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Physiology > Body Fluids Compartments > Flashcards

Body Fluids Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? the body is a closed system

A

false; open - exchanges material and energy with surroundings

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2
Q

What is the water steady state?

A

the amount of water coming into the body each day must equal the amount of water eliminated from the body over the same period of time. If not, the body will have either a net water gain or loss

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3
Q

What are the 3 water sources?

A

water drinking, water in food, metabolism to CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

What is insensible H2O loss?

A

evaporation from respiratory tract and skin surface

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5
Q

At normal room temperature, sweating accounts for ___ % of heat losses.

A

25

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6
Q

What are pathological losses of water?

A

vascular bleeding, vomitting, diarrhea

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7
Q

How do Na+ and K+ normally enter body?

A

food

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8
Q

These are substances which are chemically altered and must also be in balance, but the amount ingested will not have a simple one to one relationship to the amount eliminated

A

metabolized substances

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9
Q

Distribution of various substances within the body is homogenous. True or false?

A

false - NOT HOMOGENOUS

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10
Q

Compartments are frequently spatially dispersed, and all the parts of a compartment need not be in contact with each other. True or false?

A

true

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11
Q

How is the gram molecular weight of a molecule calculated?

A

by summing the atomic weight of its individual atoms

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12
Q

What is the most common solvent?

A

water

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13
Q

This is concentration expressed as moles solute per kg of solvent

A

molality

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14
Q

This is concentration expressed as moles solute per liter of solution

A

molarity

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15
Q

For monovalent ions like sodium and chloride, ___ equivalent is equal to one GMW. For divalent ions like calcium, magnesium, and HPO42-, one equivalent is equal to ___ GMW.

A

1; 0.5

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16
Q

In regards to complications in plasma concentrations, 50% of calcium is bound to ___ and ___ in the blood

A

albumin; citrate

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17
Q

What is the name for the following situation: the clinical lab reports show low plasma sodium when in fact it is normal.

A

pseduohyponatremia

note: plasma volume is only 93% water, the other 7% is protein and lipid. Thus, ionic concentrations in plasma water are somewhat underestimated when expressed in terms of whole plasma

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18
Q

Total body water makes up approximately __-__% of body weight in adult males and somewhat less in adult females

A

55-60

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19
Q

Intracellular fluid is approximately ___% of body weight

A

36

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20
Q

Extracellular fluid is approximately __% of body weight

A

24

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21
Q

A typical extracellular volume is about ___ L

A

17

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22
Q

A 70 kg man has a plasma volume of about __ L which is about 4.5% of body weight

A

3

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23
Q

A 70 kg man has an interstitial space of about ___ L. This is about 11.5% of body weight.

A

8

note: the remaining 6 L is extracellular fluid in minor compartments

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24
Q

This is the fraction of blood that is cells

A

hematocrit

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25
Q

Plasma volume = ?

A

blood volume x (1 - Hct)

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26
Q

Plasma water is the initial ___ ___ point for ingested nutrients and the ___ point for waste products

A

body access; exit

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27
Q

True or false? the ionic composition of extracellular and intracellular compartments is markedly different, however, the total osmotic concentrations of extracellular and intracellular fluid are similar

A

true

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28
Q

the principle extracellular cation is ___. The principle extracellular anions are ___ and ___

A

Na+; chloride; bicarbonate

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29
Q

the principle intracellular cation is ____. The principle intracellular anions are ___, ___, and ___

A

K+; phosphates (HPO4, H2PO4); organic (ATP); proteins

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30
Q

Particles that dissociate to form ions exert an osmotic force in proportion to what?

A

the number of osmotic particles formed

ex: 1.0 mole of NaCl forms 2.0 osmolar solution; CaCl2 forms a 3.0 osmolar solution

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31
Q

Except for ___ proteins, all ions can cross the capillary endothelial cell membranes.

A

plasma

32
Q

An increase in plasma protein concentration causes water to move from ___ into the ___

A

interstitium; plasma

33
Q

A decrease in plasma protein concentration causes water to move from the ___ to the ___

A

plasma; interstitium

34
Q

membrane pumps effectively keep ___ from entering cells

A

Na

35
Q

The osmotic force generated when there is an increase in extracellular sodium concentration causes water to move where?

A

out of the cell and into the extracellular space

36
Q

What is the Gibbs-Donnan Membrane equilibrium?

A

proteins are negatively charged anions. Because the proteins cannot move, the distribution of other ions is influenced in an attempt to maintain electroneutrality as well as osmotic equilibrium on the two side of the membrane

37
Q

Diffusible cation concentration is ____ in the compartment containing non-diffusible, anionic proteins. Diffusible anion concentration is ____ in the compartment containing the non-diffusible, anionic proteins

A

higher; lower

38
Q

The total osmotic force exerted by diffusible ions is ___ in the protein-containing compartment than in the protein-free compartment

A

greater

note: there are more diffusible ionic particles in the protein-containing compartment - this extra osmotic force from diffusible ions is added to the osmotic force exerted by the anionic proteins

39
Q

What is the end result of the Gibbs-Donnan effect?

A

more water moves into the protein-containing compartment than would be predicted on the basis of the protein concentration alone

40
Q

Amount injected / volume of distribution = ?

A

concentration

41
Q

Volume of distribution = ?

A

(amount injected - amount excreted) / concentration after equilibrium

42
Q

Deuterated water, titrated water, and antipyrine are commonly used to measure the volume of what?

A

total body water

43
Q

labeled insulin, sucrose, mannitol and sulfate are commonly used to measure the volume of what?

A

extracellular fluid volume

44
Q

Radiolabeled albumin or evans blue dye are commonly used to measure the volume of what?

A

plasma volume

45
Q

TBW - ECFV = ?

A

ICFV

46
Q

ECFV - PV = ?

A

ISFV

47
Q

Redistribution of water between the extracellular fluid compartments is determined by the balance of what forces?

A

starling forces

48
Q

Changes in intracellular fluid volume occur in response to changes in what?

A

extracellular fluid osmolarity, but not in response to isosmotic changes in extracellular fluid volume

49
Q

If a primary disturbance causes ECF osmolarity to increase, water moves where?

A

out of cells and the cells shrink

note: the total body osmolarity remains higher than normal

50
Q

If a primary disturbance causes ECF osmolarity to decrease, water moves where

A

into the cells and the cells swell

note: the total body osmolarity remains lower than normal

51
Q

Under normal conditions, ECF osmolarity can be roughly estimated as?

A

Posm = 2 x [Na]p = 270-290 mOsm

52
Q

The measured plasma osmolarity measured by the clinical laboratory can be estimated as?

A

Posm(measured) = 2 x [Na]p + [glucose]p/18 + [BUN]p/2.8

note: BUN signifies blood urea nitrogen

53
Q

What are the ineffective and effective osmoles?

A

ineffective: urea
effective: glucose, Na+

54
Q

Effective osmolarity is given as?

A

Posm(effective) = 2 x [Na]p + [glucose]p/18

or

Posm(effective) = Posm(measured) - [BUN]p/2.8

55
Q

What is the osmolar gap?

A

if the clinically measured osmolarity is higher than that calculated using the equation, it suggests the presence of an unmeasured substance in the blood - occurs with ingestion of foreign substance

56
Q

Calculate the initial total body solute as:

A

plasma osmolarity x total body water

57
Q

calculate the initial extracellular solute as:

A

plasma osmolarity x extracellular volume

58
Q

calculate the new total body solute as:

A

previous amount + added amount

59
Q

calculate the new total body water as:

A

Old TBW + added water

60
Q

calculate the new total body osmolarity as:

A

new total body solute divided by new TBW

61
Q

calculate the new extracellular solute as:

A

old extracellular solute + added extracellular solute

62
Q

calculate the new extracellular volume as:

A

new extracellular solute divided by new total body osmolarity

63
Q

calculate the new intracellular volume as:

A

new TBW - New extracellular volume

64
Q

Hypernatremia is generally indicative of ____ intracellular fluid, while hyponatremia is generally indicative of ____ intracellular fluid

A

decreased; increased

65
Q

In the presence of severe hyperglycemia, the glucose acts as an effective osmole and can induce ____ and cell ___

A

hyponatremia; cell shrinkage

note: the cell shrinkage needs fixed, not the hyponatremia

66
Q

With increased insensible water loss, excessive sweating, and central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and decreased ADH secretion, ___ extracellular osmolarity is present

A

increased

note: hypernatremia

67
Q

Increased central venous pressure in conjunction with edema is often indicative of what?

A

increased ECF volume

68
Q

What is the main danger of decreased ECF volume?

A

hypolvemia, which ultimately decreases tissue perfusion

69
Q

What is the clinical presentaiton of hypolvemia?

A

dry mucous membrane, lack of urination, tenting of skin, slow capillary refill

70
Q

Vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, and burns are conditions tending to cause what?

A

isotonic decreases in extracellular fluid volume with little direct effect on cell volume

71
Q

This type of solution has the same osmotic concentration as plasma

A

isotonic

note: administration will tend to contract intracellular volume

72
Q

This type of solution has a greater osmotic concentration than plasma. Administration will tend to decrease intracellular volume

A

hypertonic

73
Q

This type of solution has a lesser osmotic concentration than plasma. Administration will tend to expand intracellular volume

A

hypotonic

74
Q

In dextrose solutions, ___ is rapidly metabolized to CO2 + H2O. The volume therefore is distributed intracellular and extracellularly

A

glucose

75
Q

For each type of saline solution, give its % of concentration
hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic

A

hypotonic saline: 0.2%
isotonic saline: 0.9%
hypertonic saline: 5%

76
Q

What is dextrose in saline used for?

A

volume replacement and caloric supplement

Physiology (7 decks)

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