Short term and working memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

a collection of processes involved in retaining, retrieving and using information about stimuli, images, event, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present

Question 2

computer as a model for

Answer 2

human cognition

Question 3

memory is an integrated system that processes

Answer 3

information

Question 4

memory has a limited capacity

Answer 4

space
resources
time

Question 5

control processes

Answer 5

active processes that can be controlled by the person
-rehearsal
-strategies used to make a stimulus more memorable
-strategies of attention

Question 6

short lived sensory memory registers all or most information that

Answer 6

hits our visual receptors
info decays very quickly

Question 7

persistence of vision

Answer 7

retention of the perception of light

Question 8

sensory memory

Answer 8

large amount of information for short period of time

Question 9

whole report

Answer 9

participants asked to report as many letters as could be seen
average 4.5/12 letters 37.5%

Question 10

partial report

Answer 10

participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
when the letter disappears you hear a tone
people could recall 82.5% 3.3/4 letters
could recall any row with accuracy
people actually do recall letter but when trying to recall it fades away

Question 11

delayed partial report

Answer 11

presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished
performance decreases rapidly

Question 12

short term memory

Answer 12

small amount of information for a brief duration
new info received from sensory stores and info recalled from long-term memory

Question 13

short term memory is limited in time

Answer 13

when rehearsal is prevented is about 15-20 seconds

Question 14

proactive interference

Answer 14

occurs when information learned previously interferes with learning new information

Question 15

proactive interference appears to be responsible for the quick decay of

Answer 15

short term memory
cannot distinguish between the lists

Question 16

chunking

Answer 16

small units can be combines into larger meaningful units

Question 17

Ericcson

Answer 17

trained college student using chunking
initial digit 7
grew to 79

Question 18

coding

Answer 18

the way information is presented

Question 19

physiological

Answer 19

how stimulus is represented by the firing of neurons

Question 20

mental

Answer 20

how stimulus or experience is represented in the mind

Question 21

auditory coding - Conrad

Answer 21

participants saw target letters and were asked to write them down

Question 22

visual coding

Answer 22

presented visual information that is difficult to verbalize

Question 23

semantic coding

Answer 23

participants listened to three words, counted backwards for 15 seconds, and attempted to recall the three words

Question 24

working memory

Answer 24

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning

Question 25

short term memory

Answer 25

single component

Question 26

working memory

Answer 26

multiple parts

Question 27

short term memory holds information for

Answer 27

a brief period of time

Question 28

working memory is also concerned with the processing and manipulation of into that occurs during

Answer 28

complex cognition

Question 29

phonological loop is composed of two sub systems

Answer 29

phonological memory store
articulatory subvocal rehersal

Question 30

phonological memory store

Answer 30

hold traces of acoustic or speech based material which fade over time

Question 31

articulatory subvocal rehearsal

Answer 31

maintains phonological memory traces
translates visual information by subvocal meaning

Question 32

auditory input

Answer 32

sensory memory - central executive - phonological memory store
2 seconds
trace kept active using articulatory subvocal rehearsal unit
if input not refreshed it decays

Question 33

visual/visuospatial input

Answer 33

sensory memory - central executive- visuospatial sketchpad
transfer to articulatory subvocal rehearsal unit for subvocal naming or translation
transferred to phonological memory store
2 second limit

Question 34

phonological similarity effect

Answer 34

95% of errors due to auditory similarity - auditory
75% of errors due to auditory similarity - visual

Question 35

Baddeley, thomas, buchanan exp.1 word length

Answer 35

clear advantages for short term words
words appear to be coded by temporal duration and not in meaningful units

Question 36

auditory vs visual control

Answer 36

word length effect obtained in both presentation modes
support for translation from visual to phonological

Question 37

auditory control vs auditory suppression

Answer 37

suppression caused a decrement in performance
word length effect was preserved
points to rehearsal as a plausible process for maintenance and superior performance

Question 38

visual control vs visual suppression

Answer 38

suppression eliminated the word length effect
points to translation as a plausible process for maintaining visual information with a phonological aspect

Question 39

visuospatial sketch pad

Answer 39

memorize sentence and then consider each word (mentally)
phonological - yes if a noun and no if not
visuospatial - point to y if noun or n if not

visualize capital letter F starting at the bottom left corner
phonological - say yes if at exterior corner and no if at interior corner
visuospatial - point to y if exterior corner or n if interior corner

Question 40

visuospatial sketch pad results

Answer 40

pointing was easier
conducting two verbal tasks overloaded the phonological loop

speaking was easier
conducting two verbal tasks overloaded the visuospatial sketch pad

Question 41

visuospatial sketch pad conclusion

Answer 41

if the task and the response draw on the same WM component performance is worse than if the task and the response are distributed between WM components

Question 42

WM is set up to process

Answer 42

different types of information simultaneously

Question 43

WM has trouble when similar types of information are

Answer 43

presented at the same time

Question 44

the central executive

Answer 44

attention controller (focus, divide, switch attention)
controls suppression of irrelevant information

Question 45

prefrontal cortex is responsible for

Answer 45

integrating and processing incoming information visual and auditory information

Question 46

Funahashi

Answer 46

single cell recordings from monkey’s prefrontal cortex during a delay - response task

Question 47

neurons responded when stimulus was flashed

Answer 47

in a particular location and during delay

Question 48

areas involved in WM

Answer 48

frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 49

atkinson and shiffrin proposed the modal model of memory

Answer 49

sensory
short term
long term

Question 50

coding in short term memory is

Answer 50

auditory, visual, and semantic

Question 51

Baddeley proposed

Answer 51

phonological loop
visual sketchpad
executive control

Question 52

WM is used for both

Answer 52

maintaining and manipulating information