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Surgery > Signs, Tests, Laws, Syndromes and Eponyms > Flashcards

Signs, Tests, Laws, Syndromes and Eponyms Flashcards

0
Q

Allen’s test

A

Test of hand circulation.
Ask patient to drain hand by forming a fist and then compress the ulnar and radial arteries.
Ask patient to open fist.
Release one of the arteries and observe palmar flushing - indicates arterial patency.
Repeat for the other artery

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1
Q

Aaron’s Sign

A

Pressure in the RIL causing epigastric pain and cardiac discomfort in chronic appendicitis

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2
Q

Battle’s sign

A

Periorbital ecchymoses. Seen in a basal skull fracture

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3
Q

Beck’s triad

A

Seen in cardiac tamponade:

   1. jugular venous distension 
   2. muffled heart sounds
   3. low BP
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4
Q

Boas’ sign

A

Right subscapular pain in gall stones

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5
Q

Boerhaave’s syndrome

A

Oesphageal rupture - traumatic or after binge drinking

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6
Q

Carcinoid syndrome

A

Syndrome caused by serotonin release from a carcinoid tumour:

   1. broncospasm
   2. flushing 
   3. diarrhoea 
   4. right sided heart failure
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7
Q

Charcot’s triad

A

Seen in ascending cholangitis:

   1. fever with rigors 
   2. jaundice
   3. RUQ pain
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8
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

Seen in hypocalcaemia.

Tapping of facial nerve causes twitching of facial muscles

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9
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Condition of increased pressure in a confined anatomical space adversely affected circulation and threatening the function and viability of tissues therein

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10
Q

Courvoisier’s law

A

If in the presence of jaundice there is a mass in the RUQ the jaundice is unlikely to be due to stones.
The cause is therefore most likely to be due to pancreatic head carcinoma - in gallstones the gall bladder in fibrotic and shrivelled.

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11
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

Periumbillical ecchymosis, secondary to retroperitoneal haemorrhage.
Seen in pancreatitis

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12
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

Seen in ICP:

  1. increased BP
  2. bradycardia 
  3. irregular respirations
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13
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

A clinical syndrome of glucocorticoid excess.

If due to excess ACTH levels (in pituitary tumour or ectopic production) known as Cushing’s disease

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14
Q

Dercum’s disease

A

Multiple painful lipomatosis - often of the trunk

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15
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

Seen after gastric vagotomy, pylorplasty, and gastrojejunostomy.
Caused by rapid passage of large amounts of hyperosmolar chyme into the small bowel.
1. Autonomic instability (flushing, sweating, dizziness, vasomotor collapse)
2. Abdominal pain
3. Diarrhoea

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16
Q

Fox’s sign

A

Ingunial ligament ecchymosis secondary to retroperitoneal haemorrhage.
Seen in pancreatitis

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17
Q

Gardener’s syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant premalignant syndrome:

 1. multiple colonic polposis 
 2. skill osteomoas
 3. epidermoid cysts 
 4. fibromas
18
Q

Goodsall’s line and law

A

Line:
draw a line horizontally through the anus of a patient in the lithotomy position

Law:
anal fistulae occurring above the line (anterior fistulae) take a straight course into the anal canal
anal fistulae occurring below the line (posterior fistulae) take a curved course into the anal canal

19
Q

Grey Turner’s Sign

A

Flank ecchymosis seen in retroperitoneal haemorrhage.

Seen in pancreatitis

20
Q

Kaposi - Stemmer sign

A

Inability to pick up skin in lymphoedema

21
Q

Kehr’s sign

A

Intense left shoulder tip pain in splenic rupture.

Caused by referred pain due to diaphragmatic irritation

22
Q

Krukenburg tumour

A

Metastatic tumour to ovary, classically from stomach

23
Q

Leriche’s syndrome

A

Seen in illiac occlusive disease:

   1. buttock claudication 
   2. buttock atrophy 
   3. impotence
24
Q

McBurney’s point and sign

A

Point:
Starting from the umbilicus, a point 2/3 along line drawn from the umbilicus to the right ASIS

Sign:
Pressure on this point causes pain in acute appendicitis

25
Q

Mendleson’s syndrome

A

Chemical aspiration pneumonitis following aspiration of gastric contents

26
Q

Mirrizi’s syndrome

A

Extraluminal compression of CBD from a cystic gallstone.

May cause obstructive jaundice

27
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

Seen in cholecystitis.

Palpation of the RUQ causes pain on inspiration as the inflamed gall bladder moves down and hits the palpating hand

28
Q

Obturator sign

A

Seen in appendicitis and pelvic abscess.

Pain on internal rotation of right lower limb, with knee and hip flexed

29
Q

Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome

A

Syndrome of benign GI polyps with circumoral pigmentation

30
Q

Plummer Vision syndrome

A

Syndrome of oesophgeal webs and dysphagia caused by iron deficiency.
May develop into SCC

31
Q

Psoas sign

A

Seen in appendicits and psoas inflammation

Pain on extending the hip with the knee in full extension

32
Q

Racoon eyes

A

Bilateral orbital ecchymoses.

Seen in basal skull fracture

33
Q

Reynold’s pentad

A

Seen in suprative cholangitis
Charcots triad (fever and rigors + jaundice + RUQ pain) +
CNS alteration
Shock/ sepsis

34
Q

Rovsing’s sign

A

Seen in appendicitis:

Palpation in the LIF causes pain in the RIL

35
Q

Saint’s triad

A

3 conditions that usually coexist

Gall stones, hiatus hernia, diverticular disease

36
Q

Sister Mary Joseph’s sign

A

Metastatic tumour to umbilical lymph nodes

37
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A

SVC obstruction causing engorged face, neck, and upper chest veins

38
Q

Tietze’s syndrome

A

Costochondritis of rib cartilage presenting with pleuritic type pain.
Aseptic
Treat with NSAIDs

39
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Seen in hypoglycaemia.

Carpopedal spasm after blood occlusion (with BP cuff) in forearm or leg.

40
Q

Virchow’s node

A

Metatastic tumour to left supraclavicular node

41
Q

von Hippel Lindau syndrome

A

Autosomal dominant syndrome of retinal and cerebella angiomata. Occasionally associated with renal cell carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma.

42
Q

Whipple’s triad

A

Seen in insulinoma.

  1. hypoglyceamia 
  2. CNS and vasomotor symptoms 
  3. symptomatic relief following glucose
43
Q

Zollinger - Ellison’s syndrome

A

Syndrome of gastrinoma and peptic ulcer disease

Surgery (16 decks)

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