Short Answers Flashcards
What are the three neuron types? Briefly describe including where each would be found.
Sensory Neuron
- Carries impules to the CNS
- All most all unipolar
- Found in cell bodies of PNS
Motor Neuron
- Carries impulses from CNS
- Multipolar
- Found in cell bodies of ganglionic cells
Interneuron
- Lies between sensory and motor neurons
- Shuttles signals through CNS
- 99% of all body neurons
What are the major differences between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS?
Somatic
- Effector- skeletal muscle
- Pathway- cellbody are found in CNS
- Neurotransmitters- ACh, stimulatory
Autonomic
- Effector- glands, smooth, cardiac
- Pathway- preganglionic and postganglionic
- Neurotransmitter- pre releases ACh, post releases ACh and NE
Name and describe the stages of sleep.
REM- Skeletal muscles are inhibited
nREM1- relaxation, EEG show alpha waves
nREM2- arousal difficult, irregular EGG w/sleep spindles
nREM3- sleep deepens, EEG shows theta and delta waves
nREM4- sleep walking, EEG is dominated by delta waves
What are the six chemical classes of neurotransmitters? Give an example of each.
Actelycholrine (ACh)- ACh
Biogenic Amines- Indolamines
Amino Acids- Glutamates
Purines- ATP
Peptides- Substance P
Gases and Lipid- Gastransmitters, Endocannobinoids
Name the parts of the diencephalon and the brain stem. Describe the function of three.
Epithalmus
- Secretes melatoin to regulate sleep/wake cycle
Thalamus
- Sorts, edits and relays ascending input; mediates sensation and memory
Hypothalamus
- Regulates Homeostasis, controls ANS
Retina
- Recieves light from lens and relay to the brain for visual interpretation
What are the categories of nondeclarative memory? Give an example of each.
Precidural Memory- Counting or driving
Emotional Memory- Crying when something is sad
Motor Memory- Walking
What is the blood-brain barrier and what purpose does it serve?
Made of high-density cells restrict passage of substances from the bloodstream, protects the brain.
Name four cranial nerves and their function.
- Olfactory- smell
- Optic- Sight
- Facial- facial expressions
- Trochlear- eye movement
Follow the pathway of sound as it travels through the ear.
Outer ear to the eardrum (tympanic membrane) causing it to vibrate, it then moves the ossicle (M.I.S.) in the middle ear where the vibrations then are pass through the oval window to fluid of the cochlea in the inner ear to stimulate tiny hair cells that transform the vibrations into electrical impulses that are precieved as sound.
What are the five basic taste sensations?
Sweet- energy rich nutrients
Sour- typically tastes like acid
Salty- tastes of iron/ electrolyte regulate by modulating diet
Bitter- allows sensing diverse/ taste of alcholines
Umami- taste of amino acids
Why does someone that drinks several alcoholic beverages need to urinate frequently?
Alcoholic is a diuretic so it acts on the kidney to make you pee much more than you took in, for every 1g of alcohol consumed urine excertion increases by 10mL.
What happens in hyperinsulinism and how is it treated?
It is where the blood has an abnormal level of insulin, can cause a comatose state treated by IV of glucose, medication, or ingestion of glucose.
What conditions result from hyposecretion and hypersecretion of growth hormones?
Hyposecretion- pituitary dwarfism and can cause a reduced sense of well being, increased fat, increased risk of heart disease and weak heart, muscles and bones
Hypersecretion- children (gigantism), adult (acrometaly)
Describe what happens to someone with diabetes mellitus.
Their body attacks their pancreas damaging it to where it can’t produce insulin. They can become hungry, fatique, thirsty, frequently urine, blurry vision so they must take insulin injections.
Why do red blood cells ony last around 120 days?
Lack a nucleus and are incapable of protein synthesis and growth and developement
