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Sicilia** Flashcards

1
Q

Compare the latitude of Vittoria, Sicilia with Tunis.

A

Tunis is further south by (only) 17 km.

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2
Q

What are the DOCG’s of Sicilia?

A

only Cerasuolo di Vittoria

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3
Q

What grapes are used in Cerasuolo di Vittoria?

A

Nero d’Avola [50-70%]and Frappato [30-50%] (both native)

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4
Q

What is the most highly regarded grape grown on Mount Etna?

A

Nerello Mascalese

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5
Q

Where is Faro DOC?

A

Northeastern tip (faro = lighthouse at Staits of Messina)

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6
Q

What is the blending formula for Faro Rosso?

A

Nerello Cappuccio (15-30%), Nerello Mascalese (45-60%), Nocera (5-10%) [Small amount of other native grapes are allowed.]

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7
Q

What is the major city in Faro DOC?

A

Messina

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8
Q

What is a typical tasting note for Cerasuolo di Vittoria’s wine?

A

a lightly coloured yet powerful red with cherry scents and notes of leather, prunes, chocolate and tobacco with age.

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9
Q

What is the dominant grape is used for wine from Bianco d’Alcamo DOC?

A

Made from 80% Catarratto grapes

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10
Q

Name two Sicilian outlying islands and their associated DOC’s.

A

Lipari - Malvasia delle Lipari DOC and Pantelleria - Pantelleria DOC

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11
Q

Name a sweet white wine from a Sicilian island.

A

Moscato di Pantelleria, Naturale and Passito Extra; Malvasia delle Lipari

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12
Q

How much of Sicily’s wine is made by co-operatives?

A

Around 75% of Sicily’s wine is made by co-operatives, {made-in-italy.com}

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13
Q

Sicilia is located in what part of the Mediterranean Sea?

A

center, strategic importance

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14
Q

Catarratto Bianco is native to where?

A

considered an ancient Sicilian grape

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15
Q

What is the white workhourse grape of Sicilia?

A

Catarratto Bianco

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16
Q

What were the main Greek contributions to viticulture in Sicilia?

A

alberello training, pruning techniques and wine preservation techniques

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17
Q

What is the capital of Sicilia?

A

Palermo

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18
Q

What city represents Sicilia Barocca?

A

Noto and Ragusa

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19
Q

Name 5 active volcanoes in Italy during the last 200 years.

A

Mount Etna (continuous,) Stromboli (continuous,) Mount Vesuvius (1944, the only active volcano in mainland Europe,) Pantelleria (submarine eruption 1891 and short-lived Isola Ferdinandea 1831,) Vulcano (1890)

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20
Q

What were the famous wines from Ancient Sicilia?

A

Byblinos from Siracusa and Murgentinum from central Sicilia

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21
Q

What was the viticultural impact of the Romans in Sicilia?

A

tear out vines and plant grains instead

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22
Q

What was the viticultural impact of the Arabs in Sicilia?

A

wine not permitted, but improved agricultural techniques were introduced which contributed to better raisins

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23
Q

Who took the lead in promoting Marsala wine?

A

John Woodhouse

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24
Q

What are the 5 autonomous regions in Italy?

A

Sardinia, Sicily, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Aosta Valley and Friuli-Venezia Giulia {FASST autos]

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25
Q

What is the largest island in the Mediterranean?

A

Sicilia

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26
Q

What is the largest region in Italy?

A

Sicilia

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27
Q

What is the southern most region in Italy?

A

Sicilia

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28
Q

What is the largest island off Sicilia?

A

Pantelleria

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29
Q

What is the closest Italian outpost to North Africa?

A

Pantelleria

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30
Q

What is the climate of Sicilia?

A

Mediterranean, warm dry summer and mild, wet winters

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31
Q

What is the risk of fungal disease in Sicilia? Why?

A

low, due to constant sea breezes.

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32
Q

Where is the warmest part of Sicilia?

A

southern and western parts are warmer due to Sirocco (Scirocco) winds

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33
Q

What is a Bentu de Soli wind?

A

an east wind on the coast of Sardinia.

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34
Q

What is a Bora wind?

A

a cold, northerly wind blowing from the Hungarian basin into the Adriatic Sea.

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35
Q

What is a Borasco wind?

A

a thunderstorm or violent squall, especially in the Mediterranean.

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36
Q

What is a Sirocco wind?

A

a warm wind of the Mediterranean area, a hot southerly wind in advance of a low pressure area moving from the Sahara or Arabian deserts. Called LEVECHE in Spain.

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37
Q

What is a Gregale wind?

A

a strong northeast wind of the central Mediterranean.

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38
Q

What is a Maestro wind?

A

a northwesterly wind with fine weather which blows, especially in summer, in the Adriatic. It is most frequent on the western shore. This wind is also found on the coasts of Corsica and Sardinia.

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39
Q

What is a Tramontana wind?

A

a northeasterly or northerly winter wind off the west coast of Italy. It is a fresh wind of the fine weather mistral type.

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40
Q

What is a Mistral wind?

A

A cold, dry wind blowing from the north over the northwest coast of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly over the Gulf of Lions. Also called CIERZO.

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41
Q

Where is the lowest rainfall in Sicilia?

A

west and south, 20-25 inches per year, subject to summer drought (Pantelleria is also very dry, 19 inches/year)

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42
Q

What are the soils in the western area and southeastern corner of Sicilia?

A

limestone and calcareous-clay

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43
Q

What are the soils in the northeastern corner of Sicilia?

A

mix of metamorphic and igneous rock

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44
Q

What are the soils in the upper Belice river valley and the Caltanisetta province of Sicilia?

A

marine-clay sedimentary

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45
Q

What are the soils in the northwestern area of Sicilia?

A

clay, sandstone and marl

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46
Q

What are the soils in the Mount Etna area of Sicilia?

A

volcanic

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47
Q

Where are the Aeolian Islands?

A

north of Mount Etna

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48
Q

Where is the Mounti Iblei plateau?

A

inland from Syracuse

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49
Q

What is the red/white mix of planted grapes in Sicilia?

A

60+% white, red grape plantings are increasing, almost doubled in the last 30 years

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50
Q

How does the red/white mix of planted grapes vary by location across Sicilia?

A

White grapes predominate in the west and red grapes predominate in the east.

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51
Q

What is the contribution of native varieties for vineyards in Sicilia?

A

almost 80% native grapes, but most of this production is bulk wine

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52
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in Sicilia?

A

Catarratto Bianco (“white workhorse grape,” 1/3 of total vineyards, but decreasing)

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53
Q

What are the 5 major white grapes planted in Sicilia?

A

Catarratto Bianco, Grillo, Zibbibo, Malvasia di Lipari, Carricante

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54
Q

What are the major native red grapes planted in Sicilia for quality wine?

A

Nero d’Avola and Nerello Macalese

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55
Q

What important grapes are genetically related to Catarratto Bianco (CB)?

A

Grillo is a cross between CB and Muscat di Alexandria (Zibibbo); CB is parent/off-spring of Garganega; CB is half-sibling/grandparent to Trebbiano Toscano (Robinson) [GGTT]

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56
Q

What are the biotypes of Catarratto Bianco? What are the differences?

A

CB Comune and CB Lucido. Lucido is considered higher quality with smaller berries, lower sugar level and higher acid

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57
Q

Where is most of the Catarratto Bianco grown?

A

western Sicilia

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58
Q

What is the etymology of Grillo?

A

not cricket (from Italian,) but pips (from Sicilian dialect)

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59
Q

Reductive wine making techniques has what effect on Grillo wine?

A

creates aromas of fresh cut grass, grapefruit and passion fruit similar to Sauvignon Blanc

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60
Q

What factors have influenced plantings of Grillo?

A

replantings after phylloxera led to increased planting in search of quality; planting in the second half of 20th century led to decreased plantings due to lower productivity of Grillo

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61
Q

Grillo is native to where?

A

considered a traditional Sicilian grape (strong genetic evidence)

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62
Q

Where is most of the Grillo grown?

A

northwestern Sicilia, province of Trapani

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63
Q

Inzolia is native to where?

A

Sicilia

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64
Q

What is the most important synonym for Insolia?

A

Ansonica in Tuscany

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65
Q

What is a foehn wind?

A

a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the lee of a mountain range. It is a rain shadow wind that results from the subsequent adiabatic warming of air that has dropped most of its moisture on windward slopes.

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66
Q

Zibibbo is the Sicilian synonym for what grape?

A

Moscato di Alessandria; however, the name Zibibbo pre-dates the current common name

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67
Q

Zibibbo is native to where?

A

unlikely Egypt, ancient grape most likely from Southern Italy or Greece

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68
Q

What is the etymology of Zibibbo?

A

from Arabic word zabib, meaning raisin

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69
Q

What are the likely parents of Zibibbo?

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains (from Greece or Italy, not France!) and Axina de Tres Bias (from Sardegna)
[muscAT Blanc + ATB]

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70
Q

Where is the largest concentration of Zibibbo plantings?

A

Pantelleria

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71
Q

Carricante is native to where?

A

Catania Province, Sicilia

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72
Q

Describe the acid structure of Carricante.

A

high in malic acid

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73
Q

What is the main grape in Etna Bianco DOC wines?

A

Carricante

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74
Q

Carricante’s main association is with what DOC?

A

Etna Bianco DOC

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75
Q

Lipari belongs to what geological group?

A

the volcanic Aeolian Islands

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76
Q

What are the synonyms for the grape Malvasia di Lipari?

A

Malvasia di Sardegna and Greco Bianco (Calabria)

77
Q

What is the historic name for Nero d’Avola?

A

Calabrese or Calavrisi

78
Q

What is the etymology of Calabrese?

A

from Calavrisi, or “coming from Avola”

79
Q

What is the training for Nero d’Avola?

80
Q

What is the structure of Nero d’Avola wine?

A

deep intensity of color, fine smooth tannins, soft texture, full body and typically high alcohol balanced by fresh acidity

81
Q

Nerello Macalese is native to where?

A

Etna, also traditional in Faro DOC

82
Q

Frappato is historically linked to what town?

83
Q

What is the role of international grapes in Sicilia?

A

Introduced in 1980’s, most commonly Syrah, Chardonnay, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, accounting for 20% of planted grapes

84
Q

What are the two most widely planted red grapes in Sicilia?

A

Nero d’Avola (southeastern and central) and Syrah (western)

85
Q

In what part of Sicilia is Syrah most commonly planted?

86
Q

What are the two most common international grapes planted in Sicilia?

A

Syrah and Chardonnay

87
Q

What is the role of Syrah in Sicilia?

A

The most common international grape; it is blended with Nero d’Avola and also made as a varietal wine

88
Q

What producers successfully bottled varietal Chardonnay in the 1980’s?

A

Tasca (ironic due to current interest in native grapes) and Planeta (also moving to native grapes)

89
Q

Describe the transition of training systems in Sicilia?

A

traditionally alberello for high alcohol and body (now 10%); later tendone, then modern methods with vertical trellising such as Guyot and Cordone Speronato (now 80%)

90
Q

What is the effect of alberello training?

A

low yields, high in sugar and extract, resulting in high alcohol and concentrated flavors, high labor costs

91
Q

What is the effect of tendone training?

A

more productive and less labor intensive than alberello

92
Q

Name two modern vertical trellising methods.

A

Guyot and Cordone Speronato

93
Q

Which Italian wine region has the most land under vine?

94
Q

How does Sicilia rank among Italian wine regions in productivity/

A

3rd or 4th (12%)

95
Q

What is the wine quality pyramid in Sicilia?

A

20/40/40 (DOC/G portion jumped from 5% with Sicilia DOC; IGT and bulk [was 70%] decreasing)

96
Q

As bulk wine in Sicilia decreases, which regional appellations are increasing?

A

Sicilia DOC and Terre Siciliane IGT

97
Q

What are the 3 historic administrative sub-divisions of Sicilia?

A

Val Demone (northeast), Val di Noto (southeast), Val di Mazara (western)

98
Q

Name two important DOC’s from each of the 3 historic administrative sub-divisions of Sicilia?

A

Faro DOC, Etna DOC; Marsala, Contea de Sclafani; Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG, Eloro DOC

99
Q

What the major grapes of Etna DOC?

A

Nerello Mascalese and Carricante

100
Q

Who was responsible for the improved quality of Etna DOC in the 1990’s?

A

Benanti Estate and Salvo Foti

101
Q

Who was responsible for the improved quality of Etna DOC in the 2000’s?

A

Passopisciaro, Tenuta delle Terre Nere and Frank Cornelissen

102
Q

In which Italian region are the contrade most relevant for viniculture?

103
Q

In which Italian appellation are the contrade incorporated on the labels?

104
Q

What is the climate in Etna DOC?

A

cool continental due to altitude

105
Q

What is the rainfall in Etna?

A

high, 40-47 inches a year, especially in the east in the autumn and winter

106
Q

Describe the vintage variation in Etna.

A

High, both year to year and site to site.

107
Q

What aspect of Etna promotes white grape viticulture?

108
Q

What part of Etna emphasizes white grape viticulture?

A

southern, at higher altitude

109
Q

In Etna, what altitude is best for red grapes?

A

up to 2900 ft

110
Q

In Etna, what altitude is best for white grapes?

A

up to 3900 ft

111
Q

Why is alberello training common in Etna?

A

pre-phylloxera rootstocks in volcanic soil; low training promotes better ripening

112
Q

What is blending formula for Etna Rosso?

A

at least 80% Nerello Mascalese, up to 20% Nerello Cappuccio

113
Q

What is blending formula for Etna Bianco?

A

minimum of 60% Carricante (often more)

114
Q

What village is uniquely associated with Etna Bianco Superiore?

A

Milo, between Catania and Messina

115
Q

What are defining characteristics of the climate in Faro DOC?

A

Mediterranean with high rainfall and high winds

116
Q

What coast is associated with Faro DOC?

A

both Ionian and Tyrrhenian

117
Q

Describe the soils of Faro DOC?

A

alluvial over schist with sand predominance on Ionian coast and clay predominance over Tyrrhenian coast [ions = grains of sand; Tyrrhenian along the C-shaped dorsiflexed aspect of ankle]

118
Q

What is relevance of Val Demone?

A

Historic administrative sub-division of Italy in the northeast corner [Demone = Demon Straits of Messina]

119
Q

What is relevance of Val di Noto?

A

Historic administrative sub-division of Sicilia in the southeast corner [Noto = known, Syracuse KNOWN as birth place of Archimedes]

120
Q

What is relevance of Val di Mazara?

A

Historic administrative sub-division of western Sicilia [Marzara > Marsala]

121
Q

What are the most important native and traditional grapes of Val di Noto?

A

Nero d’Avola, Frappato, Moscato Bianco

122
Q

What are the most important native and traditional grapes of Val Demone?

A

Nerello Mascalese and Carricante

123
Q

What percent of the vineyards of Etna DOC are planted with white grapes?

A

< 5%, mostly Carricante

124
Q

What is relevance of Catania?

A

Sicilian province (Etna DOC) and second largest city of Sicily, founded by Greeks as Katánē about 730 BCE

125
Q

Who was responsible for the improved quality of Etna DOC in the 1980’s?

A

IRVV (Istituto Regionale della Vite e del Vino)

126
Q

What is relevance of Benanti estate?

A

worked with Salvo Foti to improve wine quality in Etna DOC in the 1990’s

127
Q

What is relevance of Salvo Foti?

A

worked with Benanti Estate to improve wine quality in Etna DOC in the 1990’s

128
Q

What is relevance of IRVV?

A

Istituto Regionale della Vite e del Vino, governmental research institute started in the 1950’s to improve Sicilian wine

129
Q

What is relevance of IRVOS?

A

2011 evolution of IRVV to Regional Wine and Oil Institute of Sicily, a governmental agricultural agency

130
Q

What is relevance of Passopisciaro, Tenuta delle Terre Nere and Frank Cornelissen?

A

worked to improve wine quality in Etna DOC in the 1990’s

131
Q

What is relevance of Milo?

A

a village associated with Etna Bianco Superiore

132
Q

Where is Contea di Sclafani located?

A

Inland in north central Sicilia - Sclafani Bagni is also the name of a medieval city, which was established by the powerful Sclafani family on what was most likely a Byzantine settlement.

One of the large landowners in the region is the Tasca d’Almerita family (known for their excellent IGT wine, Regaleali).

133
Q

What is the name of ancient people from Sicilia?

A

Siculi (Sicels)

134
Q

Who were the first to colonize Sicilia?

A

Phoenicians founded Palermo (as Ziz - flower) in 734 BCE

135
Q

When did the Greeks conquer Palermo?

A

Although the Greeks had great influence along with the founding Phoenicians in Palermo, they never fully conquered the city.

136
Q

Who divided Sicily into the 3 major historic districts?

A

Arabs divided Sicilia into three major districts

137
Q

Salina belongs to what geological group?

A

volcanic islands of the Aeolian Islands, along with Lipari

138
Q

On which island are most of the vineyards in the Aeolian archipelago?

A

island of Salina [not Lipari!]

139
Q

What is the Canale di Sicilia?

A

aka Straits of Sicily, section of Mediterranean Sea between southern coast of Sicilia and Tunisia

140
Q

How does the nature of the Carricante grape influence wine making?

A

high acid suggests late picking and leaving wine on its lees for several months to promote MLF

141
Q

What is the structure of Nerello Mascalese wine?

A

pale to medium intensity of color, aromas of red fruit, aromatic herbs, spices and minerals, smooth tannins, high alcohol and lively acidity

142
Q

What is the significance of Carthage to the history of wine?

A

Carthage, just outside of modern-day Tunis and 200 miles from Sicily, was the Phoenicians’ most successful colony and a center of wine production

143
Q

What is the most prestigious producer of Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

Tasca d’Almerita

144
Q

Where are sandstone and limestone soils in Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

higher altitudes (up to 3300 ft)

145
Q

What are the principal grapes in Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

Nero d’Avola, Perricone and Catarratto

146
Q

What are the permitted wines in Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

Rosso and Bianco (also as riserva and vendemmia tardiva)

147
Q

Describe the geographic differences between Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG and Vittoria DOC?

A

They cover the same area.

148
Q

What is the climate in Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

Mediterranean, hot and arid

149
Q

What is the idea soil for Frappato?

A

terra rossa

150
Q

What is the contribution of Frappato to Cerasuolo di Vittoria wine?

A

lighter body, aromatics

151
Q

What is the contribution of Nero d’Avola to Cerasuolo di Vittoria wine?

A

color and body (richness and fullness)

152
Q

Is the Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG contiguous?

153
Q

What is the smaller isolated portion of the Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG known for?

A

Nero d’Avola production

154
Q

Describe the geographic differences between Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG and the classical zone.

A

the classical area includes the majority of the DOCG

155
Q

What are the five wines from Vittoria DOC?

A

varietal Frappato, Nero d’Avola, Inzolia, as well as a rosso blend and novello

156
Q

Where is Eloro DOC located?

A

southeastern corner of Sicilia

157
Q

Which appellation is the traditional home of Nero d’Avola?

158
Q

What is the most important wine of Eloro DOC?

A

varietal Nero d’Avola

159
Q

What is the etymology of Frappato?

A

possible corruption of fruttato - fruitful (Robinson)

160
Q

What is the closest genetic relative of Frappato?

A

possibly Sangiovese (Robinson: parent-offspring) Gaglipoppo (sibling)

161
Q

What is the synonym for Perricone used in Eloro?

A

Pignatello

162
Q

What is the significance of Pachino?

A

a sub-zone of Eloro DOC for Nero d’Avola

163
Q

What is Perla Nera?

A

black pearl, nickname for Pantelleria based on soils

164
Q

What is Montagna Grande?

A

highest peak of Pantelleria

165
Q

What are the crops of Pantelleria?

A

grapes and capers

166
Q

What is the vine training in Pantelleria?

A

version of alberello (Pantesco - UNESCO List in a shallow hole (conca) to protect from winds and collect moisture

167
Q

What is the major grape in Pantelleria?

168
Q

What is distinctive about the appassimento of grapes on Pantelleria?

A

drying of grapes usually occurs in sun (not indoors on racks or rope)

169
Q

What are stenditoi?

A

open-air spots often enclosed by stone walls for drying grapes in the sun on Pantelleria

170
Q

What are the two main styles of wine from Pantelleria DOC?

A

Passito di Pantelleria and Moscato di Pantelleria

171
Q

Describe the vinification of Passito di Pantelleria.

A

During fermentation of freshly picked grapes, air-dried grapes are added at different intervals.

172
Q

Who is the most renowned producer of Malvasia delle Lipari DOC?

A

Carlo Hauner, starting in the 80’s.

173
Q

What is the blending formula for Malvasia delle Lipari?

A

min 95% Malvasia di Lipari and min 5% Corinto Nero (or Sangiovese) [Sangiovese is half Calabrian!]

174
Q

What is the minimum RS for Malvasia delle Lipari Passito

175
Q

What does a label of Malvasia delle Lipari (without Passito) indicate?

A

sweet late harvest grapes without appassimento

176
Q

What was the motivation for the creation of the Sicilia DOC in 2012?

A

a regional appellation that forbids bottling outside the region

177
Q

Name appellations based on Nero d’Avola?

A

Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG, Contea di Sclafani Rosso DOC, Eloro DOC

178
Q

Describe the topography of Sicilia.

A

2/3 hills, 1/4 mountains (mostly in the north)

179
Q

What are the components of the Sicilian Apennines?

A

Peloritani, Nebrodi, Madonie

180
Q

What is the largest plain in Sicily?

A

Catania plain, between Etna and Mont Iblei

181
Q

Name the important rivers in Sicily.

A

Salso (aka Imera Meridionale) - flows south to Sicilian Channel
Simeto - flows SE to Ionian
Belize - starts in SW and empties into Sicilian Channel

182
Q

What is a baglio?

A

Traditional Sicilian farmhouse, rectangular in shape and often with a central courtyard

183
Q

What is the blending formula for Cerasuolo di Vittorio DOCG?

A

50-70% Nero d’Avola and 30-50% Frappato

184
Q

Where is terra rossa found in Sicilia?

A

Ceraiolo di Vittoria DOCG

185
Q

Name a discontinuous appellation in Sicilia.

A

Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG

186
Q

What was John Woodhouse’s contribution to Sicilia’s wine industry?

A

He developed the modern style of Marsala and created a market for it in the United Kingdom.

187
Q

What is the flagship Sicilian red grape?

A

Nero d’Avola

188
Q

What is Grecanico?

A

tradition blending grape in western Sicilia; synonym for Garganega (Soave)

IWS2 (15 decks)

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