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Definitions** Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of abboccato?

A

semi-dry or medium-dry wine (max 12g/l of sugar)

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2
Q

What is the meaning of alberata?

A

ancient form of training vines on or between trees; linked to Etruscans

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3
Q

What is the meaning of alberello?

A

head training or bush training of vines, most useful in windy locations; linked to Greeks

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4
Q

What is the meaning of alberese?

A

fine-grained calcareous marl (found in Chianti Classico and Montalcino and linked to galestro )

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5
Q

What is the meaning of amabile?

A

semisweet or medium-sweet wine (max 45g/l of sugar)

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6
Q

What is the meaning of annata?

A

vintage

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7
Q

What is the meaning of appasimento?

A

process of drying grapes before vinification

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8
Q

What is the meaning of archetto?

A

Tuscan term for capovolto, a variation of Guyot vine training

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9
Q

What is the meaning of arele?

A

Wooden racks for air drying grapes (gratticci)

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10
Q

What is the meaning of auslese?

A

Also scelto. Selected referring to higher alcohol level, used in Alto Adige and Umbria

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11
Q

What is the meaning of azienda agricola?

A

producer

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12
Q

What is the meaning of baglio?

A

traditional Sicilian farmhouse, retangular with central courtyard

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13
Q

What is the meaning of batonnage?

A

process of stirring lees back in the resting wine

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14
Q

What is the meaning of bianco?

A

white wine

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15
Q

What is the meaning of bora?

A

cold winter wind from eastern Europe

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16
Q

What is the meaning of Bordeaux Mixture?

A

copper-sulfate mixture applied to vineyeards to prevent fungal attacks

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17
Q

What is the meaning of Botrytis Cinerea?

A

vineyard fungus, includes noble rot and gray rot

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18
Q

What is the meaning of botti?

A

large, neutral old Slavonian oak or chestnut casks

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19
Q

What is the meaning of bricco?

A

Piemonte term used to indicated a superior site on the higher part of the hill [brIcco>HI]

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20
Q

What is the meaning of bud break?

A

when bud opens and leaves first appear on the vine in the spring

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21
Q

What is the origin of the Byzantines?

A

from the Eastern Roman Empire

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22
Q

What is the meaning of cabernet?

A

refers to either Cabernet Franc or Cabernet Sauvignon in northeast Italian regions

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23
Q

What is the meaning of calanchi?

A

bare and arid clay-based rock formations resulting from serious water erosion

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24
Q

What is the meaning of cantina sociale?

A

cooperative winery

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25
Q

What is the meaning of capovolto?

A

variation of Guyot vine training system; referred to as cappuccina in the Veneto; also double capovolto which is same training system as capovolto but with two canes;

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26
Q

What is the meaning of cappuccina?

A

Veneto term for Doppio Capovolto wine training system

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27
Q

What is the meaning of caranto?

A

thin calcarious-clay layer under a clay-based topsoil

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28
Q

What is the meaning of caratello?

A

typical wood barrel used for production of Vin Santo in Toscana, 30-200 liters

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29
Q

What is the meaning of cerasuolo?

A

rosato in Abruzzo

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30
Q

What is the meaning of chiaretto?

A

rose from Lombardia and Veneto near Lake Garda

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31
Q

What is the meaning of chiarifica?

A

process that lets chilled grape juice settle for a short time before fermentation begins

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32
Q

What is the meaning of classico?

A

indicating original and best portions of the associated DOC

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33
Q

What is the meaning of cold soak?

A

a cold (8-12 deg C) pre-fermentation maceration of juice and skins for up to 6 days to extract fruit aroma without tannin

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34
Q

What is the meaning of cold stabilized?

A

chilling the wine so that tartrate crystals can be removed before bottling

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35
Q

What is the meaning of colli?

A

hills

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36
Q

What is the meaning of collio?

A

hillside

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37
Q

What is the meaning of coltura promiscua?

A

traditional Italian agricultural system where multiple crops were grown together; typical of mezzadria

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38
Q

What is the meaning of conca di Bolzano?

A

a geological basin at the foot of the alps surrounding Bolzano in Alto Adige

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39
Q

What is the meaning of consorzio?

A

voluntary trade association of producers, merchants and cooperatives that promotes the local DOC/G

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40
Q

What is the meaning of contrada?

A

small geographic subdivision within a municipal territory; not administrative entities, but similar to hamlet or neighborhood

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41
Q

What is the meaning of cordone speronato?

A

a low training system characterized by a permanent cordon of old wood (or two) trained horizontally

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42
Q

What is the meaning of coulure?

A

grape shatter; poor fruit set caused by a lack of carbohydrates usually brought on by cloudy and/or wet conditions during flowering

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43
Q

What is the meaning of cru?

A

superior site

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44
Q

What is the meaning of cruasé?

A

a brand name (created by consortium) given to sparkling roses in the Oltepo Pavese Metodo Classico DOCG (at least 70% Pinot Nero)

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45
Q

What is the meaning of diurnal?

A

daily, as in the daily temperature shift between day and night

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46
Q

What is the meaning of disciplinare?

A

the official rules and guidelines for appellations mandated by Italian law

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47
Q

What is the meaning of dolce?

A

a sweet wine (more than 45g/l of sugar

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48
Q

What is the meaning of dolomite?

A

a mineral containing calcium and magnesium

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49
Q

What is the meaning of zero?

A

sparkling wine made without dosage

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50
Q

What is the meaning of downy mildew?

A

a North American fungal disease (peronospera) that attacks plants in warm and humid weather

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51
Q

What is the meaning of dunkel?

A

dark; refers to very dark wines made with Lagrein in Alto Adige/Sudtirol; grape high in anthocyanin

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52
Q

What is the meaning of fermo?

A

a still wine

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53
Q

What is the meaning of fascetta?

A

quality (DOC/DOCG) band label for wine bottles

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54
Q

What is the meaning of fiasco?

A

traditional straw basket bottle used for Chianti

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55
Q

What is the meaning of fletri?

A

literally shriveled; wine label for a passito wine made from semi-dried grapes in Valle d’Aosta (usually Moscato or Pinot Grigio)

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56
Q

What is the meaning of Flysch of Cormons?

A

soils comprising alternating layers of sandstone and calcareous marls

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57
Q

What is the meaning of frizzante?

A

a lightly sparkling or fizzy wine

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58
Q

What is the meaning of fruttai

A

fruit house; protected, well ventilated lofts on the hillsides for drying grapes

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59
Q

What is the meaning of galestro?

A

a metamorphic rock that is crumbly, clayey and schist-like with sharp edges and a tendency to flake (found in Chianti Classico and Montalcino and linked to albarese)

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60
Q

What is the meaning of galls?

A

abnormal swelling or outgrowth of plant tissue suggesting infection

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61
Q

What is the meaning of Geneva double curtain?

A

a high-training system

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62
Q

What is the meaning of geraniol?

A

an important aromatic compound of the Moscato grape that contributes to Asti’s aromas

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63
Q

What is the meaning of glacial moraine?

A

an accumulation of rocks and sediment carried and deposited by a glacier; often linked to lakes of Lombardia

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64
Q

What is the meaning of governo?

A

traditional Tuscan practice whereby a small portion of grapes was left to desiccate then used to start a second fermentation within the newly made wine, encourages MLF

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65
Q

What is the meaning of grape shatter?

A

condition usually caused by poor weather at flowering whereby grapes fail to develop properly, aka coulure

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66
Q

What is the meaning of gratticci?

A

wooden racks used for air-drying grapes; aka arele

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67
Q

What is the meaning of gray rot?

A

the malignant form of Botrytis cinerea

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68
Q

What is the meaning of guyot?

A

a low-training system in which one or two canes are kept every year to be trained horizontally

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69
Q

What is the meaning of heat stabilize?

A

removing suspended proteins (by fining) in order to enable a wine to withstand high temperatures without becoming hazy

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70
Q

What is the meaning of Helvetian?

A

a geological age in the middle Miocene period; also referred to as Serrafallian; its soils are mainly sandstone and sand

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71
Q

What is the meaning of igneous?

A

rack formed by cooling magma or lava

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72
Q

What is the meaning of imbottigliato all’origine?

A

estate-bottled

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73
Q

What is the meaning of indigenous?

A

originating in a specific place

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74
Q

What is the meaning of infernotti?

A

carved niches used for wine storage in the cellars on Monferrato (Piedmont)

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75
Q

What is the meaning of kretzer?

A

rosato made from Lagrein [KL]

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76
Q

What is the meaning of lacustrine?

A

relating to or associated with lakes (e.g. soils of Umbria)

77
Q

What is the meaning of leaf fall?

A

period in which leaves die and fall from the vine in autumn

78
Q

What is the meaning of lees?

A

dead yeast cells

79
Q

What is the meaning of lees aging?

A

letting a wine rest on the dead yeast cells after fermentation has finished

80
Q

What is the meaning of light sulfides?

A

the sulfer released when yeast scavenges nitrogen from amino acids in nitrogen-deficient musts

81
Q

What is the meaning of liquoroso?

A

fortified wine

82
Q

What is the meaning of madre?

A

a starter culture, a thick deposit of wine soaked lees left in the bottom of a Vin Santo barrel to initiate fermentation of the next batch

83
Q

What is the meaning of maestrale?

A

aka Mistral, a strong, cold, northweterly wind that blows across the northern part of Mediterranean

84
Q

What is the meaning of magredi?

A

flat grasslands [magredi > Serengeti]

85
Q

What is the meaning of MLF?

A

malolactic fermentation: the conversion of malic acid to lactic acid through the action of bacteria

86
Q

What is the meaning of mano-proteins?

A

proteins found in cell walls of yeast

87
Q

What is the meaning of marogne?

A

term used in Veneto for the dry stone walls of vineyard terraces (e.g. Valpolicella)

88
Q

What is the meaning of maso?

A

word used in Trentino and Alto Adige to indicate an estate winery or rural homestead

89
Q

What is the meaning of Menzioni Geografiche Aggiuntive (MGA)?

A

a list of delimited vineyard areas allowed to appear on labels in certain appellations, similar to concept of “cru”

90
Q

What is the meaning of metamorphic rock?

A

rocks that have been changed over a long period of time by intense pressure and heat

91
Q

What is the meaning of metodo classico?

A

the classic method of sparkling wine production as done in Champagne

92
Q

What is the meaning of mezzadria?

A

a share-cropping system whereby the landowner allows a farmer to cultivate his land in exchange for a portion of the crop

93
Q

What is the meaning of millesimato?

A

vintage (as in Otrepo Pavese Metodo Classico DOCG and Trento DOC)

94
Q

What is the meaning of muffato?

A

sweet wine made with grapes affected by noble rot

95
Q

What is the meaning of mosto?

A

must; unfermented grape juice

96
Q

What is the meaning of mosto concentrato rettificato?

A

MCR = RCGM (English) - rectified concentrated grape must; rectified: acidity neutralized and phenolics extracted

97
Q

What is the meaning of mosto cotto?

A

cooked grape must

98
Q

What is the meaning of mousseux?

99
Q

What is the meaning of muffa nobile?

100
Q

What is the meaning of native?

A

indigenous

101
Q

What is the meaning of noble rot?

A

the beneficial form of Botrytis cinerea fungus

102
Q

What is the meaning of non dosato?

A

sparkling wine made without dosage (no added sugar)

103
Q

What is the meaning of novello?

A

a wine released shortly after it is made; similar in concept to Beaujolais Nouveau. By law, novello label indicates at least 40% of of wine is made by the carbonic or semi-carbonic maceration methods

104
Q

What is the meaning of orange wines?

A

white wines made with red winemaking techniques (e.g. extended skin contact)

105
Q

What is the meaning of orogenesis?

A

the formation of mountains

106
Q

What is the meaning of passito?

A

a sweet wine made from semi-dried grapes

107
Q

What is the meaning of pastini?

A

the local name for terraces in Friuli’s Carso DOC

108
Q

What is the meaning of pergola?

A

a traditional high-training system where the wine grows overhead on a supporting structure

109
Q

What is the meaning of pergola Abruzzese?

A

a variant of tendone traditional to Abruzzo

110
Q

What is the meaning of pergola Trentina?

A

the traditional overhead training of Trentino; vines grow along an inclined arm

111
Q

What is the meaning of pergola Veronese?

A

the traditional overhead training system of Veneto; wines grow along a horizontal arm

112
Q

What is the meaning of photosynthesis?

A

a complex series of chemical reactions in which a plant uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen

113
Q

What is the meaning of phylloxera?

A

a North American louse that feeds on the roots of grapevines

114
Q

What is the meaning of picai?

A

a traditional method of air drying drapes by tying the grape clusters with twine and hanging them from rafters (e.g. Ricioto di Gambellara)

115
Q

What is the meaning of ponca?

A

local Friuli term for Flysch of Cormons (alternating soil layers of sandstonde and calcareous marls)

116
Q

What is the meaning of porphyry?

A

a dark red or purple igneous rock with embedded feldspar or quartz crystals; a volcanic soil

117
Q

What is the meaning of powdery mildew?

A

Oidium, a North American fungal disease

118
Q

What is the meaning of odium?

A

powdery mildew, a North American fungal disease

119
Q

What is the meaning of pulcianella?

A

straw-covered bottle similar to Chianti’s fiasco, but a bit more oblate in shape; traditional in Orvieto

120
Q

What is the meaning of pyroclastic?

A

material or rock formed by the accumulation of volcanic rock fragments scattered by volcanic explosions (e.g. tuff, ash and lapilli)

121
Q

What is the meaning of racking?

A

travaso, the process of separating wine form solid particles such as spent yeast cells by removing the wine from the vessel

122
Q

What is the meaning of recioto?

A

term used for the sweeet wines of Veneto

123
Q

What is the meaning of residual sugar?

A

sugar not consumed by yeasts and remaining in the a finished wine

124
Q

What is the meaning of riserva?

A

a wine that went through an extended period of ageing before release compared to the non-riserva version; may also have stricter production requirements

125
Q

What is the meaning of risorgimento?

A

Italy’s unification omovement

126
Q

What is the meaning of rive?

A

label term used in Coneglianco Valdobbiadene to indicate one of the 43 top sites - those found on steep slopes

127
Q

What is the meaning of rocche?

A

rocky cliffs found in Roero, Piemonte

128
Q

What is the meaning of ronchi?

A

well exposed, terraced sites; in Friuli the work is often used in the neames of estates, vineyards or wines

129
Q

What is the meaning of rosato?

A

a rose wine

130
Q

What is the meaning of rosso?

A

a red wine

131
Q

What is the meaning of sabbie Astiane?

A

sandy soils fund along the bank of the Tanaro River in Piemonte

132
Q

What is the meaning of salasso?

A

Italian term for saigneee or bleeding the tank; techniques used to make rose

133
Q

What is the meaning of scelto?

A

translates as selected; term used in Alto Adige (Lago di Caldaro DOC) and Umbria (Colli del Trasimeno DOC) for wines that have a higher alcolhol levels that the minimum for those areas (aka Auslese in Alto Adige)

134
Q

What is the meaning of scuro?

A

dark, see Dunkel (e.g. Lagrein)

135
Q

What is the meaning of secco?

A

a dry wine (max 0.4% or 4 g/l of sugar)

136
Q

What is the meaning of sori?

A

term used in parts of Piemonte to indicate a superior site that is particularly well-exposed and sunny [sori>sunny]

137
Q

What is the meaning of spumante?

A

a fully sparkling wine

138
Q

What is the meaning of stenditoio?

A

delimited and well-ventilated area where grapes are dried in the sun

139
Q

What is the meaning of stomata?

A

small pores on a grape leaf

140
Q

What is the meaning of stuck fermentation?

A

fermentatzione arrestata; a situation in which the yeast in a fermenting must die before converting enough sugar into alcohol

141
Q

What is the meaning of superiore?

A

a wine with a higher minimum actual alcohol content compared to the non-superioire version of the same wine (0.5 - 1% more). Often also have stricter production criteria

142
Q

What is the meaning of sylvoz?

A

a high training system for the vine

143
Q

What is the meaning of talento?

A

label term indicating a sparkling wine made in the traditional method

144
Q

What is the meaning of tendone?

A

a high training method that forms a tent with the canopy allowing the grapes to grow underneath it

145
Q

What is the meaning of terre bianche?

A

white soils; reference compact calcareous marls found in Piemonte

146
Q

What is the meaning of terre rosse?

A

reddish soils; often refers to Piemonte soils high in clay and rich in iron-oxide and magnesium (plural of terra rossa)

147
Q

What is the meaning of teutonic?

A

relating to Germanic peoples

148
Q

What is the meaning of toari?

A

Veneto term for soils of decomposed basalt (volcanic) around village of Marano (east of Padova)

149
Q

What is the meaning of tonneaux?

A

a wooden vessel holding 500 liters [about 1000 pounds, so contents weigh half a ton]

150
Q

What is the meaning of tortonian?

A

a geological age in the late Miocene period; its soils are fertile and compact calcareous marl

151
Q

What is the meaning of transpiration?

A

the process in which a plant releases water vapor through its stomata; similar to human perspiration

152
Q

What is the meaning of tufo?

A

Italian for tuff; soft porous volcanic rock formed by ejected volcanic material and ash that solidified and cemented over time [not related to limestone tufa or tuffeau as in Loire Valley]

153
Q

What is the meaning of vendemmia?

A

harvest or vintage

154
Q

What is the meaning of vendemmia tardiva?

A

late harvest, wine made from late harvest grapes, can be dry or sweet

155
Q

What is the meaning of veraison?

A

the point at which the grapevine stops growing and begins to ripen its fruit. Grape berries change color and soften

156
Q

What is the meaning of vermouth?

A

a fortified wine flavored with herbs and spices; commonly drunk as an aperitif or used in cocktails

157
Q

What is the meaning of Via Emilia?

A

a Roman road that connected the city of Piacenza in the west to Rimini on the Adriatic coast in the east

158
Q

What is the meaning of vigna?

A

a single vineyard; the term vigna is followed by the name of the vineyard. Labeling term suggests a stricter production criteria

159
Q

What is the meaning of vigneto?

A

see vigna - a single vineyard

160
Q

What is the meaning of Vin Santo?

A

classic Tuscan dessert wine usually made from air-dried Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia Bianc Lunga grapes; translates as “holy wine” [not Vino Santo from Trentino!]

161
Q

What is the meaning of vinacce?

A

leftover, unpressed skins and lees

162
Q

What is the meaning of vino?

163
Q

What is the meaning of vino da meditazione?

A

meditation wine; commands quiet, respect and contemplation to fully realize complexity.

164
Q

What is the meaning of vigno da taglio?

A

bulk wine used as a blending component to boost color, body and/or alcohol of a weaker wine

165
Q

What is the meaning of vino fiore?

A

free-run wine

166
Q

What is the meaning of Vino Santo?

A

In Trentino, a long-lived dessert wine made with dried Nosiola grapes that have been affected by noble rot. The name translates as “holy wine.” [not Vin Santo from Tuscany!]

167
Q

What is the meaning of vinsantaia?

A

a non-temperature controlled storage room or loft where Vin Santo caratelli are stored

168
Q

What is the meaning of vivace?

A

a lively (lightly fizzy) wine

169
Q

What is the meaning of yeasts?

A

microscopic fungi that convert grape sugars into alcohol

170
Q

What is the meaning of zonazione?

A

the process of collecting and recording data on soil, climate, topography, altitude, humidity, rainfall, sunlight hours and other factors in an effort to establish how these parameters influence and affect the wine’s growth cycle in a specific delimited area. The resulting data verifies the quality potential of specific grape varieties to grow within specific areas.

171
Q

What is the meaning of baroleggia?

A

a term used in Piemonte to describe an aged Barbara that has taken on characteristics traditionally associated with Barolo

172
Q

What is the meaning of vinicola?

173
Q

What is the meaning of vitivinicola?

174
Q

What is the meaning of fattoria?

175
Q

What is the meaning of produttore?

176
Q

What is the meaning of tenuta?

177
Q

What is the meaning of vitigno?

A

grape variety

178
Q

What is the meaning of potare?

179
Q

What is the meaning of germogliamento?

180
Q

What is the meaning of fioritura?

181
Q

What is the meaning of invaiatura?

A

version = change of color of the grape berries; onset of ripening

182
Q

What is the meaning of allegagione?

183
Q

What is the meaning of maturazione?

184
Q

What is the meaning of vendemmiare?

A

verb to harvest

185
Q

What is the meaning of viticoltore?

A

vine grower

186
Q

What is the meaning of bentonite?

A

clay fining agent that binds with proteins

187
Q

What is the meaning of gelatin?

A

fining agent that binds with tannins

188
Q

What is the meaning of egg white?

A

fining agent that binds with tannins

189
Q

What is the meaning of casein?

A

fining agent that binds with tannin and acid

IWS2 (15 decks)

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