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limbs anatomy > shoulder and arm > Flashcards

shoulder and arm Flashcards

1
Q

DIAGRAM bones of pectoral girlde and arm

A

scapula, clavicle, and humerus

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2
Q

DIAGRAM scapula

A

spine separates supra and infraspinous fossa- note coracoid process (crows beak), acromion, glenoid cavity (socket for humerus) and subscapular fossa

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3
Q

DIAGRAM clavicle

A

sternal facet articulates with manubrium, acromila end (flattened end) joins with acromium inferior end is rough, superior end is smooth

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4
Q

DIAGRAM humerus

A

at proximal end is greater and lesser tubercle, inter-tubercular groove, as well as surgical and anatomical neck in shaft is radial groove and deltoid tuberosity at distal end is lateral and medial epicondyle, and condyles (capitulum /trochlea)

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5
Q

surgical vs anatomical neck

A

surgical more easily damaged

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6
Q

muscular anatomy compartments

A

anterior pectoral girdle muscles, posterior ‘’ ‘’, intrinsic shoulder muscles, anterior compartment of upper arm, posterior ‘’ ‘’

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7
Q

anterior pectoral girdle muscles

A

pec major/minor, subclavius, serratus anterior (between anterior and posterior)

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8
Q

DIAGRAM pec major- attachments and heads and functions+ innervation

A

proximally attached to clavicle, sterum and CC’s- distal attachment to lateral part of intertubucular sulcus/groove has 3 heads adduction, internal rotation and flexion lateral and median pectoral nerves

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9
Q

DIAGRAM pec minor- attachments and function

A

proximally to coracoid process, distally to 2-5th ribs pulls scapula forward

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10
Q

DIAGRAM subclavius

A

proximally 1st rib (costochondral joint), distally inferior part of clavicle stabilises clavicle

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11
Q

DIAGRAM serratus anterior- attachments, nerve and function

A

medial part of scapula, running anterior over thoracic cage, attaching to ribs 1-9 long thoracic nerve stabilises scapula and protracts it

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12
Q

posterior pectoral girdle muscles

A

traps, lats, rhomboids and levator scapulae

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13
Q

DIAGRAM traps, attachments, parts, nerve and function

A

attaches to nuchal line of skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae (up to T12)- curls round to front to attach to acromium and clavicle 3 parts- descending, middle and ascending accessory nerve actions on scapula- elevation, retraction, rotation, depression

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14
Q

DIAGRAM lats- attachments and function and nerve

A

continuous with thoracolumbar fascia- attaches to iliac crest, up to T8, to floor of intertuburcular sulcus adducts, extends and rotates humerus thoracodorsal

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15
Q

DIAGRAM rhomboids

A

rhomboid minor and major- attaches to medial border of scaula, and spinous processes retracts, rotates and stabilises scapula

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16
Q

DIAGRAM levator scapulae

A

attaches to superior angle of scapula+ C1-4 transverse processes elevates+ rotates scapula

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17
Q

nerve supply of rhomboids and levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve

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18
Q

intrinsic shoulder muscles

A

deltoid, teres major, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis)

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19
Q

DIAGRAM deltoid

A

attaches to spine of scapula, acromium and lateral part of clavicle, as well as DELTOID TUBEROSITY axillary nerve abducts arm beyond 15 degress

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20
Q

DIAGRAM rotator cuff

A

proximal attachments on scapula (covers scapula)- supraspinatus in supraspinous fossa, infra in infraspinous fossa attach at head of humerous- all attach at greater tuberous EXCEPT subscapularis (lesser tubercle)

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21
Q

overall function of rotator cuff

A

holds head of humerous into glenoid fossa (stabilisation)- also depresses humerous head to lower risk of dislocation

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22
Q

role of supraspinatus

A

initiates abduction of arm in first 15 degrees (after that deltoid)- feel muscle above spine of scapula

23
Q

role of infraspinatus

A

external rotation- feel muscle below spine of scapula

24
Q

DIAGRAM teres major

A

attaches to shaft of humerous at intertubercular sulcus (NOT head)- proximally at inferior angle of scapula adducts and rotates arm

25
Q

anterior compartment of arm+ innervation

A

biceps, brachialis and coracobrachialis musculocutaneous

26
Q

DIAGRAM biceps- attachment

A

short head (medial) attaches to coracoid process, long head crosses over shoulder joint attaching to supraglenoid tubercle heads merge distally, crossing elbow joint, and tendon attaches to radial tuberosity- also forms biceps aponeuroisis, so distally has 2 attachments

27
Q

DIAGRAM brachialis- attachment and function

A

attaches to CORONOID process and shaft of humerus flexes elbow

28
Q

DIAGRAM coracobrachialis

A

from coracoid process and shaft of humerus- adducts humerous

29
Q

posterior compartment of arm and nerve

A

triceps+anconeus radial nerve

30
Q

DIAGRAM triceps brachii- attachments

A

lateral, medial and long head attached to shaft of humerous- long head crosses shoulder joint to attach to infraglenoid tubercle of scapula distally, heads mervge to attach to olecranon process of ulna

31
Q

DIAGRAM anconeus-attachments+ function

A

lateral epicondyle and posterior ulna stabilises elbow joint, but also extends arm

32
Q

DIAGRAM joints of region

A

sterno-clavicular, acromio-clavicular and gleno-humeral (shoulder) joint scapula-thoracic joint (virtual joint) and elbow joint

33
Q

DIAGRAM gleno-humoral joint

A

glenoid fossa (socket) is quite shallow, so not stable and needs rotator cuff muscles for stability- glenoid labrum however does deepen fossa slightly for more stability

34
Q

DIAGRAM axilla- what is it and what it contains

A

transition between shoulder+arm- contains axillary artery/vein and branches, lymph nodes+ brachial plexus- borders form a pyramid

35
Q

arteries of whole region

A

subclavian artery- passes underneath clavicle, and after first rib becomes axillary artery- after teres major becomes brachial artery (gives of profundal brachii branch)- divides into ulnar/radial arteries at elbow

36
Q

DIAGRAM superificial and deep veins of region

A

superficial- dorsal venous netwrok in hand, forming cephalic and basilic- cephalic goes up lateral border of arm in delto-pectoral groove, basilic up medial border of arm deep- basilic vein joins venae comitantes to form axillary vein- cephalic vein joins axillary vein, which becomes subclavian vein

37
Q

DIAGRAM lymphatic drainage of area

A

superficial -cubital lymph node and delto-pectoral lymph nodes, which drain itnto axillary lymph nodes- important for breast cancer, thus removal can called lymphoedma of arm region

38
Q

DIAGRAM regions of plexus

A

roots (anterior rami-pass under clavicle), trunks, divisions, cords, then terminal branches (peripheral nerves)

39
Q

largest nerves of brachial plexus

A

axillary musculocutaneuous, ulnar, median and radial

40
Q

DIAGRAM common sites of nerve damage

A

at elbow, shoulder joint (dislocation compresses nerve), and shaft of humerus

41
Q

DIAGRAM overview muscles attached to scapula

A

ef

42
Q

DIAGRAM sternoclavicular joint- stabilisation, what is it+ importance

A

separated by an articular disk- stabilised by clavicular and costoclavicular ligaments allows movement of pectoral girdle

43
Q

DIAGRAM acromio-clavicular joint- what is it, stabilisation+ injury

A

joint between clavicle, acromion+ coracoid process- stabilised by acromioclavicular+ coracoclavicular ligaments falls onto outstretched hand can tear acromio-clavicular (minor) or coracoclavicular (minor)

44
Q

DIAGRAM glenohumeral joint- capsule and relation to biceps

A

capsules cups the head of humerous- it extends above the head to form a SUBACROMIAL BURSA tendon of long head of bicep goes through joint

45
Q

DIAGRAM glenohumeral joint- pathology and ligaments of capsule

A

impingement of shoulder can occur (trapping of a tendon leading to pain when raising arm) inflammation of joint leads to frozen shoulder ligaments of CAPSULE are 3 glenohumeral, coraco-humeral and transverse-humeral

46
Q

movements of glenohumeral joint

A

abduction/adduction, flexion/extension, internal/external roation, circumduction (combination)

47
Q

anterior dislocation of humerus effect

A

compression of axillary nerve= less abduction (deltoid)

48
Q

DIAGRAM scapulothoracic joint- why joint and movements

A

virtual joint- called joint as they move relative to each other elevation/depression of scapula, protraction/retraction, rotation of scapula

49
Q

injury of serratus anterior

A

when removing lymph nodes, thoracodorsal and long thoracic nerve affected, which causes scapular winging, as muscles CENTRES scapula on thoracic wall

50
Q

movements at glenohumeral joint and testing for them

A

test by opposing it’s movement flexion- pec major, anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, biceps extension- lats, posterior deltoid abduction- supraspinatus, then deltoid adduction- lats, teres major, pec major external rotation- infraspinatus+ teres minor internal rotation- subscapularis

51
Q

DIAGRAM boundaries of axilla

A

apex (rib 1), anterior wall (pec major), posterior wall (subscapularis, lats) medial wall- ribs 1-4+ serratus anterior lateral wall- intertubercular sulcus base- skin

52
Q

brachial artery branches

A

branches to profundal brachii, which supplies blood to posterior part of arm, going through radial groove also gives off nutrient artery to humerus

53
Q

axillary lymph nodes+ damage to what nerves

A

CHAPS- central, humeral, apical, pectoral and subscapular nodes- close to long thoracic+ thoracodorsal- can lead to scapular winging during surgery if nerves damaged

limbs anatomy (8 decks)

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