SID

Question 1

What is the cause of SID

What is it not?

Answer 1

Acquired in life

Not a mutation

Question 2

What are the 5 causes of SID

Answer 2

Haematological

Endocrine

Drugs

Infection

Malnutrition

Question 3

What is vit D involved with?

What haematological cause is there for SID

Answer 3

macrophage phagocytosis

Aplastic Anaemia

Question 4

how many people are infected with AIDS

How many years has this been a pandemic?

Answer 4

30-40 million infected

35 years pandemic

Question 5

What genome is found in HIV pre entering host cell?

What does RT transcribe it into?

Answer 5

+ssRNA ——-> -ssDNA

Question 6

3xGP120 + 3xGP41 form what complex?

What structure is this?

Answer 6

Spike complex

Heterodimer

Question 7

What two ways is HIV transmitted?

What % is done by maternofetal?

Answer 7

Intravascular Inoculation

Mucosal

20%

Question 8

X4 T tropic infect what cells

What co-receptors are used (2)

Answer 8

CD4 T cells

CCR5 / CXCR4

Question 9

R5 M tropic cells infect what cells?

What co-receptors are used?

what % is M tropic infections

Answer 9

Macrophages / dendrites

CCR5

90%

Question 10

What are the 3 main routes of HIV infection

Which one is the most efficient way through dissemination?

Answer 10

Dendrites (most eff)

Ulceration (low epithelial integrity)

Donor cell transmigration

Transcytotic pathway

Question 11

What is the final step of HIV replication that allows infectious mature HIV to bud off from cell

Answer 11

Viral proteases cleaves polypeptides

Question 12

What are 3 DIRECT ways that T cells are dynsfunctioned from HIV infection

Answer 12

Accumulation of unintegrated VIral DNA

Viral Budding

CD8-MHC1 killing of host cell

Question 13

What are 3 INDIRECT ways that T cells are dynsfunctioned from HIV infection

Answer 13

Synctium Formation

Apoptosis

Innocent killing of bystander T cell

Question 14

Name 3 manifestations of SID

Answer 14

Hypergammaglobulinaemia

Hyperactivation of B cells

Autoimmune phenomena –> SLE

Question 15

Name a opportunistic infection that arises from SID

Name a virus that can induce Kaposi Sarcoma

Answer 15

Oral Candida

HHV-8

Question 16

What test is used to measure HIV RNA copies?

Answer 16

Viral Load test

Question 17

How are CD4 levels measured?

<500cells/mm3 =?

<200 cells / mm3 = ?

Answer 17

Flow Cytometry

Immunocomprimised

Symptoms shown

Question 18

What 2 serological ways are AB screened for?

What sensitivity does this provide?

Answer 18

Immunoassays / Western blot = screens for HIV AB

99.5%

Question 19

NAAT tests for what?

Answer 19

Viral RNA

Question 20

What is a fast diagnosis thats low spec/sensitivity

What does it detect

Answer 20

Immunoassay for P24 (found on shell of virus)

Question 21

Viral load assay detects how many copies of RNA/ml?

What can this allow? whats its drawback

Answer 21

40-50 copies / ml

predictive progression of HIV infection = low accuracy

Question 22

Flow cytometry can be used to work out what ratio?

What can this allow

Answer 22

CD4 : CD8 : TLC

risk of progression

Question 23

Whats the drawback of flow cytometry for HIV diagnosis

Answer 23

other infections like herpes can decrease CD4

Question 24

if CD4 <200/ul, what is the patient at an increased risk of?

If CD4 <100/ul, what is the patient at an increased risk of?

Answer 24

Fungal infection

Herpes Infection

Question 25

Name 2 immunological markers for HIV diagnosis

what sort of markers is one of them

Answer 25

B2 microglobulin + Neopterin (surrogate marker)

Question 26

Why are the immunological markers good for diagnosis w/other tests?

Answer 26

Markers increases independent of CD4 count

Question 27

if CD4 count = 500-350, what WHO stage is this?

What virus are they at most risk from

Answer 27

2 - minor symptoms

Zoster virus

Question 28

If CD4 count = 350-200, what WHO stage is this

What bacteria are they at most risk from

Answer 28

3 - moderate symptoms

TB

Question 29

if CD4 count = <200, what WHO stage is this

What virus are they at most risk from

Answer 29

4- AIDS

Severe Chronic Herpes Virus