Shoulder Movements Flashcards
Shoulder flexion (agonist and antagonist)
Agonist - Anterior deltoid
Antagonist - Latissimus dorsi
Shoulder extension (agonist and antagonist)
Agonist - Latissimus dorsi
Antagonist - Anterior deltoid
Shoulder horizontal abduction (agonist and a ntagonist)
Agonist - Latissimus dorsi
Antagonist - Pectorals
Shoulder horizontal adduction (agonist and antagonist)
Agonist - Pectorals
Antagonist - Latissimus dorsi
Shoulder adduction (agonist and antagonist)
Agonist - posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
Antagonist - middle deltoid/supraspinatus
Shoulder abduction (agonist and antagonist)
Agonist - middle deltoid/supraspinatus
Antagonist - posterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi
Structure of the heart (route of blood)
Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle - Pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary artery — LUNGS — pulmonary vein - Left atrium - bicuspid semilunar valve - Left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve- Aorta
Myogenic
The heart generates its own impulse
Sinoatrial node (SAN)
A small massmof cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat. (Pacemaker)
Atrioventricular node (AVN)
Relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart
Systole
When the heart contracts
Buncle of His
A collection of heart muscles cells that transmit the electrical impulses from the AVN via the bundle branches to the ventricles
Purkinje fibres
Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles
Electrical impulse that spreads through the heart is often called a…
Wave of excitation
Cardiac Conduction system (summarised)
SAN Atrial systole AVN Bundle of His Purkinje fibres Ventricular systole
Neural Control Mechanism
Sympathetic Nevous system increases heart rate where parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate back to resting level
The Nervous system is made up of of two parts CNS (brain + spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (consists of nerve cells that transmit info to and from the CNS)
Both systems are coordinated by the cardiac control centre (CCC) in the medulla oblangata. Sympathetic nerve impules are sent to the SAN and there is a decrease in parasympathetic nerve impules so the heart rate increases. The CCC is stimulated by chemreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Tiny structures in the cartoid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide
An increase in blood acidity levels will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (increase in heart rate)
Baroreceptors
Sspecial sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, cartoid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels that respond to changes in blood pressure to either increase or decrease the heart rate
Baroreceptors establish a set point for blood pressure. An increase above or decrease below this point results in the baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla.
Increase in arterial pressure - more streched baroreceptors are - decrease in heart rate
Decrease in arterial pressure - less stretched baroreceptors are - increase in heart rate
At the start of excercise the barorecpetors set point increase, which is good because slowing down heart rate would negatively impact performance
Proprioreceptors
Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints that detect muscle movement
When exercise begins, proprioreceptors detect an increase in muscle movement and send a signal to the medulla (CCC) which sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the SAN to increase heart rate
Increase in movement - increase in heart rate
Cardiac output =
Stroke volume x Heart rate
Ejection fraction =
Stroke volume/end diastolic volume
Bloo pumped out of ventricle/total amount of blood in ventricle
