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Physiology > Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

_____ bind with receptors that also act as ion channels or they interact with G-proteins to stimulate effector enzymes to produce “second messengers”

A

NTs

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2
Q

Most ____ receptors interact with G-proteins to alter “second messenger” levels

A

hormone

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3
Q

____ hormone receptors are cytosolic receptors which travel to the nucleus to alter mRNA synthesis

A

steroid

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4
Q

Most ___ ____ receptors have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and cause phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on specific proteins

A

growth factor

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5
Q

In regards to being excitatory and inhibitory, give the difference between catecholamines and indolamines.

A

catecholamines: excitatory
indolamines: inhibitory

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6
Q

Epi is a catecholamine. Give its associated peptide, AA, and other characteristic

A

peptide: nueropeptide y
AA: glutamate
other: ATP

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7
Q

NE is a catecholamine. Give its associated peptide, AA, and other characteristic

A

peptide: enkephalins
AA: aspartate
other: zinc

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8
Q

Dopamine is a catecholamine. Give its associated peptide and other characteristic

A

peptide: somatostatin
other: arachidonic acid

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9
Q

Serotonin and Histamine are both indolamines. Give their associated AAs

A

serotonin: gamma-Aminobutyric acid
histamine: glycine

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10
Q

In regards to G-protein cycling, occupation of the receptor protein causes it to associate with what?

A

the G-protein

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11
Q

In regards to G-protein cycling, the receptor/G-protein complex allows a ___ to displace a ____ from the alpha-subunit

A

GTP; GDP

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12
Q

In regards to G-protein cycling, binding of GTP causes dissociation into what?

A

free alpha-subunit and free beta/gamma subunit

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13
Q

In regards to G-protein cycling, the alpha-subunit interacts with an effector protein to produce ___ ____ or occasionally open ____ channels

A

second messengers; ion

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14
Q

In regards to G-protein cycling, the alpha-subunit has intrinsic ____ activity, so the attached GTP is turned into GDP. This inactivates the alpha-subunit and causes it to rebind the beta/gamma subunit

A

GTPase

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15
Q

cAMP is made by membrane spanning enzymes called ____ ____

A

adenylate cyclase

note: an ATP-Mg2+ complex is the substrate and free Mg2+ is a necessary cofactor

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16
Q

The cAMP that is formed activates what?

A

protein kinase A

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17
Q

______ break down cAMP and terminate its activity

A

phosphodiesterases

18
Q

Phospholipase C is a membrane bound enzyme that converts ____ into ____ and ____

A

PIP2; IP3; DAG

19
Q

Phospholipase C is activated when a receptor-ligand complex activates a G-protein of the ___ gamily

A

Gq

20
Q

The IP3 formed at the plasma membrane binds to receptors on the _____ _____ and causes release of intracellular ___ stores

A

Endoplasmic Retiuclum; Ca2+

21
Q

DAG remains membrane associated. Protein kinase __ translocates from the cytosol to the membrane to become activated by DAG

A

C

note: activated PKC phosphorylates proteins and alters their functions

22
Q

Membrane bound ____ cycles appears to be directly coupled to receptors and forms of cGMP from GTP when receptors become occupied

A

guanylate

23
Q

____ is formed when the AA arginine is broken down

A

NO

note: enzyme is Nitric Oxide synthetase

24
Q

NO synthetase is activated by what?

A

Ca/calodulin complex

25
Q

NO exerts its effect by activating a soluble, cytosolic type of guanylate cyclase, thus increasing ____

A

cGMP

26
Q

NO is a unique second messenger. Why?

A

it is membrane soluble - allows it to diffuse to nearby cells and increase cGMP levels in those cells as well. Such a phenomena occurs between vascular endothelial cells and nearby smooth muscle cells

27
Q

cGMP exerts its effect in a variety of ways. Describe.

A

direct binding to ion channels; activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase

28
Q

____ break down cGMP and terminate its action

A

phosphodiesterase

29
Q

____ is a NT in both the CNS and PNS. It binds to Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A

acetylcholine

30
Q

____ receptors are composed of various combinations of 5 subunits. The subunits are arranged to form a central cavity that extends across the membrane

A

nicotinic

31
Q

The core of the nicotinic receptor protein is normally too small for ion passage. When Ach binds the receptor, what happens?

A

alpha-subunit (which recognizes receptor) causes conformation change which allow cations to cross the membrane through the central core

32
Q

Nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle have different alpha and beta subunits than nicotinic receptors on autonomic ganglia. True or false?

A

true

33
Q

Ligand gated channels for other NTs like GABA, glycine, 5-HT and glutamate have structural and sequence similarity to ____ receptors

A

nicotinic

34
Q

_____ receptors are not channels despite being activated by Ach. These receptors operate through G-proteins to alter the activity of a number of second messenger systems

A

muscarinic

35
Q

In regards to muscarinic receptors, m1, m3, and m5 appear to activate what?

A

PLC through Gq

36
Q

In regards to muscarinic receptors, m2 and m4 inhibit what?

A

couple through Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase

37
Q

All _____ receptors are coupled through G-proteins

A

adrenergic

38
Q

In regards to adrenergic receptors, occupation of Beta-receptors stimulates what?

A

adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP and activate PKA

39
Q

In regards to adrenergic receptors, occupation of alpha1-receptors increases and activates what?

A

increases IP3 and DAG and activates Ca2+ channels

note: involves PLC activation

40
Q

In regards to adrenergic receptors, occupation of alpha2-receptors leads to inhibition of what?

A

adenylate cyclase

note: effects are probably Gi-mediated

Physiology (7 decks)

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