Sievert: Gluteal region, thigh, and popliteal fossa Flashcards
What nerve roots make contributions to the femoral and obturator nerves?
L2, L3, L4
What nerve roots make contributions to the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
The lower limbs come off as a limb buds, with the posterior compartment facing anteriorly. They undergo (blank) degrees of medial rotation, so that the original posterior compartment becomes the anterior compartment. What happens to the nerve supply?
180; nerves supply of the posterior compartment is carried with it during rotation, so that nerves innervating the anterior compartment are really posterior division nerves
What happens to dermatomes as a result of the medial rotation of the lower limbs that occurs during development?
dermatomes also get rotated, ex: L4 begins posteriorly, but wraps around the leg laterally and ends at the medial foot!
In adults, anterior compartment lower limb muscles are considered (blank)
extensors
Obturator nerve begins anterior lateral. How does it end up? Is it an anterior or posterior division nerve?
posterior medial; it is an anterior division nerve
What nerve supplies the anterior thigh?
femoral nerve
What nerve supplies the anterior leg?
fibular (peroneal)
What nerve supplies the posterior thigh?
tibial
What nerve supplies the posterior leg?
tibial
What nerve roots allow for the following:
Hip flexion
Knee extension
Ankle dorsiflexion
Hip extension: L2/3
Knee extension: L3/4
Ankle dorsiflexion: L4/5
What nerve roots allow for the following: Hip extension: Knee flexion: Ankle plantarflexion: Plantar foot muscles:
Hip extension: L4/5
Knee flexion: L5/S1
Ankle plantarflexion: S1/2
Plantar foot muscles: S2/3
What is plantarflexion? What is dorsiflexion?
taking the bottom of the foot and flexing it down; taking the bottom of the foot and extending it up toward the body
What’s the dermatome to the little toe? Why is this dermatome important to remember?
S1; the most common herniated disc is L5/S1, and this will send shooting pain down to the little toe
What is the dermatome of the big toe?
L4/5
Is it more important for the joints of the lower limb to be mobile or strong?
STRONG
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
hip bones and the sacrum
What’s the superior border of the thigh? What’s the inferior border?
acetabulum; knee
What’s the superior border of the leg? What’s the inferior border?
knee; ankle
Sacroiliac joint needs what three ligaments?
sacroiliac
sacrotuberous
sacrospinous
The obturator internus heads posteriorly from the obturator foramen, wraps around under the lesser sciatic notch, comes out, and attaches where? Where does the obturator externus attach?
intertrochanteric fossa of the femur; externus also attaches to the intertrochanteric fossa, but heads straight back rather than wrapping around
What can happen at the head of the femur in young active children?
The main supply to the head of the femur comes in at the neck and then supplies the head. There is potential for spontaneous regression of blood supply in children. They will complain of groin pain. Treatment involves staying off of the femur, and allowing blood supply to return so that there is no permanent damage to the femur.
Legg Calve perthes
spontaneous loss of blood flow to the head of the femur in children - may lead to total necrosis
3 types of fractures that can occur to the femur
fracture of femoral neck
intertrochanteric fracture
spiral fracture
There are three compartments of the thigh. What are they each surrounded by?
anterior, posterior, medial; thick fascia lata
Where is the fascia lata the thickest?
lateral surface of the thigh, where it forms up the IT band
The anterior compartment muscles surround the femur. What nerve is associated with these muscles? What nerve is associated with the posterior compartment? The medial compartment?
femoral nerve; sciatic; obturator
Where does lymph from deep structures of the lower limb drain to? Where does lymph from superficial structures drain to?
popliteal nodes; inguinal nodes –> iliac nodes –> abdominal nodes –> cysterna chyli
What connects superficial and deep veins in the lower extremities? What happens if these connections become faulty? (What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?)
Perforating vessels connect the superficial and deep veins. If these vessels lose competency in their flow (their valves becomes weak), excess blood from the deep veins will flow to the superficial veins and cause varices. (Greater and lesser saphenous are superficial veins of the lower limb).
When does the external iliac become the femoral artery?
after it crosses the inguinal ligament
The femoral artery gives off this branch, which is the main supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh.
deep femoral (profunda)
The deep femoral artery has small vessels called (blank)
perforators
The femoral artery continues down the thigh and supplies the anterior thigh muscles. It changes its name as it passes through the adductor hiatus behind the knee. What does it become?
popliteal artery
The popliteal artery (continuation of femoral) continues down the leg and divides into what two branches? Which branch gives off the fibular artery? What is the segment before this division referred to as?
anterior and posterior tibial; posterior tibial gives off the fibular; tibfib trunk
What anastamosis provides collateral circulation at the hip?
cruciate anastamosis
List the 4 contributions to the cruciate anastomosis
1st perforating branch of the deep femoral artery
inferior gluteal artery (from above)
medial/lateral circumflex arteries (from femoral artery)
What fascial layer creates the femoral sheath? There are three compartments within the sheath–list them from lateral to medial. What is contained in the femoral canal? Is the femoral nerve within the sheath? Where is it in relation to the femoral sheath?
transversalis fascia; femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral canal; lymphatics; no femoral nerve; femoral nerve lies lateral to the femoral sheath
What vein pierces the femoral sheath to gain access to the femoral vein?
great saphenous vein
What are the borders of the femoral sheath?
superior: inguinal ligament
medial: lacunar ligament
inferior: pectineal ligament
lateral: femoral artery
Why is the femoral canal significant? Note that the femoral sheath blends with the fascia of the thigh. Why is this relevant?
there is potential for a femoral hernia to pass through; hernias cannot go very far down, because they become trapped where the transversalis fascia of the sheath fuses with the fascia lata (investing fascia) of the thigh.
If a femoral hernia passes through the femoral canal, where will it protrude into?
the vicinity of the femoral triangle
3 boundaries of the femoral triangle? Is the femoral triangle well protected?
inguinal ligament (superior)
adductor longus (medial)
sartorius (lateral)
This area is not well protected, and is very vulnerable to injury by sharp objects
At the inferior aspect of the femoral triangle, the femoral artery and vein enter what is known as the adductor canal. What muscle do these vessels pierce to gain access to the posterior thigh and the popliteal fossa?
pierce the adductor magnus at the adductor hiatus
List three nerves that are carried down into the thigh from the lumbar plexus
- lateral femoral cutaneous (lateral cutaneous)
- femoral nerve (anterior thigh)
- obturator nerve (medial thigh)
What two muscles blend together as they exit the pelvis, continue down toward the thigh, cross beneath the inguinal ligament, and become tendonous as they insert into the lesser trochanter of the femur?
iliacus
psoas
Where does the iliopsoas attach to the femur? What movements is this muscle involved in?
lesser trochanter (posterior); flexion at the hip and lateral rotation (as it contracts, it can “unwind” the head of the femur)
Where does the pectineus originate? Where does it attach? Where is it in relation to the iliopsoas muscle?
Pectineus comes off of the pubic bone and attaches to the femur along the adductor line. It lies just medial to the iliopsoas.
Where does the sartorius originate? Where does it attach? It crosses the hip joint anterior to the axis, so what are its actions?
Sartorius (longest muscle in the body) comes off of the anterior superior iliac spine and attaches on the posteriomedial aspect of the tibia (back of the knee). It causes flexion on the transverse axis, lateral rotation, and flexion at the knee (think of a tailor sitting). **Also medially rotates knee