simple appr lecs Flashcards
who said, “human beings naturally desire to know” or “human beings are naturally curious
aristotle in his book metaphysics
the product of the passive intellect
idea
idea came from the ___ word
greek word eidos meaning form or essence
refers to the total qualities or characteristics attributed to an idea
comprehension
emphasizes on how the idea is applicable to another individual or group
extension
it is referred to be as how an idea is presented to the mind whether it rests in reality, or if it such is not presented what really is in the reality
intention
emphasizes that ideas are not only expressed in the mind but they can be also found outside of the mind, an object that exists in reality.
First intention
is an idea which expresses a thing is according to the special mode of existence that the thing has as it exists in the mind. This represents the mental existence of things as one thinks it of.
Second intention, on the other hand,
expresses a form as it is inherent in a certain subject. Subjects can stand alone, but adding a form provides a descriptive quality to the subject, attaining ownership of such quality or attribute.
A concrete idea
pertains to an idea that is not identified with an subject or object.
An abstract idea, meanwhile,
In the English language, most of these are classified as abstract nouns.
an abstarct idea
it connotates a totality of a certain subject/object. (e.g. beauty)
absolute
These refer to either an accident or quality present to a certain substance. (e.g. profession)
connotative
Since adjectives are usually associated with abstract ideas, they can be also classified as
connotative ideas.
do not have any material representation in reality, an intangible idea which comes from intuition. Also considered as an abstract idea.
Derivative ideas
based on its acceptance or what lacks in that idea.
postive neative
do not have any material representation in reality, an intangible idea which comes from intuition. Also considered as an abstract idea.
Derivative ideas
usually are classified because these ideas have the same comprehension or extension.
Identical ideas
have different comprehension or extension.
Different ideas, of course,
are directly opposite of each other, excluding them in their respective groups but are still complimenting each other. (large-small).
. Contrary ideas
absolutely exclude each other in groupings, meaning that you go in both sides if you have two contradictory sides. (virtue-vice)
Contradictory ideas
point out to the quantity of the idea.
Singular, Particular, Universal and Collective ideas
are defined from the word itself. No extension needed since you are only referring to one idea.
Singular ideas
refer to a portion of the universal idea. They are taken from there because of exclusions to some parts which cannot be represented by parts or the whole
Particular ideas
represent the entire object of the idea, with all extensions included
Universal ideas
are like mass nouns in English, since these connotate many objects but only taken as a single idea.
Collective ideas
sensible manifestation of these ideas,
terms
Apart from being the representation of extra-mental objects, it also points out as a conventional sign since it becomes an exclusive tool to signify an idea.
terms
definite individual or group, having indicators like the following:
The (an article)
Proper Names (like your name or a specific place)
Demonstrative Pronouns or Adjectives, having the indicators ‘that’, ‘this’ and its plural forms
Superlative form of an adjective, which is denoted before the idea, like most and best (positive superlative adjectives)
Personal Pronouns (like ‘I’, ‘me’)
Singular –
The (an article)
singular
proper names
singulard
demonstrative pronouns or adjectives
singular
superlative form of adjectives
singular
personal pronouns
singular
refers to an indefinite group or individuals of the whole.
partiuclar
Articles like ‘a’ and ‘an’ denote particular (with the exception of some cases, which these two can also be a universal quantifier)
Definite numbers (like 5 nurses)
General propositions to which these propositions may be true on certain instances (like saying the weather today as sunny)
Indefinite pronouns or adjectives like several, a few or some.
Other modifiers like not all, at most, almost all, not everybody, somebody and the like.
paticular
refers to all individuals or objects signified by the term
universal
General universal quantifiers like ‘all’ and ‘no’, and associated quantifiers like each, every, any.
universal
Universal ideas (like ‘man’, as the idea of human being, inclusive of the sexes and genders)
universal
Articles ‘the’, ‘an’ and ‘a’ (in some cases)
universal
(how the term is used in propositions)
exactness
– the use of the term in at least two occurrences still has the same meaning. (like referring two people as ‘mam’)
Univocal
– the use of the term in two occurrences are entirely different with each other. It may depend on how it is used:
In Speech and Writing
In Speech, but not in Writing
Equivocal
– this is a term that expresses not entirely the same or different; refers to figures of speech, in the English language.
Analogous
– terms that are absolutely opposite of each other, impossible to reconcile.
Contradictory
– terms that are opposite of each other, however there is some sort of a possibility to reconcile because of other alternative relations.
Contrary
– terms that may seem to be contradictories but has a room for reconciling them
Paradoxical
(how are we able to understand them)
SUPPOSITION
– the term’s meaning matches the actual existence signified in the external world.
Real
– the term is in reference towards imagination
Ideal
– the term is just purely a construct of the mind
Intramental
because it is thru the use of language that we are able to provide descriptions about facts and relay it to others. Likewise, it must be noted that misinformation can also happen in using language, leading to fraud, dishonesty and errors.
Language has its informative function
utilizing such as commands or instructions compel others to act or do what has been stated.
Language is directive or imperative because
since questions are formed with the use of it. Whether or not a question is directly asked or not, as long as it inquires information or clarification, it is interrogative.
Language can be used as a tool to interrogate
since for one to be able to convince others, he or she must utilize language to be able to raise his/her arguments in convincing his/her perspectives.
Language is also used to persuade
is “the manifestation of the conceptual features of a term or idea”.
a definition
– also called as stipulative, it is a deliberate assignment of a meaning towards a certain term. It doesn’t point out the essence of the term represented by the idea.
Nominal
Pointing out the object or giving a particular example
Etymological Definition (origin of the word)
Definition by Synonym (such as happy is synonymous to glad)
Genetic Definition (process origin of the thing)
nominal`
– this is the verbal or written manifestation a term/idea’s essence
Real
– Aristotle defines the former as the essential common feature of a being while the latter is the essential unique feature of a being.
Genus-Species Definition
Man is a rational animal is by .
genus
Biology is the study of living things is by .
species
– a definition that is either based on an efficient (what is produced) or final cause (purpose/objective)
Casual
Citing essential properties of a being
Citing physical properties found in the collective sense of being
Citing external features
Descriptive
refers to the term or idea being defined
definiendum
the written/verbal featrure of what is being defined
definiens
Man is a rational animal
aristotle
The intellectual
evolution of a
concept.
ideogenesis
the process of simple apprehension
sensastion
imagination
abstraction
verbalization
Acquisition of
“sense data”
with the help of
senses
sensation
Creation of
phantasm (the
image of the extramental object)
imagination
Phantasm + Meaning
= Idea
abstraction
Expression of Idea =
Term
verbalization
– signify a
meaning towards a concept,
normally designated by man
* Seeing a cross = points to
Christianity
CONVENTIONAL
– one having necessary
connection with what it signifies
* Yawning = fatigue/sleepiness
NATURAL
– total
qualities or characteristics
attributed to an idea
* Man as a rational,
sensitive, living material
being (as defined by
Aristotle)
COMPREHENSION
– emphasizes
on how a quality of an idea
is applicable in a group
* Animals, which can refer
to either mammals,
birds, etc.
EXTENSION
we assert that the
idea itself existed outside of the mind.
(Not fictional, in short.). Example here
are the heroes of the revolution, they
may had passed away already in this
world, but we immortalize them thru
literature and historical data.
By First Intention,
- ideas that
have manifestation in the extramental reality
FIRST INTENTION
we assert a
special existence to a certain
idea. These do not exist in reality,
but we make ways to exist it in
the world. Examples would be
superheroes: human beings that
possess inhumane capabilities.
By Second Intention,
- idea which
expresses a thing is according to
the special mode of existence that
the thing has as it exists in the
mind.
- SECOND INTENTION
– an idea that has form
as it is inherent in a certain
subject
* Beautiful landscape (landscape
can stand alone)
CONCRETE
- – an idea that is not
identified with an subject or object - Beauty, without a subject, is
just an abstract idea.
ABSTRACT
- totality of a certain
subject/object (as a whole)
- totality of a certain
- Humanity, Beauty, etc.
ABSOLUTE
- accident or quality
present to a certain substance
- accident or quality
- Adjectives, basically
CONNOTATIVE
- intangible idea which
comes from intuition - Love, justice, freedom, etc.
DERIVATIVE
– highest extension,
including collective nouns,
indicators like A/The/An, proper
names, demonstrative pronouns
(this/that),superlative adjectives
(positive/negative), and personal
pronouns
SINGULAR
- – indefinite
group, uses indicators like
specific numbers and
indefinite pronouns.
PARTICULAR
– refers to all
objects signified by the
term
; uses general
universal quantifiers (all/no), universal ideas,
and in some cases
determiners
“A/An
”
UNIVERSAL
– the use of the term in at least two occurrences still has the same
meaning.
UNIVOCAL
– the use of the term in two occurrences are entirely different
with each other.
EQUIVOCAL
- – can be a homogram (different meaning and pronunciation, same
spelling), or a homophone (different meaning and spelling, but same
pronunciation)
PARTIAL
(different meaning and pronunciation, same
spelling)
homogram
(different meaning and spelling, but same
pronunciation)
homophone
– same pronunciation and spelling, but different meaning
COMPLETE
– term that expresses semblances of meaning in multiple uses
but possess the same spelling and pronunciation.
ANALOGOUS
– terms that are associated with metaphors and other figures
of speech.
METAPHORICAL
– the term’s meaning matches the actual existence signified in the external
world
REAL
– the term is in reference towards imagination. (but is attempted to manifest in
the real)
IDEAL
- the term is just purely a construct of the mind.
INTRAMENTAL
The term being
defined
definiendum
the definition of the said term
definien
the extensino/examples
denontata
– stipulative definition; a
deliberate assignment of a meaning
towards a certain term
NOMINAL
– the verbal or written
manifestation of a term/idea’s essence
REAL
– definition based on its
efficient or final cause
* Efficient cause – what is produced
* Final cause – purpose or objective
CAUSAL
