simple Flashcards
1
Q
parts of the mouth
A
labarum mandible maxillae labium proboscis
2
Q
what’s proboscis made of and length
A
tongue + palpi labiales + maxillae
worker 6.7mm, drone 4mm, queen 3.5mm
3
Q
compound eyes
A
- 2
- perceive movement, colour, patterns and polarised light
- made up of many ommatidia
- divided: light, sensory, nerve an dbrain
- hairs are present around surface edge
4
Q
simple eyes
A
- 3
- drone, relocated on the front of the fae
- lens, beneath them are transparent cells and below light sensitive cells then random and nerve fibres
- function in perception of differences in light intensity
5
Q
antenna
A
- two long chitin tubes located on front side of head
- queen + worker = 12 segments, drone = 13
- funiculus, pedicures and scapus
6
Q
exoskeleton
A
- basement membrane
- epidermis
- cuticle: endocuticle (chitin), exocuticle (chitin+scletrotin), epicuticle (sclerotin)
7
Q
front legs of workers
A
- base of 1st segment of tarsus is semi-circular notch containing stiff bristles forming a comb
- near to distal end of tibia = fibula
8
Q
parts of leg
A
coxa trochanter femur tibia tarsus pretarsus
9
Q
wings
A
- 2 pairs attached to 2nd and 3rd segment of thorax
- made of thin cuticle, thickened veins
- hooked in flight, independent at rest
- newly hatched, veins are pumped full of haemolymph
- in flight = figure of 8 motion
- when resting, w ing can be folded over back
- queen has shorter wings than abdomen, worker same drones longer
- hind wing is smaller and more rounded
10
Q
sting
A
- only females
- cavity within abdomen segment 7
- shaft = paired lancets and 1 stylet
- stylet on dorsal side of lancets and end is swollen into bulb
- venom sac empties into bulb
- poison glands are long extensions of sac
11
Q
hind legs of workers
A
- outside of tibia is slightly concave + fringed
- pollen basket/corbicula
- distal inner of tibia is rostellumrake
- dorsal hind of 1st tarsus = auricle, teeth pointing upwards
- hairs arranged in rows of 10 on medial side of 1st (pollen brush)
- rostellum + auricle = tibia-tarsal joint (pollen press)
12
Q
acarosis
A
- tracheal mite
- affects adults
- live and reproduce mainly in large prothoracic trachea
- feeds on haemolypmh piercing through tracheal wall
- early spring
13
Q
morphology of acarosis
A
oval shape, whitish colour, 4 pairs of legs
14
Q
life cycle of acarosis
A
- female enters trachea of young bee before chitin valve solidifies
- female lays 8-20 eggs
- development takes 2 weeks
- mating takes place in trachea
- mated females leave and infest other bees
- males stay in trachea
15
Q
treatment and control of acarosis
A
- no authorised VMPs
- using volatile chemicals (formic and menthol)
- OIE listed
16
Q
chalkbrood
A
- fungal disease of capped brood
- young bee larvae are infected through ingestion of food contaminated with spores
- spores germinate in the gut, penetrate peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium, enabling mycelium to grow inside
- 1st sign - white and black mummies
- pupae are resistant, death occurs in capped stage
- dead larvae at first pale yellow, soft and covered with fluffy white mycelium
17
Q
prevention and control of chalkbrood
A
- proper ventilation
- old comb replacement
- regular requeening
- varoosis control
18
Q
stonebrood
A
- fungal disease of capped brood and adults
- zoonosis
- infection by contaminated feed or by penetration of cuticle
- mycelium grows inside > larvae tissues > larvae changes to hardened mummies > muscles and intestine of adult bees become hardened and die
- prevention: good beekeeping practice
19
Q
american foulbrood
A
- infectious and contagious, brood
- cause d by bacteria
- notifiable disease
- spores germinate into vegetative spores in larvae mid-gut
- dead larvae: without any shape, brown, ropey theads
20
Q
clinical signs of American foulbrood
A
- brood frame appeared mottled, unregular formation of capped brood
- concave, punctured and mostt capping
- dead, dark brown and larvae mass
21
Q
European foulbrood
A
- infectious and contagious
- uncapped brood
- non-spore forming bacterium
- infected larvae die - 4/5days old
- notifiable disease
- puffy with visible tracheal system
22
Q
controlling European foulbrood
A
- removing of diseased brood
- regular queen exchange
23
Q
nosemosis
A
- parasitic disease of adults
- affect epithelial cells of mid gut
- Type A and Type C
24
Q
Type C nosemosis
A
- emerging disease
- asymptomatic: induce colony wearing
- atrophy of hypo pharyngeal glands
- suppresses immunity
- no seasonal pattern
- phase 1,2,3,4 (asymptomatic, replacement, recovery and depopulation)
25
Q
chronic bee paralysis
A
type 1 - greater number, have bloated abdo - honeybees get out of hives in groups - trembling winds and body, ataxia - inability of flying, crawling on ground type 2 - smaller number, bees are smaller - become hairless and appear dark and shiny - crawling and body and wings trembling - with shortened abdomen - black and smaller look like flies
26
Q
sac brood virus
A
- infectious disease of larvae within capped brood and young adults
- infected larvae fail to pupate after cell capping and die
- infected adult bee changes behaviour: stops eating pollen, foragers earlier in life, secretion of royal jelly is impaired
27
Q
acute bee paralysis
A
- become pathogenic following its direct injection into honeybee haemolymph by V. destructor
- clinical signs: bees walking around in groups, position of wings is abnormal, colony weakining
28
Q
salivary gland
A
- Two parts = thoracic + post cerebral
- developed in larvae – excrete yarn for building cocoon
- adults excrete alkaline saliva, moistening solid food
29
Q
hypopharyngeal gland
A
- Developed only in workers
- Young bees (8-12days) they produce royal jelly
- Later, HPG produces enzymes: invertase, glucose-oxidase (converting nectar to honey)
30
Q
alimentary
A
- Foregut (pharynx, oesophagus, crop/honey stomach, proventriculus)
- Midgut (digestion place)
- Hindgut (S. I, rectum)
31
Q
spiracles
A
- 10 pairs on each segment
- Equipped with valves, allows them to be closed at time to prevent dehydration
- Surrounded by hairs
- Abdominal spiracles have entrances = atrium
32
Q
trachea
A
- Tubes leading from spiracles; join together to give two lateral trachea running down the sides of the body
- Traches are lined with cuticle (chitin)
- Look like coiled springed wrapped rounded
- Taenidium = single turn of spiral
