Hypothetical Propsootion, Arguments, and Inference Flashcards
second mental operation
judgement
statement that contain truth values in them
propositions
a kind of proposition that is aligned towards the properties of being present within a statement, which can be divided whether it is quality or quantity
categorical proposition
these are propositions that are entirely different to categorical ones since instead of an explicit dis-/agreement over the subject and predicate terms, it provides a tentative idea
hypothetical propositions
it can be further divided into conditional, disjunctive, or conjunctive propositions
hypothetical propositions
a kind of hypothetical proposition that expresses a logical relationship between an antecedent and a consequent
conditional propositions
Antecedent (Conditions) = “If”
and other expressions like
“unless”, “which”, etc
conditional propositions
Consequent (Results) =
“Then”, “Therefore”
conditional propositions
truth value is reliant on the relationship of the antecedent and the consequent
conditional proposition
suppose the antecedent is true, then the consequent should also be true
conditional proposition
suppose the antecedent is a cause (an action), the consequent should be true since this is a natural result of the antecedent
conditional propositions
___ propositions are either true or false
conditional propositions
A kind of hypothetical proposition
that contains two or more
alternatives which are so related
that one of them is true.
disjunctive propositions
Markings:
⊳ Either-or
⊳ Whether-or
⊳ Neither-nor
⊳ Or
disjunctive propositions
A kind of hypothetical proposition
that contains alternatives of which
only one must be true.
conjunctive propositions
Markings:
⊳ “And”
⊳ “can not be… at the same
time” or “cannot be both”
(referring to the
subjects/predicates)
conjunctive propositions
means to change it into its other forms, whether the given is one of the three kinds of hypothetical proposition.
reduction
is only of form/structure, and not of the proposition’s validity
reduction
a group of propositions which one proposition is claimed to follow from the other propositions which are regarded as providing support or ground for its truth
argument
contain three parts: two propositions called as premises, and another proposition brought out of the two called as conclusion
arguments following the Aristotelian logic
two propositions (arguments following the Aristotelian logic)
premises
another proposition brough out of the premises (arguments following Aristotelian logic)
conclusion
because, seeing that, in as much, since,
given that, for, as, if (arguments - indicators)
premise indicators
therefore, thus, wherefore, whence, we
may infer that, as a result, we may conclude that (arguments - indicators)
conclusion indicators
kinds of arguments
deductive
inductive
claims to provide conclusive grounds for its conclusion. If it does provide such grounds, it is valid; if it does not, it is invalid
deductive
claims that its premises give only some degree of probability, but not certainty, to its conclusion
inductive
despite the indicator’s presence, it does not mean that it may have an argument in it.
true
all propositions found in a passage are considered as premises and conclusion.
false
always write arguments in standard-form
true
mental activity to which implications are drawn from previously known facts.
inference
it is also called as reasoning
inference
it is thru our capacity to reason that we are able to proceed from known truths (the premises) to relatively new truths (the conclusion)
inference
usually follow general pattern of two premises and a conclusion, grounded on the logical flow and relationship of the propositions
inferences
methods of inference
deduction
induction
from universal premises come forth a specific conclusion (inference method)
deduction
from specific premises come forth a universal conclusion (inference - method)
induction
kinds of inference
immediate
mediate
a kind of mental reasoning where the mind passes directly from one premise to the conclusion without using other mediums (like another premise)
immediate
a kind of mental reasoning that the minds passes to another proposition before arriving to the conclusion
mediate
According to Copi, this refers strictly to any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing support for the truth of that one.
argument
usually passages will contain several related proposition and yet contain no argument
true
what should we look for when identifying arguments in passages?
determining first is the form of an argument if its of a kinds that is likely to yield a warranted conclusion
the quality of the argument, whether it does in fact yield to a warranted conclusion
No single proposition can be an argument; hence, utmost care must be taken in distinguishing propositions
to arguments
tru
Though every argument is a structured cluster of propositions, not every structured cluster of propositions
is an argument.
true
are statements purpoting to account for why something is the way it is
Explanations
are defined as arguments containing unstated (or implied) propositions
Enthymemes
