human embryo

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15
Q

What are some ethical issues to do with extracting stem cells from embryos

A

The embryos are sometimes destroyed

The embryo does not give consent

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16
Q

What are some advantages for using stem cells from embryos as opposed to using stem cells from bone marrow

A

Stam cells from embryos can differentiate into all the cells the body needs whereas stem cells found in bone marrow can only change in some limited types of cells e.g. blood cells

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17
Q

Which scientist worked out how characteristics are inherited

A

Gregor Mendel

18
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Large molecules of DNA

19
Q

What is a gene

A

A small section of DNA

20
Q

What structure does DNA follow

A

Double helix

21
Q

What does a gene code for

A

Each gene codes for a particular combination of amino acid which make a specific protein

22
Q

What can a unique DNA pattern be used to identify

A

Peoples identity by their DNA fingerprint

23
Q

Which sex chromosomes are found in human males

A

X and Y

24
Q

What is meant by the term phenotype

A

This is a description of the physical characteristics

25
Q

What is sex determined by

A

The X and Y chromosomes

26
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of a gene

27
Q

What is a recessive allele

A

And allele where the effect is masked

28
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

An allele that masks the effects of another

29
Q

Name one Genetic disorder which is controlled by a dominant allele

A

Polydactyly

30
Q

What are the chances of a child having cystic fibrosis if one parent has the disorder and the other parent is heterozygous

A

50% as one parent has to pass on the allele the other parent has a 50% risk of passing it on

31
Q

What is cystic fibrosis is caused by

A

A recessive allele

32
Q

What are genetic diagrams used for

A

To predict the chances of inheriting the disorder

33
Q

What is embryo screening

A

Tests are carried out on the embryo to diagnose possible disorders

34
Q

What type of stem cells be used in medical research and treatments

A

Embryonic stem cells

35
Q

What do we mean by heterozygous individual

A

The individual has one dominant and one recessive allele is for a condition

36
Q

Where can embryonic stem cells be taken from

A

Spare embryos from IVF or created from adult cells or may be taken from the umbilical cord of newborn babies

37
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have in each body cell

A

23 pairs, 46

38
Q

What molecules are Genes made out of

A

DNA

39
Q

What is meant by the term genotype

A

The types of genes present in the cells

40
Q

Which type of cell division produced two identical cells from the original cell

A

Mitosis

Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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