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limbs anatomy > knee, leg and foot > Flashcards

knee, leg and foot Flashcards

1
Q

DIAGRAM distal femur

A

medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius linea aspera forms floor of popliteal fossa

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2
Q

where does medial supracondylar line end

A

adductor tubercle

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3
Q

DIAGRAM patella- what is it and articulation

A

biggest sesamoid bone within tendon of quadriceps femori posterior part joins with femur

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4
Q

DIAGRAM proximal tibia- what is it, prominent region and attachments

A

medial bone which articulates with femur the two flat surfaces are known as tibial plateau between medial and lateral condyle is intercondylar region- has attachments for ACL/PCL, as well as medial/lateral menicsus

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5
Q

DIAGRAM shaft of proximal tibia- attachments

A

patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity sartoris, gracilis and semitendinosus attaches to pes anserinus soleal line is posterior

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6
Q

DIAGRAM proximal fibula

A

lateral leg bone NOT involved in knee joint or weight bear medial surface articulates with tibia, lateral surface attaches to biceps femoris

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7
Q

what is knee joint

A

largest synovial joint- hinge joint

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8
Q

what is in knee joint

A

ligament- ACL, PCL, MCL (tibial collateral), LCL (fibular collateral) medial and lateral menisci

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9
Q

DIAGRAM menisci

A

allow greater stability of knee joint+ absorb shock medial and lateral have posterior/anterior horn attaching to intercondylar region of tibia

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10
Q

significance of medial miniscus

A

attaches to MCL and joint, so more vulnerable than lateral meniscus

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11
Q

DIAGRAM cruciate ligaments- attachments and how name derived

A

ACL attaches superiorly to LATERAL wall of femoral intercondylar fossa, and inferiorly to ANTERIOR tibial intercondylar region- thus goes posteriorly PCL attaches superiorly to MEDIAL wall of femoral intercondylar fossa, and inferiorly to POSTERIOR tibial intercondylar region- thus goes anteriorly name derived from attachment on tibial plateau- LAMP

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12
Q

functions and how to assess anterior cruciate/posteiror ligament

A

knee bent 90 degrees- move leg forward, if tibia moves too far forward (as ACL prevents it moving too far forward compared to femur), its positive known as ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOXGOXSPTJw PCL prevents tibia movements too back- diagnosed by POSTERIOR DRAWER TEST

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13
Q

bursa of knee- what is it, where it is and function

A

sacs of fibrous tissue filled with synovial fluid- occur where parts move over another eg where ligament moves over bone minimises FRICTION

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14
Q

DIAGRAM bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa due to repetitive injury/infection lots of pain, and restricted movement

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15
Q

DIAGRAM types of bursa

A

prepatellar, infrapatellar, suprapatellar

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16
Q

DIAGRAM fibrous membrane of knee joint

A

formed by extensions of tendons of muscles- quadriceps, sartorius, gracili, tendinosis, membranois encloses intercondylar region

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17
Q

DIAGRAM collateral ligaments

A

one of each side (look at fibula to determine that)- MCL and PCL stabilises hinge motion of knee

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18
Q

how does our knee allow full extension

A

femoral condyles are broader/flatter anteriorly femur medially rotates on tibia when locking to tighten ligaments centre of gravity is anterior to knee joint

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19
Q

popliteal fossa- what’s in it

A

popliteal artery/vein and short saphenous vein tibial and common peroneal nerve popliteal lymph nodes

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20
Q

DIAGRAM boundaries of popliteal fossa

A

floor knee capsule, roof fasia superior- Medial is seMItendinsis and Membranous, Lateral is Long head of biceps femoris inferior is medial/lateral head of gastrocnemius

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21
Q

DIAGRAM bones in foot

A

7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal, and phalanges (toe only 2) heel bone calcaneous, talus bone on top, navicular (boat shaped- NAVY), cuboid (cuboidal), and the 3 cuneiforms

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22
Q

DIAGRAM sesamoid bone in foot

A

within flexor hallucis brevis, with flexor halucis longus going through lots of weight on here, so they help protect tendon

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23
Q

what is ball of foot

A

head of 1st metatarsal

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24
Q

ankle joint and boundaries

A

between tibia/fibula and talus of food- forms MORTICE, surrounded by medial and lateral malleolus, and distal tibia (roof)

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25
Q

stability of ankle joint

A

medial (deltoid) ligament- attaches to medial malleolus lateral- attaches to lateral malleolus

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26
Q

ankle injury- what is it, what most common, effect and treatment

A

tearing of ankle ligament- most commonly lateral ligament during over-inversion leads to pain on outside+ swelling immobilisation

27
Q

DIAGRAM subtalar joint- what is it, what is allows, and stability

A

between talus and calcaneus allows gliding and rotation for eversion/inversion interosseuous talocalcaneal ligaments stabilise it

28
Q

other joints of foot

A

proximal tibiofibular joint (SYNOVIAL) distal tibiofibular joint (FIBROUS) midtarsal joint metatarsophalangeal joint interphalangeal joints

29
Q

posterior compartment of leg- motion, muscles, and innervation

A

allows flexion of knee, plantal flexion, foot inversion and toe flexion superficial- gastronemus, soleus and plantaris deep- popliteus, tibialis posterior, FDL, flexor hallucis longus tibial nerve ALL

30
Q

what do superficial posterior muscles do

A

gastric+ soleus forms triceps surae all form achiles/calcaneal tendon, which inserts into calcaneus

31
Q

gastrocnemius- function, proximal and distal attachments

A

plantar and knee flexion medial and lateral femoral condyle calcaneal tendon

32
Q

plantaris and common feature of it and gastroc

A

plantar and knee flexion supracondylar line of femur calcaneal tendon both plantaris and gastro. attach to femur, so contribute to flexion

33
Q

soleus

A

plantar flexion tibia calcaneal tendon

34
Q

popliteus

A

stabilises knee joint, and limits LATERAL rotation of tibio-femoral joint lateral femoral condyle posterior upper tibia

35
Q

DIAGRAM tibialis posterior

A

plantar flexion AND foot inversion tibia/fibula navicular tuberosity

36
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A

flexes toe fibula plantar surface of distal phalanx of big toe

37
Q

FDL

A

flexes other 4 toes medial tibia plantar surface of distal phalynx of other 4 toes

38
Q

lateral compartment of leg- motion, nerves, and muscles

A

foot EVERSION, and plantar flexion peroneus longus/brevis superficial perneal nerve

39
Q

DIAGRAM peroneus longus

A

eversion, plantar flexion head of fibula 1st metatarsal

40
Q

peroneus brevis

A

eversion lower fibula 5th metatarsal

41
Q

anterior compartment of leg

A

dorsi flexion, toe extension, INVERSION deep peroneal tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, EDL, peroneus tertius

42
Q

tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexion/inversion tibia 1st metatarsal

43
Q

EHL

A

extends big toe+ dorsiflexion fibular dorsal surface of distal phalanx of big toe

44
Q

EDL

A

extends other 4 toes tibial condyle+ fibula dorsal surface of base of distal AND middle phalanges of other 4 toes

45
Q

fibularis tertius

A

dorsiflexion+ EVERSION distal fibula dorsal surface of 5th metatarsal

46
Q

what does dorsum of foot contain

A

EDL/B, and EHL/B

47
Q

DIAGRAM arches of foot, function and support

A

medial/lateral longitudinal arches and transverse arch- medial arch higher absorb downward forces whilst standing supported by tendons and ligaments

48
Q

blood supply of leg- branches

A

femoral artery divides at adductor hiatus into popliteal artery enters deep region of posterior compartment where it divides into anterior and posterior tibial artery- anterior pierces INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE, posterior continues down posterior then gives off branch called peroneal artery

49
Q

supply of posterior compartment

A

popliteal artery gives off sural arteries= superficial compartmenet posterior tibial supplies deep compartment, and enters sole of foot to form plantar artery

50
Q

supply of lateral compartment

A

peroneal artery

51
Q

anterior compartment+ dorsum

A

anterior tibial artery, which enters dorsum of foot to form dorsalis pedis

52
Q

superficial drainage of legs

A

superficial- great saphenous vein comes from MEDIAL dorsal venous arch anterior to medial malleolus, and drains directly into femoral vein small saphenous vein comes from LATERAL dorsal venous arch, and drains into popliteal vein, then into femoral

53
Q

deep drainage of leg

A

follow arteries ie venae comitantes of popliteal/femoral arteries

54
Q

sciatic nerve- where and what it supplies

A

in medial/inferior quadrant of butt, supplying ALL muscles below knee

55
Q

tibial nerve- what is supplies and path

A

posterior compartment AND intrinsic muscles goes through tarsal tunnel BEHIND medial malleolus

56
Q

sural nerve- origin, function and clinical importance

A

formed from branch of tibial AND common peroneal supplies skin on lateral foot/posterolateral leg used for nerve repair

57
Q

common peroneal nerve- path, vulnerability, palsy and division

A

goes around neck of fibula, so vulnerable during fibular fractures palsy leads to foot drop divides into superficial and deep peroneal nerve

58
Q

tarsal tunnel- what structures go through here

A

structures going through here are Tibialis posterior, FDL, posterior tibial Artery, posterior tibial Vein, tibial Nerve, flexor Hallucis longus Tom, Dick, And Very Naughty Harry

59
Q

motor supply of different movements (L2-S2)+ general rules

A

hip flexion- L2,3 extension- L4,5 knee extension- L3,4 flexion- L5, S1 dorsi flexion- L4,5 plantar flexion- S1,2 same movement supplied by 2 ADJACENT spinal cord segments opposing movement supplied by 2 spinal cord segments BELOW

60
Q

DIAGRAM sensory nerve supply ie peripheral

A

front of foot- saphenous nerve (branch of femoral), superficial peroneal and deep peroneal back of foot- sural nerve, saphenous, tibial nerve

61
Q

DIAGRAM sensory dermatomal supply

A

L3 to the knee, L4 to the floor L5- big toe S1- sole/lateral dorsum of foot S2- most of posterior leg/thigh

62
Q

malleoli

A

fibula forms lateral malleolus, tibia forms medial

63
Q

function of intrinsic muscles

A

shock absorbers, adjusting foot to uneven surfaces

limbs anatomy (8 decks)

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