Long term memory: Structure

Question 1

long term memory

Answer 1

archive of information about past events
more recent memories more detailed

Question 2

double dissociation

Answer 2

functioning STM but cannot form new LTM
People with brain damage and impairment
Impaired long term memory because of damaged hippocampus and couldnt learn new things
hippocampus was removed on both sides due to epilepsy
no longer had seizure but long term memory
short term was fine

Question 3

Clive Wearning and H.M
K.F

Answer 3

STM ok LTM impaired
STM impaired STM ok

Question 4

free recall

Answer 4

recall in whatever order you want

Question 5

primacy effect

Answer 5

remember first few words better
first words will be repeated more often

Question 6

recency effect

Answer 6

last words better
words are still in STM so didn’t have time to fade yet

Question 7

serial position curve

Answer 7

beginning shows output for LTM
Recency shows output of long term
Recency higher - last better than first

Question 8

importance of rehearsal for LTM: Rundus

Answer 8

number of rehearsals should be related with primacy effect
present words visually every five seconds
asked to say words aloud
count number of time each word repeats

Question 9

Rundus results

Answer 9

beginning there’s a good overlap probability related to repetition
second part of curve no relationship, no need to rehearse because in short term

Question 10

single dissociation

Answer 10

two psychological processes A and B may rely on separate system if it is possible to devise experiment x that will influence process A without affecting process B

Question 11

Murdock results

Answer 11

repeat more slowly have greater primacy effect
longer or shorter only changed in middle section
capacity should change due to length
neither does LT/primacy
present more slowly shape in the time
all condition have higher accuracy when slower presented
only changes primacy effect

Question 12

interpretation

Answer 12

primacy/recency effect - very robust
effect on LTM but not on STM
one relies on rehearsal

Question 13

independence of double dissociation

Answer 13

two psychological constructs A and B can be shown to be independent if it is possible to devise an experiment X that will influence construct y that will influence construct B without affecting construct A

Question 14

Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 1 delay

Answer 14

adding a delay should reduce recency effect
if you keep busy and dont ask them to recall it fades
Standard: see all words on list
Delayed: see words, see digit, count, then recall

Question 15

Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 1 delay result

Answer 15

red line - standard
recency is not great, delay prevents it
primary is fine but stay flat at end

Question 16

Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 1 delay interpretation

Answer 16

asking them to count wipes short term memory
there was an interference, so they got forgotten
first items are still reported because in long term
primacy doesnt change

Question 17

Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 2 spacing

Answer 17

manipulated presentation rate
enhance primacy while maintaining recency

Question 18

Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 2 spacing results

Answer 18

1 word/ 6 sec is always more accurate then 1 word/3 seconds
recency not affected

Question 19

Glanzer and Cunitz exp. 2 spacing interpretation

Answer 19

long term and short term are independent memory
slow - increase primacy
slow - decrease recency bias

Question 20

types of LTM

Answer 20

explicit/declarative: conscious memory
implicit/non-declarative: unconscious memory

Question 21

explicit/declarative: conscious

Answer 21

episodic
semantic

Question 22

implicit/non-declarative: unconscious memory

Answer 22

procedural
priming - without conscious awareness

Question 23

episodic

Answer 23

personal events/episodes
specific events - time
personal experience
acquired immediately

Question 24

semantic

Answer 24

fact, knowledge
general facts
not tied to experience
acquired progressively

Question 25

K.C

Answer 25

motorcycle accident
no episodic memory
cannot relive any past events
semantic intact - general info

Question 26

Italian woman

Answer 26

encephalitis damaged her left temporal lobe
impaired semantic
preserved episodic
she didnt understand how the world works but remembered her memories

Question 27

Tulving, schacer and stark

Answer 27

effects the way you process words the next time
have memories you cannot verbally recall
forgotten at same rate - explicit

Question 28

Tulving, schacer and stark test 1

Answer 28

recognition - show them words and ask
was it on the list - recognition test
words with partial letters and ask to complete = word fragment completion
repetition priming effect - constant over time
repetition priming effect does not rely on explicit memory

Question 29

implicit memory

Answer 29

expressed through performance rather than conscious recollection

Question 30

classification of memory tests

Answer 30

explicit test: we ask the subject to access memory
implicit test: we dont ask but performance changed due to prior exposure

Question 31

Jacoby and Dallas interpretation

Answer 31

strong relationship between depth and explicit memory
no relationship between depth and implicit memory
dissociation between implicit memory and explicit memory

Question 32

amnesia

Answer 32

inability to form/recall memories
retrograde: past memories
anterograde: form new memories

Question 33

Graf, squire, mandler results

Answer 33

explicit memory of amnesic patients: significantly impaired

Question 34

propaganda effect

Answer 34

more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true

Question 35

rating results

Answer 35

each line is different rating
lower rating means better

Question 36

Implicit memory, the news

Answer 36

define story then print it
if fake retract it later
buy things we dont need

Question 37

priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Answer 37

facilitates the response to another stimulus

Question 38

implicit memory preserved in

Answer 38

amnesia

Question 39

implicit memory is a

Answer 39

catch all term for memories that we are not aware of

Question 40

episodic

Answer 40

remebering