signaling 1&2

Question 1

why is a cell important in medicine?

1. think balance
2. what happens when regular functions are compromised
3. target for what?

Answer 1

1. signaling controls every aspects of homeostasis in the human body
2. defective or uncontrolable signaling pathways can lead to developmental abnormalities or seriour diseases
3. signaling pathways are major pharmacological targets

Question 2

what are the major cell responses to signals?

1. multiply
2. relocate
3. types
4. energy change
5. your not wanted

Answer 2

1. cell proliferation
   
   1. clonal expansion of specific B and T cells after encountering a foreign antigen
2. cell development
   
   1. chemokines induce immune cell migration to inflammatory sites
3. cell differentiation
   
   1. embryonic development
   2. organogenesis
   3. hematopoiesis
4. alter metabolic and/or secretory activity of the cell (most general)
   
   1. tissue repair post trauma
   2. histamine release by mast cells during an allergic response
   3. insulin stimulates glucose uptake, glycogen and lipid synthesis
5. cell death (apoptosis)
   
   1. shrinking of mammary glands after lactation period
   2. removal of the web between the fingers/toes during embryonic development

Question 3

there are three types of signaling abnormalities commonly seen what categories do the following fall into

• overproduction of signaling molecules
• certain femal infertilities(lack of gonadotropins)
• deficient signal detection (receptor)
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin
• interference from other signaling pathways
• lack of signaling regulation
• hypothyroidism
• deficient intracellular signaling pathways
• hyperthyroidisn
• cAMP overproduction in cholera or whooping cough
• type two diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

signaling abnormalities

1. lack of chemical signals
   
   1. certain female infertilities (lack of gonadotropin)
   2. type 1 diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin)
   3. hypothyroidism (reduce thyroid hormone levels)
2. insensititivity to signaling molecules ( cells do not respond as they should)
   
   1. deficient signal detection(receptor)
   2. deficient intracellular signaling pathway
   3. interference fromr othe signaling pathways
   4. type 2 DM
3. hyper-reactivity to signals
   
   1. overproduction of signaling molecules
   2. lack of signaling regulation
   3. hyperthyroidism
   4. cAMP overproduction in cholera or whooping cough

Question 4

explain the signal difference between normal/tumor cell

Answer 4

1. general
   
   1. proliferation
   2. migration
   3. differentiation
   4. metabolic change
   5. death
2. tumor
   
   1. uncontrolled cell proliferation
   2. decreased cell death

Question 5

define the four types of signaling

Answer 5

1. contact mediated-signaling though cell-cell contact
   
   1. examples
      
      1. antigen presenting cells,
      2. communication between muscles
2. paracrine signaling- short distance signaling between different cells
   
   1. examples
      
      1. action of ACh at neuromuscular junction
      2. cytokines
3. autocrine signaling- short distance signaling involving the same (or same type of ) cell(s)
   
   1. examples
      
      1. prostaglandins
4. endocrine signaling - long distance signaling between endocrine glands and target cells
   
   1. hormones

Question 6

describe the type of signaling in this photo and give two examples

Answer 6

contact mediated

1. antigen presentation
2. gap junctions in muscle cells
   
   1. allowing secondary messengers to tranverse cells

Question 7

describe the signaling type in the photo give details about the 3 mediums of this type of signaling

Answer 7

paracrine signaling: cytokines

1. chemcial signaling
   
   1. low concentration
   2. short half life
2. neurtransmitter
   
   1. high concentration
   2. very short half life
3. receptors
   
   1. high/low affinity

Question 8

describe the type of signaling in this photo

give reasoning behind the two modalities of this group

Answer 8

autocrine signaling:prostaglandins

1. chemical signaling
   
   1. low conecntration
   2. short half-life
2. receptor
   
   1. high affinity

Question 9

describe this type of signaling explaing the following

1. source
2. half life
3. target
4. function

Answer 9

endocrine signaling

1. source
   
   1. endocrine glands
2. half life
   
   1. long half life (min-hr-days)
3. target
   
   1. recognized by specific, high affinity receptors
   2. often attached to peptide to assist its travel
4. function
   
   1. cause relatively slow cell responses

Question 10

Define this type of junction, terms in blanks and give examples of the following

1. chemical signals
2. signal detection (receptors)
3. conversion of signal
4. regulation

Answer 10

this is an example of the essential signaling steps in a neuromuscular junction

1. chemical signal
   
   1. ACh
2. receptors
   
   1. nicotinic ACh
      
      1. skeletal muscle,
      2. Na/K channel
   2. muscarinic ACh
      
      1. heart muscle
      2. G-protein linked
   3. conversion of signal
      
      1. nicotinic ACh
         
         1. lets Na in and K out
      2. muscarininc ACh
         
         1. regulates K
   4. regulation
      
      1. ACh esterase
         
         1. degrades excess ACh

difference in reaction to ACh,

1. SM-increase contraction
2. heart-decrease contraction

Question 11

look at the neuromuscular junction and think about the types of diseases associated with a fluction in ACh signaling

1. too little signal
2. too much signal
   
   1. how does this effect the heart vs skeletal muscle?

Answer 11

1. too little signaling
   
   1. myasthenia gravis
      
      1. cause
         
         1. autoantibodies against nicotinic ACh receptors
            
            1. inhibit ACh binding to receptor
         2. cell will enhance the internalization and destruction of the receptor
         3. leads to low levels of functional ACh receptors on skeletal muscle
         4. does not effect the heart
            
            1. the heart uses muscarinic ACh receptor, which will not be targeted by the antibodies
      2. SS
         
         1. muscle weakness, muscle fatigue
   2. management-
      
      1. increase [ACh] signaling
         
         1. ACh esterase inhibitors
            
            1. elevates ACh levels
               
               1. more efficient signaling through fewer receptors
2. too much signaling
   
   1. organophosphates - nerve gas, insecticides
      
      1. cause
         
         1. irreversible inhibitor for ACh esterase
         2. excess ACh not destroyed
      2. ss
         
         1. heart muscle
            
            1. decrease contraction
         2. skeletal muscle
            
            1. increase contraction
   2. management
      
      1. -decreasing singaling
         
         1. block ACh receptors : inhibit ACh signaling
            
            1. atropine- muscarininc ACh receptor antagonist

Question 12

list the five major groups of chemical signals and their roles in the body

Answer 12

chemical signals

1. neurotransmitters
   
   1. source
      
      1. produced by the nervous system
   2. role
      
      1. signal transduction through chemical messengers via paracrine communication (very short distance)
2. hormones
   
   1. source
      
      1. endocrine system
      2. types
         
         1. amine, pepetide and steroid
   2. role
      
      1. long distance chemical messengers
3. cytokines
   
   1. source
      
      1. produced by the immune system
   2. role
      
      1. regulate immune function
4. eicosanoids
   
   1. source
      
      1. arachidonic derivatives(prostaglandins, leukotrines, thromboxanes)
   2. role
      
      1. inflammation, fever promotion, blood pressure regulation, and blood clotting
5. growth factor- different from hormones how?
   
   1. source
      
      1. proteins
   2. role
      
      1. key proteins that regulate cell growth, signal transduction and proliferation

Question 13

receptors must be located in anatomical relevance to the chemical nature of the ligands.

Explain the relationship in the body.

What are the types of receptors with in the cell. 3 groups

Answer 13

1. chemical nature of ligand
   
   1. hyrophobic
      
      1. pass through the hydophobic membrane
   2. hydrophilic
      
      1. cannot pass through the hydrophilic membrane
2. receptor types
   
   1. intracellular
      
      1. 1 and 3
         
         1. 3=estradiol
         2. location
            
            1. localized in the cytosol in complex with HSPs
               
               1. this stabalizes the proteins
         3. function
            
            1. when steroid hormone binds to the receptor, the hsp is shep and the receptors are dimerized
            2. post dimerization the complex translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus
            3. in the nucleus the receptor hormone complex binds DNA with help from coactivators inducing gene transcription
      2. ​type 2
         
         1. location
            
            1. in the nucleus
               
               1. dimmerized, on element site, with corepressor.
         2. function
            
            1. hormone passes through the plasma membrane.
            2. passes through the nuclear pore binds to the receptor.
            3. coactivator replaces the corepressor
               
               1. this structure is now an trancription factor
            4. the quatranary structure is now active and incudeces gene transcription
      3. NO
         
         1. structure
            
            1. nitric oxide is a water insoluble product of Arg and O2.
         2. mechanism
            
            1. freely passes through plasma membrane
            2. activating guanylate cyclase
            3. guanylate cyclase generates cyclic GMP
               
               1. ​a second chemical messanger
            4. cGMP increase leads to changes in cell behavior
               
               1. smooth muscle
                  
                  1. causes vaso dilation

Question 14

Jerry has ulcerative colitis and was prescribed dexathasone as an anti-inflammatory stroid. What is the signaling pathway of the drug, intracellular receptor? explain pathway

Answer 14

1. Dexamethasone
   
   1. structure
      
      1. steroid
      2. 30x’s more efficient than cortisol
   2. mechanism
      
      1. diffuse through membrane
      2. dimmerize with type 1 receptor, releasing bound HSP
      3. receptor-hormone complex translocate to the nucleus
         
         1. this complex is a quartanary complex that is known as a transcription factor
            
            1. assists with assembly of transcribing holoenzyme leading to transcritption of a gene
      4. bind to hormone responsive element, DNA binding site
         
         1. may be assisted by coactivators, secondary super structures
      5. transcibe anti-inflammatory genes

Question 15

Billy is 150lbs overweight. His doctor tests his HbA1c levels and finds them through the roof. The Dr prescribes him TZD, which activates type 2 intracellular receptors. explain his condition and the mechanism of the drug presribed

Answer 15

1. thiazolidinediones
   
   1. structure
      
      1. hydrophobic
   2. mechanism
      
      1. traverses the plasma membrane, through the nuclear pore.
      2. attaches to fatty acid receptor (PPARgamma) complex and corepressor is swapped for a coactivator
      3. The TF is now active and transcribes potential proteins leading to plasma membrane remodeling and eventually proper glucose transporters

Question 16

Susan is having a suspected heart attack while the EMR picks her up. She is given nitroglycerin.

How does this drug act and what is the mechanism? what are two other drugs that target the production of this chemical

Answer 16

nitroglycerin

1. function
   
   1. generation of NO
      
      1. a water insoluble product
   2. traverses through the plasma membrane
   3. in the cytosol, binds to and activates guanylate cyclase
   4. guanylate cyclase generates cGMP
   5. cGMP is a secondary messanger causing cellualr changes in behavior
   6. causes vaso dilation in smooth muscles

other drugs

1. nitroprusside
   
   1. generates NO
      
      1. lowers blood pressure
2. hydroxyurea
   
   1. generates NO
      
      1. decreasing cell sickling by increase generation of HbF(2alpha2gamma)

Question 17

what are the three types of surface receptors

1. receptor
   
   1. funciton
   2. example

Answer 17

1. ion linked
   
   1. function
      
      1. binding of ligand to receptor opens/closes the ion channel
   2. example
      
      1. nicotinic ACh receptor
2. g-protien linked
   
   1. finction
      
      1. ligand binding induces G protein leading to intracellular cascade
   2. example
      
      1. adrenergic receptor
      2. glucogon
      3. muscarinic ACh
      4. Rhodopsin
      5. Dopamine
3. enzyme linked
   
   1. function
      
      1. ligand binding activates enzyme
   2. example
      
      1. insulin receptor
      2. growth factor receptor
      3. interleukin 1- cytokine important for regulation of inflammatory response
      4. integrins - adhesion with the extracellular enviornment

Question 18

Jerry is on a drug that is an antagonist for nicotinich ACh receptors. What is this drug stimulating? describe the function

Answer 18

ion channel linked receptor

1. function
   
   1. binding of chemical signal to the receptor/channel opens/closes
   2. convert chemical stimulus into electrical
   3. ​mediate communications in both the CNS and PNS

Question 19

Pete is experiencing a cardian arrhythmia and given a beta1 blocker.

What does this drug bind to? describe the general function of this receptor type.

1. structure
2. function
3. example
   
   1. five

Answer 19

G protein linked receptor

1. structure
   
   1. 7-transmembrane domain
   2. heterotrimeric G-protein
      
      1. G= GDP binding)
2. function
   
   1. ligand binds to the transmembrane domain, activating the G-protein.
   2. Activation of G protein linked receptor
      
      1. the quaternary structure seperates and the subunits can activate/inhibit cellular processes
3. examples
   
   1. adrenegic -epinephrine, norepinephrine
      
      1. family
         
         1. alpha(1,2)
         2. beta(1,23)
      2. function
         
         1. regulate
            
            1. heart rate
            2. smooth muscle contriction
            3. metabolism
      3. function
         
         1. major pharmaceutical targets
            
            1. beta 1 blockers(antagonists)
               
               1. ​used for cardiac arrhythmias
   2. glucagon receptor
      
      1. mediates the metabolic effect of glucagon during fasting
   3. muscarinic ACh
      
      1. regulates heart rate
   4. Rhodopsin
      
      1. senses light in the rod and cone cells of the eye
   5. Dopamine-neurotransmitter receptors
      
      1. function
         
         1. major drugs to treat
            
            1. schizophrenia
            2. parkinson’s disease
            3. ADD

Question 20

What determines the cell response to a sepcific surface receptor?

Answer 20

1. type of receptor
   
   1. ionchannel
      
      1. nicotinic ACh- simulate skeletal muscle contraction
   2. g-protein
      
      1. mediate through secondary messangers
         
         1. cAMP, cGMP, Ca2+, DAG, IP3
      2. muscarinic ACh receptor - decreases the contraction of the heart muscle
   3. enzyme-enzyme linked
2. intracellular machinary
   
   1. even if the receptors are the same, a chemical signal can induce different responses depending on what types of proteins are present inside the cells

Question 21

G protein and enzyme linked share the surface space of plasma membrane. Whatis different about their stimulation?

Answer 21

1. G protein
   
   1. induce second messangers through signal amplification
      
      1. messangers, mostly always, protein kinases
         
         1. the phosphorylate proteins
            
            1. enzymes
            2. metabolic proteins
            3. transcription factors
2. enzyme-enzyme linked
   
   1. has same targets, but no amplification through secondary messangers

Question 22

Answer 22

most of the time Ga subunit mediates signaling, but the B and Y subunits may particitpate

s=stimulatory

i/o=inhibitory

q=phospholipase via Cbetas

t=transducin

Question 23

Describe and draw the process from the time of stimulation to the time of resetting.

assume subunit =Gs,a

Answer 23

the a subunit can have either a stimulatory (Gs,a) or inhibitory G(i,a)

The g protein has an internal hydrolytic ability to kick off the GDP and reset.

Question 24

completet the flow chart for a G(s,a) and G(i,a)

Answer 24

Question 25

How does cholera effect the cell receptors?

Answer 25

1. cholera toxin transfers an ADP-robose group to G(s,a) subunit
   
   1. post-translational modification
2. GTP cannot be hydrolyzed back to GDP
3. the adnylyl cyclase remains constantly active
   
   1. leading to lots of cAMP
4. it causes extreme salt and water efflux from gut epithelial cells to the lumen, causing diarrhea

Question 26

How does pertussis affect the receptors of this system?

Answer 26

1. pertussis toxin transfers an ADP-ribose to a G(i,a)
   
   1. post tranlational modification
2. G protein is inhibited from activating and cannot bind to receptor
   
   1. The normal function of G(i,a) is to turn off adenylyl cyclase.
3. adenylyl cyclase cannot be inhibited
   
   1. leading to lots of cAMP
4. this leads to increased mucus secretion in the airway epithelium and the distinct “whooping cough”

Question 27

describe the processes andenylyl cyclase is repsponsible for. What does PKA do? how is it turned off?

Answer 27

1. structure-tetramer subunits
   
   1. 2 catalytic
   2. 2 regulatory
2. function
   
   1. tetramer= inactive
   2. ATP + adenylyl cyclase =cAMP + tetramer = conformation of regulatory subunits and realease of 2 catalytic subunits
   3. PKA phosphorylate enzymes or gene transcription
   4. reveresed by phosphatases

Question 28

Jim is on two hours of sleep and has red eyes. His clear eyes has an a1-adrenergic agonist in the ingredients. Describe the mechanism starting from ligand->receptor.

list the second messangers3

Answer 28

G-protein linked receptors can activate protein phospholipase Cbeta

alpha1-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells mediate vasoconstriction through this mechanism.

1. messangers
   
   1. IP3,Ca3+,DAG

Question 29

describe the effect of photons on rhodopsin

Answer 29

1. photons activate rhodopsin(receptor)
2. rhodopsin activates transducin
3. phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes cGMP to GMP(degrades 2nd messenger!)
4. the fall in cGMP levels CLOSES cGMP GATED ION CHANNELS

Question 30

how does the heart muscle react to ACh? describe the process from ligand binding to the receptor.

what makes it distinct from the other G-protein receptors?

Answer 30

1. channel activation is performed by the BY subunits NOT by the alpha subunit
2. there are not second messengers or kinases involved in this process

Question 31

how is g protein involved in the heart regulation

What role does caffiene play

Answer 31

caffeine is an antagonist of the adenosine receptor and increases heart rate

Question 32

describe the three types of enzyme-enzyme linked receptors. Draw and give general principles

Answer 32

1. enzyme-enzyme linked receptors
   
   1. Tyrosine kinase receptor
   2. JAK-STAT receptor
   3. Serine-Threonine receptors
2. general principles
   
   1. dimerize, phosphorylation on receptor, signal transducer protein binds.
3. function
   
   1. the receptor has to dimerize to induce intracellular signal transduction
   2. initiating intracellular signaling requires phosphorylatin of the receptor
   3. the phosphorylated receptor binds signal transducer proteins

Question 33

interleukin-1 is sent from an activated T cell, how is this molecule communicated with a recipient cell?

Answer 33

The JAK-STAT receptor

1. strucutre
   
   1. kinase associated receptors
2. function
   
   1. ligand binds, dimerization occurs and JAKs bind
   2. JAKs phosphorylate eachother then the receptor.
   3. receptor binds to and phosphorylates STAT
   4. STATS dissociate from the receptor and head to the nucleus as transcription factors
3. modality
   
   1. used by most cytokine for signaling

Question 34

describe serine-threonine kinase receptors

Answer 34

serine-threonine kinase receptors

1. structure
   
   1. type 1 and 2 receptors interact
   2. SMAD protein
2. function
   
   1. receptor subunits interact after TGF-B(example of many) interact with type 2, attracting type1.
   2. after interaction SMAD is phophrylated and used to regulate gene transcription
3. examples
   
   1. growth factors

Question 35

describe the funciton and modality of tyrosine kinase receptor

Answer 35

tyrosine kinase receptors

1. structure
2. Function
   
   1. growth factor factor bands, causing dimerization
   2. autophosphorylation on tyrosines, intracellularly
   3. adapter proteins attach
   4. complex assembles, RAS (tertiary protein) cleaved of GDP picks up GTP
   5. RAS-GTP binds Raf
   6. Raf activates MAP kinase pathway
   7. this pathway regulates transcription and translation
3. modalities
   
   1. used by many growth factors and insulin
4. can stimulate multiple pathways
   
   1. MAP-kinase
   2. PLCy (phospholipase Cy
   3. PI-3(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase

Question 36

After eating a 3 course meal you sit down to study. describe how insulin is used. list the pathways and the funcitons.

1. clearing glucose
2. transcription factors
3. storage/use

Answer 36

three possible pathways

1. PI-3K
   
   1. purpose
      
      1. clear glucose from the circulation using GLUT4
         
         1. found in adipose and muscle
   2. mechanism
      
      1. PI3K pathway will send all the vesicles of GLUT4 from the circulation very quickly.
2. RAS-Raf-MAP kinases
   
   1. purpose
      
      1. transcribe proteins for glucose metabolism
   2. mechanism
      
      1. cause the production of metabolic enzymes
3. PLCy
   
   1. purpose
      
      1. regulate the enzymes to generate storage molecules from the glucose.- glycogen and lipids
   2. mechanism
      
      1. phosphoryate enzymes

Question 37

TZD is used to manage typ2 diabetes, does this activate the pathway from the begning of the cascade? Describe the advantages and disavantages to cell targets

Answer 37

signaling pathways do not act alone

1. disadvantage
   
   1. interferring with a pathwasy can cause side effects in other pathways
2. advantage
   
   1. an alternate pathway can partially restore the function of an impaired pathway

Question 38

undersignaling and over signaling can be a huge problem for cellular communication. How is this regulated by the cell?

there are 5 mentionables.

1. ACh esterase
2. hormones change the regulation of other hormones
3. desensitization through phosphorylation
4. phosphodiesterase
5. phosphatases

Answer 38

1. destruction of the chemical signal
   
   1. ACh esterase destroy ACh
2. decreased synthesis of the chemical signal
   
   1. negative feedback regulation of hormone synthesis in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
3. reduction of the functional receptors
   
   1. desnsitization of some receptors by phosphorylation
      
      1. binding of the signal to the receptor no longer results in signaling
   2. removal of receptors from the cell surface by endocytosis
4. destruction of second messengers
   
   1. phsophodiesterase destroys cAMP, cGMP
5. reversing the effects of kinases
   
   1. phsophatases remove phosphate groups from proteins

Question 39

Janice was diagnosed with graves disease. What is the normal regualtion of the pathway between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and thyroid gland? How does graves disease interupt this pathway.

Answer 39

hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

1. autoantibodies stimulate TSH receptors in the thyroid gland, leading to increased hormone production
2. Thyroid hormone downregulates TSH production but has no effect on autoantibodies
3. the negative feedback does not work
   
   1. the thyroid gland is stimulated by the autoantibodies, generating thyroid hormone even though there is no TSH.

Question 40

Jim has a tumor in his pancrease that is increasing the amount of glucagon in his system. What receptor will be overstimulated?

Answer 40

1. Glucagon G protein receptor
   
   1. mediates the metabolic effect of glucagon during fasting

Question 41

diffrentiate the 3 basic pathways of trimeric G-protein signaling

give the response enzyme, list ligand and steps to activating this enzymes.

Answer 41

1. adenylate cyclase
   
   1. activation by G(s,a)
      
      1. increases cAMP
   2. inhibition by G(i,a)
      
      1. decreases cAMP
2. protein kinase C
   
   1. upstream ligands
      
      1. a1-adranergic agonists
   2. activation-Cbeta leads to release of secondary messengers
      
      1. steps
         
         1. Gprotein(a1-adranergic receptor) activate
         2. phospholipase C-beta cleaves IP3 from DAG
         3. IP3 stimulates release of Ca2+
         4. DAG and Ca2+ binds to PKC and activates it
3. ion channel
   
   1. phototransduction
      
      1. upstream ligand
         
         1. light stimulates rhodopsin
      2. steps
         
         1. photon activates rhodopsin
         2. rhodopsin activates transducin
         3. alpha unit activattes a phosphodiesterase
         4. P-esterase hydrolyzes second messenger
            
            1. cGMP->GMP
         5. cGMP/GMP ratio <<<1 = closes cGMP-gated ion channel
   2. muscarinc
      
      1. ligand
         
         1. ACh
      2. steps
         
         1. ACh binds to muscarinic ACh receptor
         2. Gby dissociate from G(i,a)
         3. Gby opens a K+ channel
         4. NO SECCONDARY MESSENGERS
            
            1. exception to the usual 2ary messenger seen in most

Question 42

list characteristic examples of drug groups that affect the following signaling pathways

1. neuromuscular junction signaling
   
   1. drug-condition
      
      1. info
2. nuclear receptor signaling
3. nitric oxide signaling
4. adrenergic receptor

Answer 42

1. neuromuscular junction signaling
   
   1. ACh inhibitors-Myasthenia gravis
      
      1. elevate ACh
   2. Atropine-organophosphates
      
      1. block ACh receptors
         
         1. inhibit ACh signaling in area
         2. important for muscarinic ACh receptor
2. nuclear receptor signaling
   
   1. Dexamethasone-inflammation
      
      1. steroid drug acts through type1/3 intracellular receptor.
      2. 30x’s more efficient than natural cortisol to decrease inflammation.
   2. TZD-type 2 diabetes
      
      1. Activates PPARy pathway, increasing insulin sensitibity
3. nitric oxide signaling
   
   1. Nitoglycerin/nitroprusside/hydroxyurea-heart attach
      
      1. decompose to nitric oxide and cause vasodilation
4. adrenergic receptor
   
   1. B1 blockers-cardiac arrhthmias
      
      1. block the B1-adrenergic receptor
         
         1. normal, with out the blocker
            
            1. G(s,a) -> adenylate cyclase (on)-> increase cAMP= increase heart rate
   2. a1 adrenergic agonist-red eye
      
      1. eye drops used as a decongestant. to vasoconstrict.
      2. pathways
         
         1. PKC pathway
            
            1. G(q,a)->phopholipaseCB-> IPS,CA2+,DAG->PKC

Question 43

receptor for cortisol

Answer 43

Type 1 intracellular

Question 44

receptor for adosteron

Answer 44

type 1

Question 45

receptor for progesterone

Answer 45

type 1

Question 46

receptor for testosterone

Answer 46

type1 intracellular

Question 47

receptor for estradiol

Answer 47

type 3

Question 48

receptor for dexamethasone

Answer 48

type 1/3

Question 49

receptor for throid

Answer 49

type 2 intracellular

Question 50

receptor for vit D3

Answer 50

type 2 intracelluar

Question 51

receptor for retinoic acid

Answer 51

type 2 intracellular

Question 52

receptor for fatty acid

Answer 52

type 2 intracellular

Question 53

receptor for TZD

Answer 53

type 2 intracellular

Question 54

receptor for NO

Answer 54

intracellular guanylate cyclase-cGMP

Question 55

receptor for dopamine

Answer 55

G protein receptor

Question 56

receptor for rhodopsin

Answer 56

G protein open cGMP gated channel, via cGMP

Question 57

receptor for glucagon

Answer 57

G(S,a) adenylate cyclase

Question 58

receptor for adrenergic

Answer 58

G protein linked receptor