Hypothetical Propsootion, Arguments, and Inference

Question 1

second mental operation

Answer 1

judgement

Question 2

statement that contain truth values in them

Answer 2

propositions

Question 3

a kind of proposition that is aligned towards the properties of being present within a statement, which can be divided whether it is quality or quantity

Answer 3

categorical proposition

Question 4

these are propositions that are entirely different to categorical ones since instead of an explicit dis-/agreement over the subject and predicate terms, it provides a tentative idea

Answer 4

hypothetical propositions

Question 5

it can be further divided into conditional, disjunctive, or conjunctive propositions

Answer 5

hypothetical propositions

Question 6

a kind of hypothetical proposition that expresses a logical relationship between an antecedent and a consequent

Answer 6

conditional propositions

Question 7

Antecedent (Conditions) = “If”
and other expressions like
“unless”, “which”, etc

Answer 7

conditional propositions

Question 8

Consequent (Results) =
“Then”, “Therefore”

Answer 8

conditional propositions

Question 9

truth value is reliant on the relationship of the antecedent and the consequent

Answer 9

conditional proposition

Question 10

suppose the antecedent is true, then the consequent should also be true

Answer 10

conditional proposition

Question 11

suppose the antecedent is a cause (an action), the consequent should be true since this is a natural result of the antecedent

Answer 11

conditional propositions

Question 12

___ propositions are either true or false

Answer 12

conditional propositions

Question 13

A kind of hypothetical proposition
that contains two or more
alternatives which are so related
that one of them is true.

Answer 13

disjunctive propositions

Question 14

Markings:
⊳ Either-or
⊳ Whether-or
⊳ Neither-nor
⊳ Or

Answer 14

disjunctive propositions

Question 15

A kind of hypothetical proposition
that contains alternatives of which
only one must be true.

Answer 15

conjunctive propositions

Question 16

Markings:
⊳ “And”
⊳ “can not be… at the same
time” or “cannot be both”
(referring to the
subjects/predicates)

Answer 16

conjunctive propositions

Question 17

means to change it into its other forms, whether the given is one of the three kinds of hypothetical proposition.

Answer 17

reduction

Question 18

is only of form/structure, and not of the proposition’s validity

Answer 18

reduction

Question 19

a group of propositions which one proposition is claimed to follow from the other propositions which are regarded as providing support or ground for its truth

Answer 19

argument

Question 20

contain three parts: two propositions called as premises, and another proposition brought out of the two called as conclusion

Answer 20

arguments following the Aristotelian logic

Question 21

two propositions (arguments following the Aristotelian logic)

Answer 21

premises

Question 22

another proposition brough out of the premises (arguments following Aristotelian logic)

Answer 22

conclusion

Question 23

because, seeing that, in as much, since,
given that, for, as, if (arguments - indicators)

Answer 23

premise indicators

Question 24

therefore, thus, wherefore, whence, we
may infer that, as a result, we may conclude that (arguments - indicators)

Answer 24

conclusion indicators

Question 25

kinds of arguments

Answer 25

deductive
inductive

Question 26

claims to provide conclusive grounds for its conclusion. If it does provide such grounds, it is valid; if it does not, it is invalid

Answer 26

deductive

Question 27

claims that its premises give only some degree of probability, but not certainty, to its conclusion

Answer 27

inductive

Question 28

despite the indicator’s presence, it does not mean that it may have an argument in it.

Answer 28

true

Question 29

all propositions found in a passage are considered as premises and conclusion.

Answer 29

false

Question 30

always write arguments in standard-form

Answer 30

true

Question 31

mental activity to which implications are drawn from previously known facts.

Answer 31

inference

Question 32

it is also called as reasoning

Answer 32

inference

Question 33

it is thru our capacity to reason that we are able to proceed from known truths (the premises) to relatively new truths (the conclusion)

Answer 33

inference

Question 34

usually follow general pattern of two premises and a conclusion, grounded on the logical flow and relationship of the propositions

Answer 34

inferences

Question 35

methods of inference

Answer 35

deduction
induction

Question 36

from universal premises come forth a specific conclusion (inference method)

Answer 36

deduction

Question 37

from specific premises come forth a universal conclusion (inference - method)

Answer 37

induction

Question 38

kinds of inference

Answer 38

immediate
mediate

Question 39

a kind of mental reasoning where the mind passes directly from one premise to the conclusion without using other mediums (like another premise)

Answer 39

immediate

Question 40

a kind of mental reasoning that the minds passes to another proposition before arriving to the conclusion

Answer 40

mediate

Question 41

According to Copi, this refers strictly to any group of propositions of which one is claimed to follow from the others, which are regarded as providing support for the truth of that one.

Answer 41

argument

Question 42

usually passages will contain several related proposition and yet contain no argument

Answer 42

true

Question 43

what should we look for when identifying arguments in passages?

Answer 43

determining first is the form of an argument if its of a kinds that is likely to yield a warranted conclusion

the quality of the argument, whether it does in fact yield to a warranted conclusion

Question 44

No single proposition can be an argument; hence, utmost care must be taken in distinguishing propositions
to arguments

Answer 44

tru

Question 45

Though every argument is a structured cluster of propositions, not every structured cluster of propositions
is an argument.

Answer 45

true

Question 46

are statements purpoting to account for why something is the way it is

Answer 46

Explanations

Question 47

are defined as arguments containing unstated (or implied) propositions

Answer 47

Enthymemes