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limbs anatomy > knee, leg and foot > Flashcards

knee, leg and foot Flashcards

1
Q

DIAGRAM distal femur

A

medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius linea aspera forms floor of popliteal fossa

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2
Q

where does medial supracondylar line end

A

adductor tubercle

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3
Q

DIAGRAM patella- what is it and articulation

A

biggest sesamoid bone within tendon of quadriceps femori posterior part joins with femur

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4
Q

DIAGRAM proximal tibia- what is it, prominent region and attachments

A

medial bone which articulates with femur the two flat surfaces are known as tibial plateau between medial and lateral condyle is intercondylar region- has attachments for ACL/PCL, as well as medial/lateral menicsus

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5
Q

DIAGRAM shaft of proximal tibia- attachments

A

patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity sartoris, gracilis and semitendinosus attaches to pes anserinus soleal line is posterior

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6
Q

DIAGRAM proximal fibula

A

lateral leg bone NOT involved in knee joint or weight bear medial surface articulates with tibia, lateral surface attaches to biceps femoris

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7
Q

what is knee joint

A

largest synovial joint- hinge joint

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8
Q

what is in knee joint

A

ligament- ACL, PCL, MCL (tibial collateral), LCL (fibular collateral) medial and lateral menisci

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9
Q

DIAGRAM menisci

A

allow greater stability of knee joint+ absorb shock medial and lateral have posterior/anterior horn attaching to intercondylar region of tibia

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10
Q

significance of medial miniscus

A

attaches to MCL and joint, so more vulnerable than lateral meniscus

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11
Q

DIAGRAM cruciate ligaments- attachments and how name derived

A

ACL attaches superiorly to LATERAL wall of femoral intercondylar fossa, and inferiorly to ANTERIOR tibial intercondylar region- thus goes posteriorly PCL attaches superiorly to MEDIAL wall of femoral intercondylar fossa, and inferiorly to POSTERIOR tibial intercondylar region- thus goes anteriorly name derived from attachment on tibial plateau- LAMP

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12
Q

functions and how to assess anterior cruciate/posteiror ligament

A

knee bent 90 degrees- move leg forward, if tibia moves too far forward (as ACL prevents it moving too far forward compared to femur), its positive known as ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOXGOXSPTJw PCL prevents tibia movements too back- diagnosed by POSTERIOR DRAWER TEST

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13
Q

bursa of knee- what is it, where it is and function

A

sacs of fibrous tissue filled with synovial fluid- occur where parts move over another eg where ligament moves over bone minimises FRICTION

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14
Q

DIAGRAM bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa due to repetitive injury/infection lots of pain, and restricted movement

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15
Q

DIAGRAM types of bursa

A

prepatellar, infrapatellar, suprapatellar

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16
Q

DIAGRAM fibrous membrane of knee joint

A

formed by extensions of tendons of muscles- quadriceps, sartorius, gracili, tendinosis, membranois encloses intercondylar region

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17
Q

DIAGRAM collateral ligaments

A

one of each side (look at fibula to determine that)- MCL and PCL stabilises hinge motion of knee

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18
Q

how does our knee allow full extension

A

femoral condyles are broader/flatter anteriorly femur medially rotates on tibia when locking to tighten ligaments centre of gravity is anterior to knee joint

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19
Q

popliteal fossa- what’s in it

A

popliteal artery/vein and short saphenous vein tibial and common peroneal nerve popliteal lymph nodes

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20
Q

DIAGRAM boundaries of popliteal fossa

A

floor knee capsule, roof fasia superior- Medial is seMItendinsis and Membranous, Lateral is Long head of biceps femoris inferior is medial/lateral head of gastrocnemius

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21
Q

DIAGRAM bones in foot

A

7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal, and phalanges (toe only 2) heel bone calcaneous, talus bone on top, navicular (boat shaped- NAVY), cuboid (cuboidal), and the 3 cuneiforms

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22
Q

DIAGRAM sesamoid bone in foot

A

within flexor hallucis brevis, with flexor halucis longus going through lots of weight on here, so they help protect tendon

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23
Q

what is ball of foot

A

head of 1st metatarsal

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24
Q

ankle joint and boundaries

A

between tibia/fibula and talus of food- forms MORTICE, surrounded by medial and lateral malleolus, and distal tibia (roof)

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25
stability of ankle joint
medial (deltoid) ligament- attaches to medial malleolus lateral- attaches to lateral malleolus
26
ankle injury- what is it, what most common, effect and treatment
tearing of ankle ligament- most commonly lateral ligament during over-inversion leads to pain on outside+ swelling immobilisation
27
DIAGRAM subtalar joint- what is it, what is allows, and stability
between talus and calcaneus allows gliding and rotation for eversion/inversion interosseuous talocalcaneal ligaments stabilise it
28
other joints of foot
proximal tibiofibular joint (SYNOVIAL) distal tibiofibular joint (FIBROUS) midtarsal joint metatarsophalangeal joint interphalangeal joints
29
posterior compartment of leg- motion, muscles, and innervation
allows flexion of knee, plantal flexion, foot inversion and toe flexion superficial- gastronemus, soleus and plantaris deep- popliteus, tibialis posterior, FDL, flexor hallucis longus tibial nerve ALL
30
what do superficial posterior muscles do
gastric+ soleus forms triceps surae all form achiles/calcaneal tendon, which inserts into calcaneus
31
gastrocnemius- function, proximal and distal attachments
plantar and knee flexion medial and lateral femoral condyle calcaneal tendon
32
plantaris and common feature of it and gastroc
plantar and knee flexion supracondylar line of femur calcaneal tendon both plantaris and gastro. attach to femur, so contribute to flexion
33
soleus
plantar flexion tibia calcaneal tendon
34
popliteus
stabilises knee joint, and limits LATERAL rotation of tibio-femoral joint lateral femoral condyle posterior upper tibia
35
DIAGRAM tibialis posterior
plantar flexion AND foot inversion tibia/fibula navicular tuberosity
36
flexor hallucis longus
flexes toe fibula plantar surface of distal phalanx of big toe
37
FDL
flexes other 4 toes medial tibia plantar surface of distal phalynx of other 4 toes
38
lateral compartment of leg- motion, nerves, and muscles
foot EVERSION, and plantar flexion peroneus longus/brevis superficial perneal nerve
39
DIAGRAM peroneus longus
eversion, plantar flexion head of fibula 1st metatarsal
40
peroneus brevis
eversion lower fibula 5th metatarsal
41
anterior compartment of leg
dorsi flexion, toe extension, INVERSION deep peroneal tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, EDL, peroneus tertius
42
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion/inversion tibia 1st metatarsal
43
EHL
extends big toe+ dorsiflexion fibular dorsal surface of distal phalanx of big toe
44
EDL
extends other 4 toes tibial condyle+ fibula dorsal surface of base of distal AND middle phalanges of other 4 toes
45
fibularis tertius
dorsiflexion+ EVERSION distal fibula dorsal surface of 5th metatarsal
46
what does dorsum of foot contain
EDL/B, and EHL/B
47
DIAGRAM arches of foot, function and support
medial/lateral longitudinal arches and transverse arch- medial arch higher absorb downward forces whilst standing supported by tendons and ligaments
48
blood supply of leg- branches
femoral artery divides at adductor hiatus into popliteal artery enters deep region of posterior compartment where it divides into anterior and posterior tibial artery- anterior pierces INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANE, posterior continues down posterior then gives off branch called peroneal artery
49
supply of posterior compartment
popliteal artery gives off sural arteries= superficial compartmenet posterior tibial supplies deep compartment, and enters sole of foot to form plantar artery
50
supply of lateral compartment
peroneal artery
51
anterior compartment+ dorsum
anterior tibial artery, which enters dorsum of foot to form dorsalis pedis
52
superficial drainage of legs
superficial- great saphenous vein comes from MEDIAL dorsal venous arch anterior to medial malleolus, and drains directly into femoral vein small saphenous vein comes from LATERAL dorsal venous arch, and drains into popliteal vein, then into femoral
53
deep drainage of leg
follow arteries ie venae comitantes of popliteal/femoral arteries
54
sciatic nerve- where and what it supplies
in medial/inferior quadrant of butt, supplying ALL muscles below knee
55
tibial nerve- what is supplies and path
posterior compartment AND intrinsic muscles goes through tarsal tunnel BEHIND medial malleolus
56
sural nerve- origin, function and clinical importance
formed from branch of tibial AND common peroneal supplies skin on lateral foot/posterolateral leg used for nerve repair
57
common peroneal nerve- path, vulnerability, palsy and division
goes around neck of fibula, so vulnerable during fibular fractures palsy leads to foot drop divides into superficial and deep peroneal nerve
58
tarsal tunnel- what structures go through here
structures going through here are Tibialis posterior, FDL, posterior tibial Artery, posterior tibial Vein, tibial Nerve, flexor Hallucis longus Tom, Dick, And Very Naughty Harry
59
motor supply of different movements (L2-S2)+ general rules
hip flexion- L2,3 extension- L4,5 knee extension- L3,4 flexion- L5, S1 dorsi flexion- L4,5 plantar flexion- S1,2 same movement supplied by 2 ADJACENT spinal cord segments opposing movement supplied by 2 spinal cord segments BELOW
60
DIAGRAM sensory nerve supply ie peripheral
front of foot- saphenous nerve (branch of femoral), superficial peroneal and deep peroneal back of foot- sural nerve, saphenous, tibial nerve
61
DIAGRAM sensory dermatomal supply
L3 to the knee, L4 to the floor L5- big toe S1- sole/lateral dorsum of foot S2- most of posterior leg/thigh
62
malleoli
fibula forms lateral malleolus, tibia forms medial
63
function of intrinsic muscles
shock absorbers, adjusting foot to uneven surfaces

limbs anatomy (8 decks)

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