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Psychopharmacology > Biochemistry Basics > Flashcards

Biochemistry Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is polarity?

A

Partial charge separation

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2
Q

What makes a water molecule polar?

A

The more electronegative oxygen atom is partially negative, the side containing the less electronegative hydrogen atoms is slightly positive

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3
Q

How is a water molecule arranged?

A

Slightly bent
Two hydrogen atoms
One oxygen atom

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4
Q

How much of the human body is water?

A

At least 55%

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5
Q

How much of human lung tissue is water?

A

80%

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6
Q

What are the major uses of carbohydrates?

A

Provide ready source of fuel

Energy storage

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Make up most of the organic matter on earth and provide the structural backbone for DNA and RNA

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8
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars, i.e. glucose and fructose

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9
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double sugars, i.e. sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of simple sugars that are NOT sweet to taste, i.e. glycogen and starch (excess storage of glucose)

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11
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Molecules move through the cell membrane from higher to lower concentrations

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12
Q

What are the four main ways to describe lipids/fats/oils?

A

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, lipophobic, lipophilic

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13
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be hydrophobic?

A

It is insoluble in water

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14
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be hydrophilic?

A

It is soluble in water

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15
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be lipophobic?

A

It is insoluble in oil

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16
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be lipophilic?

A

It is soluble in oil/loves fat

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17
Q

Lipids/fats/oils

A

Contain energy stored in numerous carbon bonds

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18
Q

Triglycerides

A

A lipid/fat/oil

glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid chains

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19
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Includes omega-3 and omega-6

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20
Q

Phospholipid bilayer membrane

A

Cell membrane
Made of a double layer of phospholipid molecules
Proteins and cholesterol supply structural stability to membrane

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21
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids
Major part of the structure of organisms
20 primary proteins; 9 humans cannot make

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22
Q

What are the 9 proteins humans cannot make?

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

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23
Q

What foods are necessary to eat for histidine?

A

Beef, turkey, lamb, chicken

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24
Q

What foods are necessary to eat for Isoleucine?

A

egg whites, soy, turkey

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25
Q

What foods are necessary for leucine?

A

soybeans, lentils, peanuts

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26
Q

What foods are necessary for lysine?

A

dairy, eggs, sunflower seeds

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27
Q

What foods are necessary for methionine?

A

tuna, yellow fin, sesame seeds

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28
Q

What foods are necessary for phenylalanine?

A

pork, salmon, beef, chicken

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29
Q

What foods are necessary for threonine?

A

beans, lentils, nuts, seeds

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30
Q

What foods are necessary for tryptophan?

A

turkey, split peas, cashews

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31
Q

What foods are necessary for valine?

A

eggs, seaweed, watercress, soy

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32
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

aka PKU
Deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase
Impaired conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine
High levels of phenylalanine in blood which causes abnormal CNS development and severe mental retardation by 1 year

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33
Q

How is phenylketonuria treated?

A

limit phenylalanine consumption

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34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

oxygen carrier in red blood cells
each subunit contains an oxygen-binding heme
binds also with carbon dioxide and causes irreversible CNS damage to myelin

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35
Q

How does smoking impact oxygen levels in the blood?

A

Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood cells

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36
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that acts as catalysts in biochemical reaction

Name often ends in “ase”

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37
Q

Acetylcholine transferase

A

Most efficient enzyme in the body

works for muscle action

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38
Q

Monoamine oxidase

A

Breaks down monoamines

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39
Q

Liver Enzymes

A

Critical for metabolism of nutrients

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40
Q

What do increased serum levels of liver enzymes indicate?

A

Alcoholic hepatitis
Active viral hepatitis (A, B, or C)
Drug-induced heptatitis

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41
Q

Ethyl Alcohol Metabolism

A
  1. Ethanol is is broken down by Alcohol Dehydrogenase into Acetaldehyde
  2. Acetaldehyde is broken down by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase into Acetate
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42
Q

Genetic Differences in ethyl alcohol metabolism

A

Females have less alcohol dehydrogenase in the digestive system, which means they metabolize alcohol slower

43
Q

Racial Differences in ethyl alcohol metabolism

A

50% of Chinese and Japanese have less active aldehyde dehydrogenase

44
Q

Antabuse

A

Inactivates acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Causes nausea because of higher levels of acetic acid

45
Q

Cytochrome P450

A 
Proteins with a heme group
Involved in various intracellular electron transfers
Oxidation reactions
Located in liver
Involved in drug metabolism
Leads to drug-drug interactions
46
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
molecule with nucleotide bases and deoxy-ribose sugar and phosphate groups
Located in cells nucleus and organelles
Basis for inherited features

47
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary information coding for a specific phenotypic trait

48
Q

Human Genome

A

46 chromosomes
22 pairs autosomal
1 pair sex-linked (XX = female, XY = male)
3 billion base pairs

49
Q

Cell Structure

A

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria

50
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Water-soluble proteins

51
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis site

52
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid and steroid synthesis

53
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis (energy)

54
Q

Neuron

A

Cell body/soma, axon, dendrites

55
Q

Axons

A

Send messages

56
Q

Soma/Cell Body

A

Synthesizing and energizing

57
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages, excitatory and inhibitory

58
Q

Neuron communication

A

Synapse, synaptic gap/cleft, pre-synaptic membrane, post-synaptic membrane, second messenger system

59
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Monoamines: Indolamines–Serotonin
Catecholamines: Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Amino Acids: GABA, Glutamate, Glycine

60
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Endorphins
Substance P
Enkephalins

61
Q

Behavior

A

Responding to stimuli

62
Q

What are the three elements of adaption?

A
  • Detection of environmental stimuli
  • Our responses
  • The ability to coordinate responses with stimuli
63
Q

Behaviorist Triangle

A

Stimuli, Response, Coordination of the two

64
Q

Receptors

A

Cellular structures that can detect stimuli

65
Q

Effectors

A

Cells or groups of cells that specialize in responding to stimuli
Found in muscles, internal organs, and glands

66
Q

Conductor Cells

A

Link receptors to effectors

67
Q

Nervous System

A

Made up of cellular units called neurons

68
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

To conduct electrochemical signals (neural impulses) between receptors and effectors

69
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To transport energy-rich nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body

70
Q

Describe neural action

A

Fast, brief, discrete

71
Q

Describe hormonal action

A

Slow, prolonged, and diffuse

72
Q

Protoplasm

A
  • intricately organized substances
  • proteins, fats, sugars, and inorganic salts
  • in the cell in a 95% water solution
73
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A
  • Separate protoplasm from the environment
  • Is a passive mold
  • Regulates flow of materials
74
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A
  • Second membrane

- Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell (cytoplasm)

75
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Comprised of chromosomes

- Functions include cell reproduction and to regulate cytoplasm activities

76
Q

What all makes up the nucleus?

A

The nuclear membrane (outside) which has pores in it. Inside is the nucleolus and chromatin

77
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cell powerhouse (respiration)

79
Q

Ribosomes

A

Produce proteins with mRNA help

80
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • tubules that link outer and internal cell
  • Passive skeleton
  • Transport system
81
Q

What the functions of a cell?

A
  • Draws energy from the environment and processes it
  • Produces neural impulses
  • Produces movement
82
Q

Efferent Cells

A

Exit, sends information from structure (like from the spine)

83
Q

Afferent Cells

A

Brings information into the structure (like to the spine)

84
Q

Respiration

A
  • The process in which energy is broken down and stored by the organism
  • Accomplished by mitochondria
85
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Energy directors

- Proteins containing amino acids

86
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Mechanism to keep most chemicals out of the brain, as it lacks the immune system present in the rest of the body

87
Q

Endothelial cells

A
  • Form the walls of the capillaries

- Are tightly joined

88
Q

Nervous Systems

A

Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), Autonomic Nervous Systems, Circulatory System

89
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Includes the brain and spinal cord

90
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Everything else aside from the brain and spinal cord

91
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

Motor, Sensory, and Interneurons

92
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Afferent (taking information TO the brain)
  • Found in the PNS
  • Types: bipolar, unipolar, pseudounipolar
93
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Efferent (taking information FROM the brain)
  • Found in the PNS
  • Multipolar
94
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Found in the CNS

- Types: projection neurons and local-circuit neurons

95
Q

Projection neurons

A

Golgi Type 1: Purkinje, pyramidal

96
Q

Local-Circuit Neurons

A

Golgi Type II: Stellate Cell

97
Q

Neuroglial or Glial Cells

A
  • CNS: Macroglia and microglia

- PNS: neurilimma cells

98
Q

Macroglia

A

Includes oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

99
Q

Microglia

A

Includes phagocytosis

100
Q

Neurilimma cells

A
  • Glial cells found in the PNS

- Includes Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells

101
Q

What are the three types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, Axosomatic, Axoaxonic

102
Q

Axodendritic synapse

A

The synapse between the axon terminal branch and dendrites

103
Q

Axosomatic synapse

A

The synapse between the axon terminal branch and a soma (cell body)

104
Q

Axoaxonic synapse

A

The synapse between the axon terminal branch and another axon terminal branch

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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