elbow and forearm Flashcards
bones of elbow, foreaerm and wrist
humerus, radius, ulna, and carpal bones
bones of elbow DIAGRAM- fossa, epi/condyles, ridges, oblique lines
lateral (extensors) and medial (flexors) epicondyles for muscle attachment of forearm condyles articulate with heads of ulna (medial) and radius (lateral) anteriorly there is radial and coronoid fossa- olecranon of ulna binds to posterior olecranon fossa also lateral and medial supra-epicondyle ridges radius has anterior and posterior oblique lines
DIAGRAM bones of forearm- at distal and proximal end, how ulna connects
both have styloid processes at distal end (for muscle attachment and shape of wrist) both have tuberosities at proximal end radial head is at proximal end (like a circle), ulnar head at distal end ulna connects to humerus with trochlear notch (connects to trochlea) and olecranon)
interosseous membrane and importance
between shafts- separates anterior/posterior compartments, and some forearm muscles attach here
DIAGRAM bones of wrist and articulations with exception and PNEUMONIC
SOME LOVERS TRY POSITIONS THEY CAN’T HANDLE radius and ulna articulate with carpal bones- - scaphoid , lunate, triquetrum and pisiform (proximal row) and distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate) articulates with all EXCEPT pisiform, as it’s a sesamoid bone (embedded in tendon of FCU)
biceps, brachialis and triceps relation to forearm
bicep heads merge into tendon which attach to radial tuberosity, as well an aponeurosis which merges with fascia of region brachialis attaches to coronoid process of ulna triceps attach to olecranon process of ulna
general points of forearm muscles
many cross elbow joint ie attach to distal humerous flexors and pronators anteriorly, extensors and supinators posterior
DIAGRAM superficial muscles of anterior forearm
pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris from lateral to medial also flexor digitorum superficialis
deep muscles of anterior forearm
flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
DIAGRAM attachments of anterior compartment muscles
4 superficial muscles attach to COMMON FLEXOR TENDON at medial epicondyle many muscles also attach to shafts and interosseous membrane
DIAGRAM fascia/tendons of regon
palmaris longus has long tendon going to palmar aponeurosis- protects muscles/tendons flexor retinaculum- where tendons merge forming roof of CARPAL TUNNEL- preventing BOWING of tendons (ie popping out, this fascia holds them down): also protects median nerve
extensor muscles of forearm
move wrist joint- extensor carpi radialis (acts on radial side) longus, brevis and ulnaris (acts on ulnar side) move digits- extensor digitorum (groups of digits), indicis, digit minimi (ALSO contributes to wrist) move thumb- abductor policis longus, extensor pollicis brevis (short) and longus (long) other- brachioradialis, supinator
DIAGRAM anatomical snuff box- tendons defining it, what’s in it, and clinical significance
borders are tendons of extensor policis longus and brevis- branch of radial nerve goes through it, and also important in seeing if SCAPHOID bone in it blood supply (radial artery) is recurrent (ie comes back ground, so supplies from distal to proximal)- thus if vascular occlusion in this region occurs, can lead to wrist disability
joints of region
elbow joint, proximal radio-ulnar joint, distal radio-ulnar joint, wrist joint
DIAGRAM elbow joint
see olecranon, coronoid process, and trochlear notch
DIAGRAM ligaments of elbow joint
radial collateral ligament, anular ligament of radius, and ulnar collateral ligament- stablise joint AND allow pronation/supination
carrying angle DIAGRAM
sex differences at elbow (between forearma and arm)- larger in females due to difference in hip width
DIAGRAM proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints- ligament involved and what occurs in pronation
anular ligament holds proximal radio-ulnar joint in place when pronation occurs, bones cross over another
DIAGRAM wrist joint- ulna vs raidus, and articulations
gap between radius and proximal carpal bones small unlike with ulna, as between ulna and carpal bones there is an ARTICULAR disc (attached to styloid process of ulna), whereas radius articulates directly radius articulates with lunate and scaphoid (C shaped bone), and ulna doesn’t articulate directly with triquetrum bone
DIAGRAM movements of radioulnar joint and muscles involved
supination (supinator, biceps, as biceps attached to radial tuberosity) pronation (quadratus, teres)
movements of wrist joint with muscles involved
flexion, extension, abduction (abductor policis longus, flexor carpialis radialis, extensor carpialis radialis longus/brevis), adduction (extensor carpialis ulnaris, flexor carpialis ulnaris) thus extensors AND flexors involved in both abduction/adduction
arteries of region including wrist with branches
ulnar and radial arteries- ulnar immediately branches off to common interosseuous artery, which branches to posterior (pierces membrane) and anterior interosseuous arteries hand supplied by anastomosis of radial and ulnar arteries ie both cross wrist
DIAGRAM cubital fossa- structures inside, and median nerve, with EXCEPTION
biceps, brachialis, tendon, aponeurosis, brachioradialis and pronator teres median nerve medial to brachial artery at fossa, BUT lateral at shoulder joint- radial nerve also present ulnar nerve does NOT go through fossa, goes posterioly in arm
superficial veins of region, relation to deep veins and taking blood
cephalic (lateral) and basilic (medial)- both come from DORSAL VENOUS ARCH of hand, and are connected at cubital fossa by MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN (used to take blood)- if not present, cephalic/basilic used to take blood basilic joins venae comitantes to form axillary vein at border of TERES MAJOR, cephalic joints axillary vein
