Attention

Question 1

attention

Answer 1

process of focusing on specific features of the environment or on certain thoughts or activities

Question 2

selective

Answer 2

excluding other features of the environment

Question 3

limited

Answer 3

in capacity and timing

Question 4

overt

Answer 4

willing to pay attention

Question 5

covert

Answer 5

grabs your attention without your control ex. siren

Question 6

two types of attention

Answer 6

selective
divided - multitasking

Question 7

selective attention

Answer 7

ability to focus on one message and ignore all others

Question 8

case in point

Answer 8

we do not attend to a large fraction of the information in the environment

Question 9

research on selective attention focuses on

Answer 9

filtering out some information and promoting other information for further processing

Question 10

dichotic learning

Answer 10

One message is presented the left ear and another to the right ear. Participant repeats one message

Question 11

dichotic learning results

Answer 11

Participants could not report content of unattended ear (knew there was message and speaker’s gender)
Unattended ear is being processed (noticed change in tone and gender)
Cocktail party effect - everyone is talking but you will hear if your name is mentioned

Question 12

Broadbent’s Filter Model

Answer 12

information comes in then goes to sensory memory/short term memory but with high capacity everything goes through then gets filtered. The filter will have you choose a message to focus on and only send that one through. Filter happens before establish meaning which is for the detector. Finally to memory where you remember or not

Question 13

early selection model (Broadbent)

Answer 13

filters messages before incoming information is analyzed

Question 14

sensory memory

Answer 14

hold all incoming information for a fraction of a second

Question 15

filter

Answer 15

identifies attended message based on physical characteristics, only attended messages are passed on

Question 16

detector

Answer 16

processes all information to determine higher level characteristics of the message

Question 17

short term memory

Answer 17

receives output of detector
hold information for 10-15 seconds and may transfer to long term

Question 18

broadbents model could not explain

Answer 18

cocktail affect
can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to the other
can be trained to detect unattended ear

Question 19

evidence of late selection

Answer 19

selection of stimuli for final processing may not occur after information has been analyzed for meaning

Question 20

Mckay - late selection

Answer 20

in attending ear participants heard ambiguous sentences
in unattended ear, participants heard biasing words

Question 21

attenuator (replaces filter)

Answer 21

analyzes incoming messages in term of physical characteristics, language, and meaning

Question 22

attended messages is let through the

Answer 22

attenuator at full strength

Question 23

unattended message is let through

Answer 23

attenuator at a much weaker strength than

Question 24

dictionary unit

Answer 24

contains words each of which have thresholds for being activated

Question 25

activation threshold
below threshold

Answer 25

you are aware
you are not

Question 26

common words or important, your name has

Answer 26

low threshold

Question 27

uncommon words have

Answer 27

high thresholds

Question 28

divided attention

Answer 28

practice enables people to simultaneously do two things that were difficult at first

Question 29

Schneider and Shiffrin

Answer 29

divide attention between remembering target and monitoring rapidly presented stimuli

Question 30

memory set

Answer 30

1-4 target characters

Question 31

test frames

Answer 31

could contain a target (or not) and distractors

Question 32

stimulus can be a distractor or target but

Answer 32

not both

Question 33

consistent mapping condition

Answer 33

target would be numbers, and distractors would be letters
over time participants became able to divide their attention

Question 34

automatic processing

Answer 34

occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive resources

Question 35

Stroop effect

Answer 35

name of word interferes with the ability to name the ink color
slower to answer

Question 36

varied mapping condition

Answer 36

rules changed from trial to trial
something that can be a target for one trial can be a distraction for the other or vice versa

Question 37

controlled processing

Answer 37

participants paid close attention and their search was slow and controlled

Question 38

strayer and johnston experiment 1

Answer 38

green light ignore
red light hit immediately
single - first move joystick
dual - talk on cell phone or cell phone in hand listening to radio
single- people could become tired so have to go back to make sure they can still do task

Question 39

strayer and johnston result experiment 1

Answer 39

1. miss about 3-4% of red light
2. radio does not influence red light, are not slower
3. behave the same as people doing the task three times without cell phone, slower
4. no difference

Question 40

strayer and johnston experiment 2

Answer 40

target protectory predicable or unpredictable

Question 41

strayer and johnston experiment 2 results

Answer 41

1. tracking error increases with level of difficulty
2. shadowing task does not increase tracking error
3. generation task increase tracking error
   only matters in difficult course

Question 42

strayer, drews, johnston

Answer 42

accidents only happen when lots of traffic and cellphone
brake reaction time, cell phones makes difference only in high-density traffic condition
cellphones only make you crash when in high sensitivity situations
creates traffic jams

Question 43

inattentional blindness

Answer 43

a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived even though a person might be looking directly at it

Question 44

inattentional blindness example

Answer 44

color changing card trick
didnt see the other changes of the table cloths, their shirts, and the background
paying attention to the cards and missed it

Question 45

stimulus salience

Answer 45

areas that stand out and capture attention
bottom up

Question 46

scene schema

Answer 46

knowledge about what is contained in typical stress
top down

Question 47

eye movement are determined by

Answer 47

task, can serve as a proxy

Question 48

location based

Answer 48

moving attention from one place to another

Question 49

precueing

Answer 49

directing attention without moving the eyes

Question 50

object based

Answer 50

attention being directed to one place on an object

Question 51

Egly - object based

Answer 51

participants saw two side by side rectangles followed by a target cue
fastest when target appeared where indicated
faster when the target appeared in the same rectangle

Question 52

feature integration theory

Answer 52

object
preattentive stage
focused attention stage
perception

Question 53

preattentive stage

Answer 53

automatic
unaware of process
no effort
analyze into features

Question 54

focused attention stage

Answer 54

combine features
attention plays key role in

Question 55

Treisman and Schmidt

Answer 55

participants report combination of features from different stimuli
ignore black numbers and focus on stimuli
can correctly pair shapes and colors

Question 56

Balint’s syndrome

Answer 56

inability to focus attention on individual objects

Question 57

feature integration theory

Answer 57

mostly bottom up
top down processing combines with feature analysis to help one perceive things accurately
idea of what you are looking for

Question 58

physiology of attention

Answer 58

enhances neural responding
spread out in the brain

Question 59

using fMRI to detect

Answer 59

cortical activity during a search task