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Bees > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

characteristic of a queen

A

biggest member, long abdomen, wing is half the length of abdomen

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2
Q

characteristics of workers

A

work in hive for 3 weeks of life, next 3 weeks they’re foragers

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3
Q

characteristics of drones

A

wings mostly longer than abdomen, has oversize eyes don’t have a stinger

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4
Q

life cycle

A

egg, larvae, pupae and adult bee

after 3 days, egg becomes larvae =segmental, white colours hint and under tension

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5
Q

roles and tasks of house honeybees

A
  • cleaners (1-5th day)
  • feeders (5-8th honey, poll, water, 8-12th day royal jelly) and nurse and accompanying the workers
  • builders (12-18th days)
  • guarders (18-21st)
  • foragers
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6
Q

how many days in total for each member of life cycle

A 
queen = 16
worker = 21
drone = 24
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7
Q

apis dorsata

A
  • giant honey
  • south asia
  • one nest comb >1m2
  • short periods between swarming
  • well-developed instincts
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8
Q

apis florea

A
  • South Asia, warm
  • small, head wider than thorax
  • one comb situated in lower plants and bushes
  • specific defence - build up a glue substance on branches around nest
  • possible use for pollination of industrial crops
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9
Q

apis cerana

A
  • south-east Asia
  • more lines of combs in closed space - foraging food during whole year
  • drones brood covered with hard caps
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10
Q

different types of apis mellifera

A

carnica = grey in colour, calm, swarm easily

ligustica = yellow colour, medium shaped with long tongue, prone to robbing behaviour

caucasica = brown, large, gentle and don’t swarm

mellifera = grey, medium to large, short tongue and relatively aggressive

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11
Q

apian products

A

nectar, pollen, propolis, wax, royal jelly and venom

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12
Q

trophallaxis

A
  • one worker begs for food and another offering it
  • begging bee pushes its proboscis towards the mouth of another, which open mandibles, pushes its proboscis forward and regurgitates a drop of nectar, which beginning bee takes
  • bee makes contact their antennae also touch
  • exchange: receiving or giving nectar - scent message
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13
Q

pheromones

A
  • produced in exocrine glands that secrete their substances to the outside of the body
  • substances that are secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species
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14
Q

nasonov pheromones

A
  • produced by workers in nasonov gland situated under membrane between two last dorsal sclerite plates
  • has a canal which goes through tiny pores and glandular cells
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15
Q

alarm pheromones

A

mandibular gland, glands of sting apparatus, footprint, queen mandibular

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16
Q

bee dances and vibration

A
  • round dance = when there’s source of food near hive
  • forage is >100m away (simple figure of eight with straight run between top and bottom of 8, wings and rapidly shakes it abdomen from side to side
  • dance is performed on the vertical face of comb - represents direction of sun
  • distance of forage source is communicated by length
  • “dorso-ventral abdo vibrating dance” shaking dance used when more forages need to be recruited during a nectar flow
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17
Q

mating “wedding flight”

A
  • spring, early summer
  • queen mating mood = going out of the hive
  • mating (6-10days)
  • drone mating mood (after 10 days)
  • queens fly to drones congregation area - mating 10-40m from ground
  • drone approaches the queen from behind-moves above her-grabs with legs and everts his endophallus into open cloaca
  • flips over backwards and endophallus breaks off leaving a part of it inside of queen
  • during mating sperms are pushed through into the queens oviducts, then after 48-64hrs journey moving into spermatheca
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18
Q

swarming

A
  1. developing of drone brood
  2. start of building queen cells (10-20)
  3. queen is on diet by reducing her food supply so that her egg laying rate reduces
  4. swimming about 7-8 days before 1st new queen emerge (next 24 days collect swarm and move into a new hive)
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19
Q

alteration in honey colony linked with queen

A
  • queen death
  • drone mother
  • false queen
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20
Q

content of shipment

A
  • queen bees: maximum of 20 accompanying attendants to one queen bee in one single queen bee cage
  • bumble bees: limited to a single colony containing a maximum of 200 adult bumble bees per container
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21
Q

american foul brood disease (AFB)

A
  • bacterium
  • honeybee brood
  • oval spores - only infectious form
  • median infectious dose for larvae is 10 spores per 24-48hrs
  • spore germinates into vegetative spore in larvae mid-hut on average 12 hours
  • dead larvae: without ays hape, homogenous, brown
  • larvae die before capping
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22
Q

epidemiology of AFB

A
  • infectious spores may be found in honey, pollen, wax, hive material, adult honeybees
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23
Q

comb caps above healthy brood

A

dry, convex, porous and colour of neighbouring caps

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24
Q

Clinical signs of AFB

A
  • brood frame appears mottled
  • unregular formation of capped and uncapped brood
  • concave, punctured and moisture capping
  • hole, perforation, unregular edges
  • punctures and “mosaic” dark capping
  • dead, dark brown larvae
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25
Q

European foul brood (EFB)

A
  • uncapped brood
  • non-sopre forming bacterium
  • infected larvae die when they are 4-5 days old
  • EFB can cause significant weakening or collapse of colonies
  • honeybee larvae die 1-2 days before capping or shortly after that
  • spiral placement in comb cell
  • puffy with visible tracheal system and process is finishing with death
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26
Q

controlling of EFB

A
  • removing of diseased brood

- regular queen exchange

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27
Q

3 viruses are characterised with specific clinical signs:

A
  • chronic bee paralysis virus
  • deformed wing virus
  • sac brood virus
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28
Q

varroa

A
  • varroa destructor

- females live as hematophagous parasites on larvae, pupae and adults of honeybee

29
Q

sacbrood

A
  • capped brood and young adult honeybees
  • infected larvae fail to pupate after cell capping and die
  • fluid rich in SBV accumulates under their unshed skin, forming a sac
  • sac during time becomes dry, non-adhesive, gondola shaped scales
30
Q

infected adult honeybees (sacbrood)

A
  • become forages earlier in their life
  • stop eating pollen
  • secretion of royal jelly is impaired
  • their lifespan significantly decreases
31
Q

acute bee paralysis virus complex

A
  • associated with colony mortality and strong varroa destructor infestations

acute bee paralysis virus
Israeli acute paralysis
kashmir bee virus

32
Q

acute bee paralysis virus

A
  • become pathogenic following its direct injection into honeybee haemolymph by V.destructor
  • clinical signs: bees walking around in groups, position of wings is abnormal- asymmetric pointing straight out from body
33
Q

chronic bee paralysis (type 1 and 2)

A 
1
- greater number of adult honeybees
- honeybees get out from hive, in group
- trembling wings and body, ataxia, circling 
- inability of flying
- bloated abdomen
2
- smaller number of adult honeybees
- bees are smaller
- become hairless and appear dark and shiny
- crawling and body and wings trembling
- with shortened abdomen
34
Q

deformed wing virus

A
  • linked with high v. destructor infestations
  • horizontal and vertical transmission
  • wings are deformed, stubby and useless
  • lifespan is reduced
  • colony weakening and collapse may occur
35
Q

black queen cell virus (BQCV)

A
  • in intensive rearing of honeybee queens
  • nosema species
  • cells with infected larvae develop dark brown or black cell walls
  • diseased pre-pupa or pupae cannot develop into adult queen and die
36
Q

nosemosis

A
  • parasitic disease of adult bees

- obligate intracellular spore forming parasites affecting exclusively the epithelial cells of mid-gut

37
Q

phases of nosemosis

A 
1 = asymptomatic phase 
2= repalcement
3 = recovery
4 = depopulation
38
Q

varoosis

A
  • parasitic disease of ueorpean honeybee (varroa destructor)
  • feeds on fat Boyd of adult bees, bee larvae and pupae
  • reproduces inside the capped bee brood
39
Q

morphology of female V. destructor

A
  • oval, flattened body, covered with hairs
  • width: length ratio
  • four pairs of legs, 1st pair directed forward - sensory functions
  • brown- reddish sclerotised shield (chitin)
  • mouthparts specialised for piercing and feeding (gnathostome)
40
Q

morphology of male V. destructor

A
  • smaller
  • round in shape
  • soft body
  • lightly coloured
  • can be found only in capped brood
  • not able to survive and feed on adult bees
  • die inside brood soon after mating
41
Q

effects at individual levels

A
  • death of pupa
  • deformed bees
  • reduced weight
  • shorter lifespan
  • behaviours change
  • immune suppression
42
Q

how to assess the level of infestation

A
  • monitoring natural mite fall (sticky board)
  • mite fall count after application of VMP
  • drone brood uncapping method
  • counting mites on a standard sample of adult bees
    = 250-300 bees, jar with a mesh cover
  • sugar shake method: get 250-300 bees –> 2 spoons of powdered sugar –> shake for 1 min –> leave for 3-5 minutes –> invert and shake over a white board, count –> bees are kept alive
43
Q

mite control - bio technological methods

A
  • removal of drone or worker brood
  • dron ebrood removal after building on shallow combs
  • brood interruption ,method
  • comb trapping method
  • powdered sugar dusting
44
Q

acarsosis (tracheal mite disease)

A
  • disease of adult honey bee
  • lives and reproduces mainly in the large prothoracic trachea of the bee - supplying air to flight muscle
  • feeds on haemolymph piercing through the tracheal wall
45
Q

morphology of acarosis

A
  • microscopic mite, oval shape, whitish colour
  • 4 pairs of legs
  • mouthparts adapted for sucking haemolymph
46
Q

life cycle of acarosis

A
  • female enters trachea of young bee before the chitin valve solidifies
  • female lays 8-20 eggs
  • development takes 2 weeks
  • mating takes place in trachea
  • mated females leave trachea and infect another young bee
  • males stay in trachea
47
Q

acarosis

A
  • microscopic examination of the 1st pair of trachea
48
Q

chalk brood

A
  • fungal disease of a capped brood
  • young bee larvae are infected through ingestion of food contamination`ted with spores
  • spores germinate int eh gut, penetrate the peritrophic membrane and gut epithelium, enabling the mycelium to grow inside larval tissue
  • 1st sign = whit end black mummies on the front floor of a hive
  • pupae are resistant, nut death occurs in the capped stage
  • dead larvae is first pale yellow, soft and covered with a f fluffy white mycellum
  • dead larvae dry out and appear as white or black mummies
  • black mummies contain ascospores
49
Q

predisposing factor for the onset of chalkbrood

A
  • weak colony due to various stressors
  • cold and high humidity
  • drop in brood temperature
  • genetics
  • a cardie residues in beeswax and comb foundation
50
Q

transmission of chalkrbood

A
  • mummies
  • contained nectar, honey, pollen and water
  • beekeeping equipment or supplementary feed
  • contaminated comb
51
Q

prevention and control of chalkbrood

A
  • proper ventilation
  • old comb replacement
  • hygienic water supply
  • regular requeening
  • varoosis control
  • supplementary feeding: sugar, syrup + Vit C
  • pollen of diverse botanical origin
52
Q

stonebrood

A
  • fungal disease of capped brood and adult bees
  • zoonosis
  • spores germinate, mycelium grows inside
  • differential: mummies are difficult to crush and can turn colour to yellow - green, etc
  • prevention: good beekeeping practice
53
Q

phytocides

A

herbicides and fungicides

54
Q

zoocides

A

insecticides
acarides
rodenticides
limacides

55
Q

intoxication outcome: acute, sub-lethal and chronic

A

acute

  • death after single exposure
  • intoxication symptoms
  • organophosphorus components cause hyperexcitable and irritable behaviour

sub-lethal

  • individual survives are intoxication, then transfers and has a negative effect on brood, queen and house bees
  • posioning with neonicotinoids impair: cognitive, thermoregulation and immunosuppressive

chronic
- after chronic exposure to chemicals and their residues

56
Q

neonictonoids

A
  • systemic insecticides with main use as seed treatments
  • they’re systemic in plants and found in pollen, nectar of flowers during blooming period
  • they’re suspected by many beekeepers to be one of causes of the health criss affecting honeybees
57
Q

routes of poisoning

A
  • systemic = multitoxical effecting
    > direct contact
    > inhalation + via drifted dust from seed treamtnet
    > contaminated food and water
58
Q

EU legislative framework on pesticides

A
  • sustainable use of pestidiees
  • establishing maximum residue levels of pesticides
    collection of statistics
  • technical requirements for machinery
  • placing on the market only authorised plant
59
Q

prognosis - intoxications

A
  • place, dose and toxicity and honeybee colony strength
60
Q

diagnosis of intoxication of honeybee

A

suspicion
- absence of major infectious disease
- symptoms in most of hives, infant etc
- clinica signs: neurological issues, population decrease, lack of brood, bees mortality
sample
- toxicological analysis
- individual sample for diseases examinations + cover documentation

61
Q

anatomy of bumble bee

A
  • round, covered with dense hair
  • colour banded abomden - warming sign
  • pollen basket on lateral side of the tibia on the hind legs
  • females have a stinger but lacks barsb
62
Q

life cycle of bumble bee

A
  1. solitary phase
  2. eusocial phase
  3. emergence of sexual and mating
63
Q

solitary phase

A
  • queen comes out from ground, forages and finds a nest
  • collects pollen + lays 8-16eggs, then covers it with wax
  • queen builds a wax pot, in which she stores nectar and incubates them
  • pupal stage takes 4-5weeks
64
Q

eusocial phase

A
  • colony grows
  • competition phase starts
  • queen stops laying unfertilised eggs
65
Q

emergence of sexual and mating

A
  • starts to lay eggs for future drones and queens
  • workers try to lay their own eggs
  • male and females mate only once
66
Q

commercial rearing of bumblebees

A
  • rearing of a colony takes 7 days

- commercial colony contains a queen 100-200 workers

67
Q

rearing conditions for bumblebees

A
  • queens collected from wild after emerging from hibernation or come from captivity
  • rearing in styrofoam, cardboard or wooden boxes in dark place, under 29C, 50-65% humidity
  • all work is done under red light
  • provide nesting material and pollen lump, honey solution
  • hibernation done at 4-5C for up to several months
  • queen can be induced to Lay eggs by anaesthetising with CO2 for 30 mins on 2 consecutive days
  • put into a box supplied with an entrance, direction can be regulated
68
Q

solitary bees

A
  • don’t produce hioney
  • don’t have a queen and don’t live in hives
  • have specialised branches hairs for pollen collection
  • builds nests by drilling holes in wood, in soft mortar
  • or use existing holes to build nests using different materials: mud (mason bees), leaves (leaf cutter bees)
69
Q

mason bees

A
  • females lay eggs and boild nests in existing holes in wood, stone or hollow stems
  • use mud to divide chambers where the eggs are laid
  • males and females emerge from nest in early spring to mate
  • female first builds a mud partition, then collects and stores pollen nectar feed, lays eggs, finally closes with mud
  • female lays up to 30 eggs during the life
  • egg develops and larvae feeds on food store, grows until pupation

Bees (3 decks)

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