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Bees > Practicals > Flashcards

Practicals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a honeybee colony?

A

group of individuals living together with biological, physiological and behavioural characteristics

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2
Q

what is in an apiray

A 
honeybee colonies
hives
facilities
other equipment and tools
either: stationary or migratory
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3
Q

what are the functions of a hive

A 
mechanical protection
food storage
reproduction
overwintering
performance of other physiological functiona
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4
Q

types of hives

A
  • hives with non-movable frames
  • transition hive forms
  • hives with moveable frames
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5
Q

hives with non-moveable frames

A
  • frames are fixed
  • cheap and small
  • but poor biological and technological insight in hive
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6
Q

transition hive

A
  • bottom board, roll build from straw, wooden plate with central hole where two frames could be inserted
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7
Q

hives with moveable frames

A
  • different horizontal and vertical hive types
  • frames with combs are inside of hive
  • extraction of pure honey
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8
Q

listing hive

A
  • alberti-znidarsic hive
  • vertical hive
  • compact box with ventilation openings
  • brood compartment and queen excluder in grid form
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9
Q

layens hive

A
  • horizontal type
  • brood nest space can be altered
  • it’s heavy
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10
Q

langstroth-root

A
  • vertical
  • two or more boxes
  • suitable for modern beekeeping
  • no disadvantage
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11
Q

dadant-blatt

A
  • vertical hive
  • two or more boxes
  • can increase volume of hive
  • it’s not possible to use lower boxes for brood chamber
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12
Q

what is a comb

A

wax portion of a colony in which eggs are laid, brood reared and honey and pollen stored

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13
Q

three types of cells

A
  • worker cell (5.73mm)
  • drone cell (6.91mm)
  • queen cell
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14
Q

what are wax caps

A
  • covers on cells
  • above brood: rugged, porous, colour of around Comb cells, convex (worker less, drone more)
  • above ripe honey: plain, sleek and glossy
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15
Q

how many cells surround a cell

A

9

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16
Q

what is a comb foundation

A
  • artificial structure consisting of thin sheets of beeswax with the outlines of the cell bases of worker cells
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17
Q

feeders

A
  • automatic feeders
  • feeder incorporated in hive top cover
  • frame rack
  • different commerce modes

sugar syrup 1:1 (1kg of sugar and 1L of water)

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18
Q

how many segments are in the body (slcerites)

A

13

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19
Q

what are the 3 sclerites

A

tergum (dorsal)
sternum (ventral)
pleuron (between tergum and sternum, only thorax)

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20
Q

layers of exoskeleton

A
  • basement membrane
  • epidermis: single layer of living cells
  • cuticle: end-cuticle, exocuticle and epicuticle
  • skin is covered with hairs
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21
Q

function of cuticle

A
  • protective covering
  • anchorage for muscles
  • living for some internal structures
  • make hard structures like mouth parts and sting
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22
Q

how many pairs of legs

A

3

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23
Q

parts of legs

A 
coxa
trochanter
femur
tibia
tarsus (5 segments - tarsomeres)
pre tarsus (claws and suction pad)
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24
Q

function of legs

A

walking, cleaning of body and pollen collecting

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25
Q

front legs of workers

A
  • base of first segment is semicircular notch containing stiff bristles forming a comb at its base on the inner side
  • near to distal end of tibia is small hard flap= fibula
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26
Q

hind legs of workers

A
  • outside of tibia is slightly concave and fringed with long, curved hairs: pollen basket/ corbicula
  • distal inner side of tibia = rastellum or rake, which firinge of downwardly pointing stiff hairs
  • dorsal hind side of first tarsus is auricle, which is flattened hollow on the end of basitarsus
  • hairs are arranged in 10 rows - pollen brushes
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27
Q

wings

A
  • 2 pairs, attached to 2nd and 3rd segment of thorax
  • made of thin sheets of cuticle with thickened veins
  • front wings are bigger and have a fold on rear edge
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28
Q

what is the cubital index

A
  • morphometrical method for apis mellifera breed cleanliness determination
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29
Q

what is the shape of the head and the positioning

A

triangular shape and positioned down

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30
Q

what are the parts of the mouth

A
  • labrum
  • mandibles
  • maxillae
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31
Q

what are the parts of the labium

A

(lower lip)

  • submentum
  • mentum
  • tongue (glossa)
  • two palpi labiales
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32
Q

proboscis is made up of

A

tongue, palpi labials and maxilla

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33
Q

length of proboscis

A
  • worker 6.7mm
  • drone 4mm
  • queen 3.5mm
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34
Q

what are the exocrine glands linked with digestive system

A
  • mandibular gland
  • hypo-pharyngeal gland
  • salivary gland
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35
Q

mandibular gland

A
  • situated on base of upper maxillae
  • developed in queens and workers
  • melting of wax, role in ingestion, defence
36
Q

hypopharyngeal gland

A
  • developed only in workers
  • young bees they produce royal jelly
  • later life, produces enzymes: invertase, glucose-oxidase, diastase
37
Q

salivary gland

A
  • two parts: thoracic, postcerebral
  • developed in larvae - than excrete yarn for built cocoon
  • adults excrete alkaline saliva which moistens solid food
38
Q

what are the parts of the digestive tract

A
  • foregut
  • mid gut
  • hind gut
39
Q

what are the parts of the fore gut

A
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • crop/honey stomach
40
Q

where does the digestion take place

A
  • mid-gut
41
Q

what’s in the hind gut

A
  • small intestine

- rectum

42
Q

crop/honey stomach

A

reservoir for transport of nectar and water; structurally is enlarged part of oesophagus which is capable of stretching to carry heavy load

43
Q

mid gut layers

A
  • circular and longitudinal muscle coat
  • basement membrane
  • heigh cylindrical epithelial cells
  • epithelial is dragged with special layer - rabhorium - modification of upper plasmatic coat
  • because of excretion, it’s partially disconnected and modificated in peritrophic membrane
44
Q

tracheal system

A
  • spiracles
  • trachea
  • tracheolas
  • air sacs
45
Q

spiracels

A
  • openings
  • 10 pairs situated on each of the segments
  • they’re equipped with valves which allow them to be partially closed at times
  • surrounded by hairs; abdominal spiracles has entrance called atrium
46
Q

trachea

A
  • lined with cuticle, within citicular lining are thickenings made of chitin
  • under microscopes like coiled springs wrapped round each tube and their function is to keep trachea open; single turn of spiral is called taenidium
47
Q

tracheolas

A

blind ending

48
Q

air sacs

A

thin walls allowing to expand of collapse like balloon; present in head, thorax and abdomen

49
Q

heart

A
  • tube, closed at the back with 5 pairs of openings along its length (Ostia)
  • function is to propel haemolymph forward towards head
  • made of muscles
  • aorta: tubular extension of the front end of heart which passes through petiole, crosses the thorax and end with an opening behind the brain
50
Q

functions of haemolymph

A
  • transport, mechanical support, control of the water content of the cells
  • metabolism, phagocytosis, wound healing and immunity
51
Q

haemolymph

A
  • plasma is colourless watery liquid carrying a number of substances dissolved in it
  • haemocytes are simply cells suspended in the plasma; they are colourless and with nuclei
52
Q

sensilla

A
  • collective name given to the individual sense organs

- each sensillium reacts to only one clearly defined stimulus

53
Q

anntenae

A
  • two long chitin tubes located on front side of head
  • queen and worker = 12 segments, drone 13
  • scapes, pedicels and funiculus
54
Q

what colours can bees not see

A

pink and red

55
Q

component parts of one eye can be divided

A
  • light gathering part (Len and crystalline cone)
  • sensory part - receives the light stimulus and changes it into nerve impulses
  • nerve impulses are generated in each cells by the change in the rhodopsin
  • brain all impulses together are interpreted
56
Q

ocelli - simple eyes

A
  • 3 simple eyes found at the top of the head
  • drone are relocated on the front of the face
  • lens: beneath them are transparent cells and below them about 800 light sensitive cells in a layer, than rhabdoms and nerve fibres
57
Q

wax glands

A
  • four pairs
  • columnar epithelial cells lines the cavity of the bees abdomen
  • below each wax gland is an area of the cuticle: wax mirror
  • oenocytes produce wax
58
Q

wax production

A
  • components pass to columnar cells of glands and liquid pours into spaces between them
  • then passes through wax mirrors which are perforated
  • wax flake is extruded from the pocket
  • bee removes wax flakes with its hind legs and use mandibular to mould and manipulate it
59
Q

stings

A
  • only females have stings
  • cavity within abdomen segment 7 = sting chamber
  • shaft is composed of paired lancets and single stylet
  • stylet lies on dorsal side of lancets and its inner end is swollen into larger structured (bulb) which contains valves to push venom down into shaft
  • venom sac holds venom and empties into bulb
  • poison glands are long extension of the sac
  • before sting, is used bee curves its abdomen downwards
  • two sides of apparatus work alternately so that each lancet is driven down
  • venom pours from venom sac into bulb and through a small gap to lancets tips
60
Q

how many barbs does a queen have

A

3

61
Q

how many barbs does a worker have

A

10

62
Q

honeybee venom, contains:

A

mellitus (protein substance)
phospholipase A (causes pain)
hyaluronidase (attacks)

63
Q

comb camps above healthy brood

A

dry, convex, porous, colour of neighbouring caps

64
Q

unhealthy brood

A
  • hole, perforation, unregular edges
  • concave, punctured and moisture capping
  • foul odour can be smell and depopulated colony
  • puttered and “mosaic” dark capping
  • dead, dark brown larvae mass
65
Q

official sampling

A
  • brood sample must be collected

- should be wrapped in paper bag, marked and placed in cardboard box for transportation

66
Q

official cover document

A
  • ID number of apiary
  • regulation number
  • type of material and mark of sample
  • suspected disease/ lab exmaination
67
Q

microscopic examination

A
  • slides with larvae smears

- speciali staining

68
Q

early diagnosis of AFB

A
  • extracted honey
  • honey from combs with brood
  • adult bees
  • beeswax
  • debris from hive bottom board
69
Q

disinfection and sterilisation of materials

A
  1. scorching the wood with blowtorch
  2. boiling in water solution of bleach or caustic soda
  3. immersion in hot microcrystalline wax/paraffin
  4. wax disinfection (125oC, 30 mins without water, pressure 1-2 bars)
70
Q

shaking bees or shock swarm method

A
  • just in strong colonies situated In new hives
  • method consists of shaking adult bees onto new frames with wax foundations in the new hive
  • the removed infected brood combs and frames must be destroyed by burning
71
Q

european foulbrood

A
  • suspicion - diagnosis - control and preventive measures
72
Q

how do you control EFB

A
  • removal of diseased brood and disinfection of apian materials
  • regular queen exchange
  • regular and in-time addditonal feeding
73
Q

ascosphaera apis

A
  • brood disease
  • fluffy white mould in brood cells
  • white, grey and black mummies at the entrance on the floor of hive or in capped and uncapped brood cells
  • diagnosis is mainly consequence of a clinical examination
74
Q

aspergillus spp

A
  • brood and adult bees disease
  • grey, grey-green and black mummies
  • infected larvae and adult young bees
  • diagnosis requires lab identifiation
  • zoonosis
  • infected colonies should be eliminated and equiped
75
Q

acariosis

A
  • tracheal mite
  • suspection: weakening colony with crawling adult bees climbing
  • diagnosis: lab techniques
  • 300 symtpomatic bees/ 50 symptomatic bees (in container)
  • VMPs for control, varroa destructor are effective against tracheal mite
76
Q

varrosis

A
  • varroa destructor mite
  • diagnosis: qualitative and quantitive and morphological identification
  • differential diagnosis: tropilaelaps spp. mites, fly braula coeca
77
Q

samples

A
  1. sample of live adult bees (250-300 individuals0
  2. sample of capped brood
  3. debris from hive bottom board
78
Q

monitoring the varroa mite infestation rate

A
  1. field sugar test (powdered sugar shaking method for estimation of varroa mites infestation level)
  2. diagnostic treatment with one-shot VMPs against varroosis
  3. monitoring natural mite fall
79
Q

VMPs

A
  • must be prescribed by Vets

- not be toxic

80
Q

organic acids

A

formic, oxalic and lactic acid

81
Q

coprological examination

A
  • in plastic container put ~ 10 adult honeybees
  • add few drops of water
  • crush the bees by plastic sticks
  • make smear on microscopic slide
  • microscope 400x
  • presence determination of nosema app spores
82
Q

tropielosis

A
  • morphological identification and characteristics
  • has 4 pairs of legs, non segmented oblong body
  • haematophagous ectoparasitic mite
  • parasites on immature stages of honeybees
  • not able to perforate exoskeleton of adult bees
  • not able to survive without honeybee brood more than 2 days
83
Q

small hive beetle

A
  • club shaped antennae

- in. hive it east honey, pollen, honeybee brood, lays the eggs in irregular clusters containing 10-30 eggs

84
Q

SHB larvae

A
  • feeds on honey, pollen, honeybee brood
  • after 10-14 days leaves the hive and tries to find place in soil to pupate
  • destroys wax combs
  • enzymes from their faeces induces fermentation of honey
85
Q

SHD morphology

A
  • 3 parts
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • presence of elytra which is shorter than abdo
  • colour: reddish-brown
86
Q

SHB larve

A
  • white to cream, cephalic capsule is brown
  • 3 pairs of legs on ventral side
  • 2 rows of spine on dorsal side
  • no pseudopods on ventral side
87
Q

differential daiagnstic with SHB larve

A

larvae of warmth

Bees (3 decks)

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