Shoulder Movements

Question 1

Shoulder flexion (agonist and antagonist)

Answer 1

Agonist - Anterior deltoid

Antagonist - Latissimus dorsi

Question 2

Shoulder extension (agonist and antagonist)

Answer 2

Agonist - Latissimus dorsi

Antagonist - Anterior deltoid

Question 3

Shoulder horizontal abduction (agonist and a ntagonist)

Answer 3

Agonist - Latissimus dorsi

Antagonist - Pectorals

Question 4

Shoulder horizontal adduction (agonist and antagonist)

Answer 4

Agonist - Pectorals

Antagonist - Latissimus dorsi

Question 5

Shoulder adduction (agonist and antagonist)

Answer 5

Agonist - posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi

Antagonist - middle deltoid/supraspinatus

Question 6

Shoulder abduction (agonist and antagonist)

Answer 6

Agonist - middle deltoid/supraspinatus

Antagonist - posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi

Question 7

Structure of the heart (route of blood)

Answer 7

Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery — LUNGS — pulmonary vein - Left atrium - bicuspid semilunar valve - Left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve- Aorta

Question 8

Myogenic

Answer 8

The heart generates its own impulse

Question 9

Sinoatrial node (SAN)

Answer 9

A small massmof cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. (Pacemaker)

Question 10

Atrioventricular node (AVN)

Answer 10

Relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

Question 11

Systole

Answer 11

When the heart contracts

Question 12

Buncle of His

Answer 12

A collection of heart muscles cells that transmit the electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles

Question 13

Purkinje fibres

Answer 13

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

Question 14

Electrical impulse that spreads through the heart is often called a…

Answer 14

Wave of excitation

Question 15

Cardiac Conduction system (summarised)

Answer 15

SAN 
Atrial systole
AVN 
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres
Ventricular systole

Question 16

Neural Control Mechanism

Answer 16

Sympathetic Nevous system increases heart rate where parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate back to resting level

The Nervous system is made up of of two parts CNS (brain + spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (consists of nerve cells that transmit info to and from the CNS)

Both systems are coordinated by the cardiac control centre (CCC) in the medulla oblangata. Sympathetic nerve impules are sent to the SAN and there is a decrease in parasympathetic nerve impules so the heart rate increases. The CCC is stimulated by chemreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

Question 17

Chemoreceptors

Answer 17

Tiny structures in the cartoid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide

An increase in blood acidity levels will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (increase in heart rate)

Question 18

Baroreceptors

Answer 18

Sspecial sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, cartoid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease the heart rate

Baroreceptors establish a set point for blood pressure. An increase above or decrease below this point results in the baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla.

Increase in arterial pressure - more streched baroreceptors are - decrease in heart rate
Decrease in arterial pressure - less stretched baroreceptors are - increase in heart rate

At the start of excercise the barorecpetors set point increase, which is good because slowing down heart rate would negatively impact performance

Question 19

Proprioreceptors

Answer 19

Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect muscle movement

When exercise begins, proprioreceptors detect an increase in muscle movement and send a signal to the medulla (CCC) which sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the SAN to increase heart rate

Increase in movement - increase in heart rate

Question 20

Cardiac output =

Answer 20

Stroke volume x Heart rate

Question 21

Ejection fraction =

Answer 21

Stroke volume/end diastolic volume

Bloo pumped out of ventricle/total amount of blood in ventricle