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Physiology > Autonomics > Flashcards

Autonomics Flashcards

1
Q

The functional unit of the autonomic nervous system is a ___-____ ___ pathway

A

two-neuron motor

ex: heart rate, sphincter tone, digestion

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2
Q

What is the reflex, regulatory role of the ANS?

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

This is the site of integration and control for many autonomic functions. It is also the origin of the neuroendocrine, hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

This nervous system is anatomically confined to the GI tract but it is intimately related to both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

A

enteric

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5
Q

Besides homeostasis, what else is the hypothalamus involved in?

A

emotional behavior and motivational drives

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6
Q

Temperature regulation is a complex process affected by both ____ and ____ ____ changes

A

hypothalamic; skin temperature

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7
Q

The ____ effects of changes in hypothalamic temperature include alterations in blood flow, sweat production, shivering, metabolism and posture

A

direct

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8
Q

Changes in skin temperature produce reflex effects which modulate the hypothalamic “set point”. What occurs at this set point?

A

point at which sweating or shivering will begin

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9
Q

A direct effect of osmolarity exists in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminals and subfornical organ which lack what?

A

blood-brain barrier

note: osmoreceptors in this area are extremely sensitive to osmolarity

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10
Q

Reflexy, mouth dryness stimulates thirst via the ______

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

Input from sense organs and the neocortex influence a variety of specific hypothalamic and limbic areas to produce complex reflex changes such as?

A

fear, rage, grief, fight or flight

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12
Q

In regards to sexual behavior, a direct effect of circulating ____ and _____ in the anterior ventral area of the hypothalamus has been shown to stimulate aggressive-receptive behavior in non-human species

A

estrogens; androgens

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13
Q

True or false? All reflex effects are stimulated by the hypothalamus.

A

false; reflex effects are stimulated via all sensory systems although not all reflexes are mediated via the hypothalamus

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14
Q

The hypothalamus has direct influence over the _____ to control release of many hormones

A

pituitary

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15
Q

The hypothalamus sends excitatory and inhibitory signals to the pons and medulla which can control or override normal autonomic homeostatic mechanisms. ____ ____ signals can then modify control via either the hypothalamus or by influences on nuclei in the medulla or pons

A

peripheral “feedback”

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16
Q

micturition

A

a pontine micturition center coordinates emptying of the bladder which is otherwise an autonomic reflex.

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17
Q

The medulla is the site of ____ ____ ____ of the circulation.

A

final global integration

note: it contains several integrating centers that may interact with one another. They all receive information from peripheral receptors and cause reflex adjustments in heart rate and ultimately, blood pressure

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18
Q

In regards to the medulla, a ____ area controls vasoconstriction

A

vasomotor

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19
Q

In regards to the medulla, _____ and _____ areas are critical in control of heart rate and contractility

A

cardioinhibitory; cardioacceleratory

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20
Q

Other ANS functions integrated in the medulla include:

A

respiration, gagging, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting

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21
Q

The parasympathetic outflow tracts are characterized by _____ preganglionic neurons and ____ postganglionic neurons

A

long; short

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22
Q

Where are most of the synapses in the parasympathetic system located?

A

on or in the target organ

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23
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate in 4 regions. Where does CN III project?

A

projects to ciliary ganglia and is responsible for lens accommodation and pupillary contraction

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24
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate in 4 regions. Where does CN VII project?

A

projects to lacrimal and salivary glands via pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia

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25
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate in 4 regions. Where does CN IX project?

A

projects to the otic ganglion and parotid salivary gland

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26
Q

The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is the origin of CN X which innervates viscera where?

A

throughout thorax and upper abdomen

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27
Q

The pelvic nerves originating from S2,3,4 innervate the lower abdominal and pelvic viscera and contribute to the regulation of what?

A

micturition (bladder control), defecation, sexual functions

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28
Q

In regards to sympathetic outflow, signals from cells in the hypothalamus and brainstem descend the spinal cord in cells of the ____ _____ ____

A

intermediolateral cell column (IML)

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29
Q

Axons in the IML synapse with sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar region. The sympathetic preganglionic fibers project in 3 ways. Describe.

A
  1. may synapse in adjoining chain ganglion (paravertebral projection)
  2. may extend up or down before synapsing (paravertebral projection)
  3. may pass outside the chain to their synapse (prevertebral projections)
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30
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate where in the spinal cord?

A

between T1-L3

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31
Q

Describe the length, myelination status, and fiber type of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

A

small, myelinated, B fibers

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32
Q

Ordinarily, sympathetic preganglionic fibers have conduction velocities of ___-___ m/sec

A

3-15

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33
Q

These are ganglia within the sympathetic chain which lie parallel to the spinal cord.

A

paravertebral ganglia

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34
Q

These ganglia lie outside the sympathetic chain and include the celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric ganglia in the abdomen

A

prevertebral ganglia

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35
Q

Adrenal medullae behave like two giant sympathetic ganglia. Preganglionic fibers project directly to the adrenal gland where they synapse on ____ cells which release Epi and NE into the blood

A

chromaffin cells

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36
Q

Describe the length, myelination status, and fiber type of sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

long, unmyelinated, C fibers

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37
Q

What is the postganglionic to pregnaglionic neurons ratio in the enteric nervous system?

A

10^5 : 1

note: one autonomic fiber can influence thousands of enteric fibers

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38
Q

Physiologically the autonomic nerves are crucial for the coordinated function of the enteric control of what?

A

muscular and secretory activity

39
Q

In regards to autonomic transmitter-receptor interaction, the magnitude of response is directly related to what 2 things?

A
  1. number of receptors available

2. transmitter concentration

40
Q

____ is the cholinergic transmitter

A

Ach

41
Q

Ach is released by axon endings of all preganglionic neurons in the ANS. This is _____ transmission and includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

A

synaptic

42
Q

Ach is released by axon endings of somatic motor neurons to ____ _____

A

skeletal muscle

43
Q

Ach is released by axon endings of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons. This is _____ _____ transmission

A

neuroeffector junction

44
Q

Ach is released by axon endings of sympathetic postganglionic neurons to eccrine type sweat glands. These are referred to as _____-____ fibers

A

sympathetic-cholinergic

45
Q

What is the principle adrenergic transmitter?

A

NE

46
Q

NE is released by what?

A

most sympathetic postganglionic neurons at the neuroeffector junction; adrenal medulla

47
Q

In regards to nonadrenergic/noncholinergic, this is the first substance proven to play a role in the ANS. It is released by some interneurons in autonomic ganglia and is released by some postganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the gut

A

VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)

48
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A
  1. cell bodies of all postganglionic neurons
  2. motor end plates of skeletal muscle
  3. effector organs
49
Q

Where are alpha and beta adrenergic receptors found?

A

on effector organs and on postganglionic axon terminals

50
Q

Nicotinic receptors are cholinergic receptors stimulated by nicotine. How does this receptor work?

A

a pore forms when 5 subunit complex responds to nicotine

51
Q

There are two types of cholinergic - Nicotinic receptors, Nm (N1) and Ng (N2). Where are they found?

A

N1: neuromuscular junction;
N2: autonomic ganglia and in the adrenal medulla

52
Q

What competes for the N1 receptor?

A

curare competes with Ach

53
Q

What competes for the N2 receptor?

A

Hexamethonium

54
Q

Muscuarinic receptors are cholinergic receptors stimulated by muscarine. How do these receptors work?

A

operate through G-proteins and second messengers

55
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

only on visceral organs

56
Q

What competes for muscarinic receptors?

A

atropine

57
Q

In regards to muscarinic receptors where are M1, M2, and M3 found?

A

M1: glands
M2: heart and smooth muscle
M3: smooth muscle and secretory glands

58
Q

Adrenergic receptors are stimulated by NE and Epi. They are sub-classed on the basis of _____ _____

A

selective antagonists (blockers)

59
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors. What are they stimulated by? What competes for them? Where are the two types?

A
  1. stimulated by Epi, NE, and PE
  2. Phentoalmine competes and blocks effects of receptor stimulation
  3. Alpha 1 (post junctional); Alpha 2 (pre or post junctional)
60
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors. What are they stimulated by? What competes for them? What are the 3 types?

A
  1. stimulated by Epi, NE, and ISO
  2. propranolol competes and blocks effects of receptor stimulation
  3. Beta 1 (heart and kidney), Beta 2 (elsewhere), Beta 3 (fat cells)
61
Q

When does up regulation of adrenergic receptors occur?

A

when there is increased receptor number which leads to increased responsiveness of the tissue

62
Q

When does down regulation of adrenergic receptors occur?

A

when there is decreased receptor number making the tissue less response to stimulation

63
Q

What is the cholinergic mechanism?

A
  1. Ach is released from nerve ending
  2. APs induce influx of Ca2+ - trigger release of Ach from synaptic vesicles
  3. Ach activates muscarinic receptors on effector organ
64
Q

After muscarinic receptors on the effector organ have been activated, Ach is degraded by what enzyme? What are the two products?

A

acetylcholinesterase; acetate; choline

65
Q

Some choline is take up directly by the nerve ending and acetate passes into capillaries and reappears in the nerve ending as ____

A

Acetyl-CoA

66
Q

The enzyme ____ ____ catalyzes the production of Ach

A

choline acetyltransferase

67
Q

What is the rate limiting step of the cholinergic mechanism?

A

reuptake of choline

68
Q

In regards to adrenergic transmitters, ____ is released from adrenergic postganglionic neurons

A

NE

69
Q

In regards to adrenergic transmitters, ____ is the major hormone of the adrenal medulla

A

Epi

70
Q

In regards to adrenergic transmitters, ____ is released from small, intensely fluorescent cells to produce an IPSP in autonomic ganglia.

A

Dopamine

note: plays role in regulation of renal blood flow but is the dominant transmitter within the CNS

71
Q

In regards to adrenergic transmitters, ____ is co-released form postganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons and contributes to vascular constriction

A

ATP

72
Q

In regards to adrenergic mechanisms, biosynthesis of ____ occurs within adrenergic nerves and the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines

73
Q

Adrenergic nerves have two storage pools for NE and Epi. The cytoplasmic pool regulates ___ ____ activity

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

74
Q

As NE and Epi accumulate, tyrosine hydroxylase is ____

A

inhibited

75
Q

In the cytoplasmic pool, Catecholamines can be degraded by ____ ____

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

note: this contributes to stability of the pool

76
Q

In the cytoplasmic pool pre junctional alpha2 receptors contribute to the concentration of ____ by inhibiting its release

A

NE

77
Q

Adrenergic nerves have two storage pools for NE and Epi. The intragranular pool is in equilibrium with the cytoplasmic pool. It is released when what happens?

A

AP in nerve allows Ca2+ movement in nerve terminal

note: ATP, NPY, and dopamine are also released

78
Q

In regards to storage of NE and Epi, ____ selectively stimulates Epi synthesis by inducing the N-methyltransferase

A

cortisol

79
Q

What causes release of NE by postganglionic neurons?

A

AP -> Ca2+ influx -> exocytosis of granules

80
Q

At released from preganglionic neurons acts on N2 receptors of chromaffin cells, causing depolarization. What does this induce?

A

Ca2+ influx -> exocytosis of granules

81
Q

In regards to adrenal medulla hormones causing release, Epi and NE are released into the blood at a ratio of __:__

A

4:1

82
Q

The parasympathetic system generally conserves and restores energy and is therefore, _____

A

anabolic

83
Q

Effects of parasympathetics can be characterized generally by DEM BBLUES

A

defecation
emesis
miosis

bradycardia
bronchoconstriction
lacrimation
urination
erection
salivation
84
Q

The sympathetic system generally burns energy and provides adjustments in dealing with physiological stress and is therefore, ____

A

catabolic

85
Q

The erection is controlled by the parasympathetic system, but ejaculation is controlled by the sympathetic system. True or false?

A

true

86
Q

Production of thick saliva and sweating are effects caused by ____ system stimulation

A

sympathetic

87
Q

Alpha1 excitatory responses of Epi, NE, and PE are what?

A

vasoconstriciton, secretion of thick saliva, sphincter contraction, and ejaculation

second messengers involved: IP3 and DAG or Ca2+

88
Q

Alpha2 inhibitory responses of Epi, NE, and PE are what?

A

decreased motility and secretory activity in the GI tract

89
Q

stimulation of alpha2 receptors ____ adenylate cyclase cAMP production

A

inhibits

90
Q

Beta1 excitatory responses due to ISO, Epi, or NE are what?

A

positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the myocardium, as well as renin release

91
Q

Beta2 inhibitory responses due to ISO, Epi, or NE include what?

A

relaxation of smooth muscle

92
Q

Beta3 metabolic response due to ISO, Epi, or NE is ____

A

lipolysis

93
Q

Stimulation of Beta receptors ____ adenylate cyclase. Beta1 makes more ____ available for contraction/cardiac acceleration; Beta2 increased uptake of Ca2+ into the SR results in smooth muscle _____

A

activates; Ca2+; relaxation

94
Q

Autonomic nerves are tonically active at rest. True or false?

A

true - this allows for fine adjustments up and down

Physiology (7 decks)

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