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Psychopharmacology > Side Effects and Interactions > Flashcards

Side Effects and Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A
  • How the drug effects the human or animal body

- Involves: receptor binding, post-receptor effects, chemical interactions

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3
Q

What physiological changes affect the pharmacodynamics of a drug?

A

Disorders (Genetic mutations, malnutrition, Parkinson’s disease), Aging, and other drugs present

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4
Q

What are the types of genetic mutations?

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, translocation

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5
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A
  • How the body affects the drug

- Determines the onset, duration, and intensity of the drug’s effect

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6
Q

What are the four factors of pharmacokinetics?

A 
ADME:
Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation
Excretion
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7
Q

What is absorption?

A
  • A factor of pharmacokinetics
  • How the body “takes in” the drug
  • Determined by the drug’s physiochemical properties, formulation and route of administration
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8
Q

What is distribution?

A
  • A factor of pharmacokinetics
  • How the drug is distributed to the body tissues
  • Usually uneven
  • Distribution is slow to lipids and muscles
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9
Q

What is biotransformation?

A
  • A factor of pharmacokinetics

- What the body does to the drug

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10
Q

What is excretion?

A
  • A factor of pharmacokinetics
  • The process of elimination of the drug
  • Through the kidneys if hydrophilic
  • Other routes include: GI tract, lungs, saliva, sweat, breast milk
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11
Q

What are the routes of administration?

A

Oral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalant, intravenously

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12
Q

What is binding?

A

How the chemical “sticks” to proteins

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13
Q

What is a “free” drug?

A
  • Unbound; the amount of drug in the body available to be bound
  • Can diffuse to tissue sights where the drug effects occur
  • The amount of this is what causes side effects
  • The more free drug, the more effect you can have if you have the proteins and enzymes that will bind
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14
Q

What is albumin?

A
  • A protein manufactured in the liver
  • Helps balance the amount of blood flowing through the arteries and veins and moves calcium, progesterone, bilirubin, and medications through a person’s blood
  • Stops fluid in the blood from leaking into the tissues
  • Critical plasma protein for mental health drugs
  • Acidic drugs bind to albumin
  • Normal: 3.4-5.4 g/dL (grams per deciliter)
  • Low levels - liver disease
  • High levels - dehydration
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15
Q

What is biotransformation?

A
  • The process by which any substance that enters the body is changed
  • Metabolizing the chemical
  • Occurs in the liver, primarily (Caused by enzymes; Produces by-products: metabolites)
  • Helpful to reduce symptoms
  • Facilitates elimination from the body
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16
Q

Toxicity

A

Can occur when biotransformation is not working correctly

17
Q

What is bilirubin?

A
  • Orange-yellow pigment
  • Needs albumin!
  • Occurs in red blood cells when broken down by the liver
  • Impacts health
  • High levels - red blood cells are breaking down or waste is not clearing from blood
18
Q

What is bilirubin implicated in?

A

Jaundice, anemia, cirrhosis of the liver, gallstones, hepatitis, Sickle cell disease (red blood cells destroyed too fast)

19
Q

What is half-life?

A
  • How long the drug stays in the body
  • “the amount of time required for the serum concentration to be reduced by 50%”
  • Used to determine dosage amount and intervals
20
Q

What is steady-state?

A

-When drug concentrations in the blood reach a plateau so the amount administered is equal to the amount being eliminated

21
Q

Why side effects?

A
  • Symptoms occur because of chemical reaction
  • Medications effect the chemicals all over the body
  • Thus we have side effects
22
Q

What are the mechanisms of side effects?

A
  • Many molecules bind to more than 1 receptor
  • A molecule can bind to receptors in more than 1 system
  • There are many classes of receptors and molecules can interact with more than one
23
Q

What are common anticholinergic side effects?

A

Dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, headaches

24
Q

What are common akathesia side effects?

A

Restlessness

25
Q

What are more serious dystonic reactions?

A
  • Painful muscle spasms (young men most at risk)

- Larnygospasms (can’t breathe)

26
Q

What is Tardive Dyskinesia?

A
  • Tremors, tongue thrusting, facial movements
  • Occurs more with typical antipsychotics
  • Indicates must stop drug immediately
27
Q

What is agranulocytosis?

A
  • Symptoms include fever, easy bruising, mouth sores, flu-like symptoms
  • Decrease in white blood cells
  • Must stop medication immediately
  • Clozaril has the highest risk
28
Q

Adrenaline/Epinephrine

A
  • Fight or flight neurotransmitter
  • Increases heart rate and blood flow
  • Causes physical boost and heightened awareness
29
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Pleasure neurotransmitter
  • Also causes feelings of addiction, movement, and motivation
  • People repeat behaviors that lead to dopamine release
30
Q

Noradrenaline/Norepinephrine

A
  • Concentration neurotransmitter
  • Affects attention and responding actions in the brain
  • Involved in fight or flight
  • Contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow
  • Sympathomimetic
  • Increases heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, tremors, jitteriness, and anxiety
31
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Mood neurotransmitter
  • Contributes to well-being and happiness
  • Helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation
  • Affected by exercise and light exposure
32
Q

GABA

A
  • Calming neurotransmitter
  • Calms firing nerves in CNS
  • Inhibitory
  • High levels improve focus
  • Low levels cause anxiety
  • Also contributes to motor control and vision
33
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Learning neurotransmitter
  • Involved in thought, learning and memory
  • Activates muscle action in the body
  • Associated with attention and awakening
34
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Memory neurotransmitter
  • Most common brain neurotransmitter
  • Excitatory
  • Involved in learning and memory
  • Regulates development and creation of nerve contacts
35
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Euphoria neurotransmitters
  • Released during exercise, excitement, and sex
  • Reduces pain

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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