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Biochemistry Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is polarity?

A

Partial charge separation

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2
Q

What makes a water molecule polar?

A

The more electronegative oxygen atom is partially negative, the side containing the less electronegative hydrogen atoms is slightly positive

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3
Q

How is a water molecule arranged?

A

Slightly bent
Two hydrogen atoms
One oxygen atom

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4
Q

How much of the human body is water?

A

At least 55%

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5
Q

How much of human lung tissue is water?

A

80%

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6
Q

What are the major uses of carbohydrates?

A

Provide ready source of fuel

Energy storage

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Make up most of the organic matter on earth and provide the structural backbone for DNA and RNA

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8
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars, i.e. glucose and fructose

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9
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double sugars, i.e. sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)

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10
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of simple sugars that are NOT sweet to taste, i.e. glycogen and starch (excess storage of glucose)

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11
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Molecules move through the cell membrane from higher to lower concentrations

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12
Q

What are the four main ways to describe lipids/fats/oils?

A

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, lipophobic, lipophilic

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13
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be hydrophobic?

A

It is insoluble in water

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14
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be hydrophilic?

A

It is soluble in water

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15
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be lipophobic?

A

It is insoluble in oil

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16
Q

What does it mean for a lipid to be lipophilic?

A

It is soluble in oil/loves fat

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17
Q

Lipids/fats/oils

A

Contain energy stored in numerous carbon bonds

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18
Q

Triglycerides

A

A lipid/fat/oil

glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid chains

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19
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Includes omega-3 and omega-6

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20
Q

Phospholipid bilayer membrane

A

Cell membrane
Made of a double layer of phospholipid molecules
Proteins and cholesterol supply structural stability to membrane

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21
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids
Major part of the structure of organisms
20 primary proteins; 9 humans cannot make

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22
Q

What are the 9 proteins humans cannot make?

A

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

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23
Q

What foods are necessary to eat for histidine?

A

Beef, turkey, lamb, chicken

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24
Q

What foods are necessary to eat for Isoleucine?

A

egg whites, soy, turkey

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25
What foods are necessary for leucine?
soybeans, lentils, peanuts
26
What foods are necessary for lysine?
dairy, eggs, sunflower seeds
27
What foods are necessary for methionine?
tuna, yellow fin, sesame seeds
28
What foods are necessary for phenylalanine?
pork, salmon, beef, chicken
29
What foods are necessary for threonine?
beans, lentils, nuts, seeds
30
What foods are necessary for tryptophan?
turkey, split peas, cashews
31
What foods are necessary for valine?
eggs, seaweed, watercress, soy
32
What is phenylketonuria?
aka PKU Deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase Impaired conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine High levels of phenylalanine in blood which causes abnormal CNS development and severe mental retardation by 1 year
33
How is phenylketonuria treated?
limit phenylalanine consumption
34
Hemoglobin
oxygen carrier in red blood cells each subunit contains an oxygen-binding heme binds also with carbon dioxide and causes irreversible CNS damage to myelin
35
How does smoking impact oxygen levels in the blood?
Reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood cells
36
Enzyme
Protein that acts as catalysts in biochemical reaction | Name often ends in "ase"
37
Acetylcholine transferase
Most efficient enzyme in the body | works for muscle action
38
Monoamine oxidase
Breaks down monoamines
39
Liver Enzymes
Critical for metabolism of nutrients
40
What do increased serum levels of liver enzymes indicate?
Alcoholic hepatitis Active viral hepatitis (A, B, or C) Drug-induced heptatitis
41
Ethyl Alcohol Metabolism
1. Ethanol is is broken down by Alcohol Dehydrogenase into Acetaldehyde 2. Acetaldehyde is broken down by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase into Acetate
42
Genetic Differences in ethyl alcohol metabolism
Females have less alcohol dehydrogenase in the digestive system, which means they metabolize alcohol slower
43
Racial Differences in ethyl alcohol metabolism
50% of Chinese and Japanese have less active aldehyde dehydrogenase
44
Antabuse
Inactivates acetaldehyde dehydrogenase | Causes nausea because of higher levels of acetic acid
45
Cytochrome P450
``` Proteins with a heme group Involved in various intracellular electron transfers Oxidation reactions Located in liver Involved in drug metabolism Leads to drug-drug interactions ```
46
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with nucleotide bases and deoxy-ribose sugar and phosphate groups Located in cells nucleus and organelles Basis for inherited features
47
Gene
Unit of hereditary information coding for a specific phenotypic trait
48
Human Genome
46 chromosomes 22 pairs autosomal 1 pair sex-linked (XX = female, XY = male) 3 billion base pairs
49
Cell Structure
Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria
50
Cytoplasm
Water-soluble proteins
51
Ribosome
Protein synthesis site
52
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipid and steroid synthesis
53
Mitochondria
ATP synthesis (energy)
54
Neuron
Cell body/soma, axon, dendrites
55
Axons
Send messages
56
Soma/Cell Body
Synthesizing and energizing
57
Dendrites
Receive messages, excitatory and inhibitory
58
Neuron communication
Synapse, synaptic gap/cleft, pre-synaptic membrane, post-synaptic membrane, second messenger system
59
Neurotransmitters
Monoamines: Indolamines--Serotonin Catecholamines: Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Amino Acids: GABA, Glutamate, Glycine
60
Neuropeptides
Endorphins Substance P Enkephalins
61
Behavior
Responding to stimuli
62
What are the three elements of adaption?
- Detection of environmental stimuli - Our responses - The ability to coordinate responses with stimuli
63
Behaviorist Triangle
Stimuli, Response, Coordination of the two
64
Receptors
Cellular structures that can detect stimuli
65
Effectors
Cells or groups of cells that specialize in responding to stimuli Found in muscles, internal organs, and glands
66
Conductor Cells
Link receptors to effectors
67
Nervous System
Made up of cellular units called neurons
68
What is the function of the nervous system?
To conduct electrochemical signals (neural impulses) between receptors and effectors
69
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To transport energy-rich nutrients and oxygen to all cells of the body
70
Describe neural action
Fast, brief, discrete
71
Describe hormonal action
Slow, prolonged, and diffuse
72
Protoplasm
- intricately organized substances - proteins, fats, sugars, and inorganic salts - in the cell in a 95% water solution
73
What does the cell membrane do?
- Separate protoplasm from the environment - Is a passive mold - Regulates flow of materials
74
Nuclear Membrane
- Second membrane | - Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell (cytoplasm)
75
Nucleus
- Comprised of chromosomes | - Functions include cell reproduction and to regulate cytoplasm activities
76
What all makes up the nucleus?
The nuclear membrane (outside) which has pores in it. Inside is the nucleolus and chromatin
77
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum
78
Mitochondria
Cell powerhouse (respiration)
79
Ribosomes
Produce proteins with mRNA help
80
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- tubules that link outer and internal cell - Passive skeleton - Transport system
81
What the functions of a cell?
- Draws energy from the environment and processes it - Produces neural impulses - Produces movement
82
Efferent Cells
Exit, sends information from structure (like from the spine)
83
Afferent Cells
Brings information into the structure (like to the spine)
84
Respiration
- The process in which energy is broken down and stored by the organism - Accomplished by mitochondria
85
Enzymes
- Energy directors | - Proteins containing amino acids
86
Blood brain barrier
Mechanism to keep most chemicals out of the brain, as it lacks the immune system present in the rest of the body
87
Endothelial cells
- Form the walls of the capillaries | - Are tightly joined
88
Nervous Systems
Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), Autonomic Nervous Systems, Circulatory System
89
Central Nervous System
Includes the brain and spinal cord
90
Peripheral Nervous System
Everything else aside from the brain and spinal cord
91
What are the types of neurons?
Motor, Sensory, and Interneurons
92
Sensory Neurons
- Afferent (taking information TO the brain) - Found in the PNS - Types: bipolar, unipolar, pseudounipolar
93
Motor Neurons
- Efferent (taking information FROM the brain) - Found in the PNS - Multipolar
94
Interneurons
- Found in the CNS | - Types: projection neurons and local-circuit neurons
95
Projection neurons
Golgi Type 1: Purkinje, pyramidal
96
Local-Circuit Neurons
Golgi Type II: Stellate Cell
97
Neuroglial or Glial Cells
- CNS: Macroglia and microglia | - PNS: neurilimma cells
98
Macroglia
Includes oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
99
Microglia
Includes phagocytosis
100
Neurilimma cells
- Glial cells found in the PNS | - Includes Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells
101
What are the three types of synapses?
Axodendritic, Axosomatic, Axoaxonic
102
Axodendritic synapse
The synapse between the axon terminal branch and dendrites
103
Axosomatic synapse
The synapse between the axon terminal branch and a soma (cell body)
104
Axoaxonic synapse
The synapse between the axon terminal branch and another axon terminal branch

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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