Short Answers Flashcards
Describe the behavioral profile of popular children
- Positive and have a happy disposition (everyone likes being around positive and happy people
- Physically attractive (those who are more physically attractive are usually more popular in childhood popularity contests)
- Lots of dyadic interaction as popular children know how to get the conversation going between two people
- High levels of cooperative play whether its dyadic or group play
- Willing to share which makes them more liked
- Seen as good leaders (very good social skills, able to adjust and adapt themselves to the person they are interacting with)
Describe the behavioral profile of rejected children
- Much disruptive behavior (teacher spends more time disciplining them
- Argumentative and antisocial
- Extremely talkative and active (usually raised in an environment with constant demands of compliance to them which they cannot live to, no friends and rejection results from this
- Frequent attempts of social approaches (do not understand implicit rules of social interaction ex. not knowing the importance of gradually fitting in and are direct instead)
- Little cooperative play, unwilling to share
- Inappropriate behaviour
Describe behavioural profile of neglected children
- Shy (shy/introvert and neglected children are usually forgotten and not thought of)
- Lack of trust in other kids due to insecure attachment
- More likely to be the victims of bullying and more likely to be the bullies
4.
Describe developmental trends between preschoolers ages 3-5
- Symbolic play and development of verbal skills (they learn there is no difference between pretend play and reality)
- Symbolic play entails pretend play
- There is a negotiation of rules (ex. near age 5 children will negotiate things such as “first we play then we eat’
- Easier to be in a group, there is the development of more group play and less dyadic interaction since that requires more pressure for both children to be involved vs group play where one can remain quiet if they want
Comment on the long-term implications of sociometric status to future social problems. Base your answer on research Kupersmith and Coie, 1990
- Studied how earlier sociometric status is predictive of later consequences reaching adulthood
- Longitudinal study on 11-18-year-olds
- The main finding was that out of popular, average, neglected, and rejected, rejected children were at more risk for negative events ex. being involved with police, dropout, suspensions
- Popular and neglected children had similar long-term implications when looking at negative events
- Neglected kids never dropped out of school and other negative events such as trouble with the police was never below 10% just as popular kids who never got suspended or in trouble with the police
What are “neuroses” and how do they develop according to Freud? How are they related to Freud’s statement that child is “psychologically father to the mean? To what extent does early development affect outcomes in maturity according to Freud?
- Neuroses refers to psychological difficulty and difficulties and are only acquired during early childhood even though symptoms may not appear until much later
- Relates to mental disturbances worry
- According to Freud, an experience that can lead to neuroses involves children not being picked up as babies (6months), which leads them to develop trust issues which can result in them also not trusting their spouse and wanting them close
- The statement Freud makes relates to the continuity between childhood and adulthood where events that happen as the child becomes an adult
- EX. if psychological difficulty takes place during oral development, the child will fixate in that stage, this affects the mouth, therefore would involve behaviors like smoking, sucking one’s thumb
What determines if a child will be resilient or vulnerable to stress? Explain.
Risk Factors (if a child has a lot of risk factors then there is an increased exposure to stress that can lead to undesirable consequences > risk factors refer to the increased probability of undesirable outcomes as a result of exposure to stress
EX. family harmony, close attachments, parental caregiving styles, availability of substitute caregivers, separation, poverty, seperation
2. Protective factors (have the opposite effect by protecting children against undesirable outcomes > reduces the likelihood of undesirable outcomes
3. The combination of these factors will determine where on a continuum ranging from resilient to vulnerable (if they have lots of risks factors and less protection factors = vulnerable) > if they have lots of protective factors and less risk factors = resilient
Present 3 example for factors that reside within a child and 3 factors
Internal factors
- physically attractive (protective factor) = more popular and liked by peers, well adjusted
- intelligence (protective factor) high intelligence = better performance in school
- difficult temperament (risk factor) = anti-social, depressed and less adjusted
External factors
- poverty (risk factor) = increased gang activity, antisocial behaviour, substance use
authoritative parenting (protective factor) = secure attachment, better social and emotional adjustment, better self-esteem
- physical abuse (risk factor) more aggressive towards peers at school, leads to anti social behaviour, rejectionn
What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods of development? are these sensitive/critical periods of development of attachment? Base your answer on Bowlby empirical work
- Critical periods represent developmental phases of maximum susceptibility to certain kinds of influence
- Sensitive periods are concerned with probabilities of certain forms of learning being higher with certain age ranges
- Bowlby attachment must take place during a critical period or otherwise there will be irreversible effects on subsequent relationships > said that attachment has to take place before 2 1/2 years of age , if not, secure attachment wont develop
Describe 4 parenting styles according to Baumrid. What types of children are produced in each case
- Authoritarian (high expectations, low support) > children may become rebellious ex. involved in criminal activity or children may become very anxious by constantly thinking they arent good enough and have low self esteem
- Permissive (low expectations, high support) > children do not become high achievers but strive to just meet the bar and children have low self-assertiveness
- Authoritative (high expectations, high support) > children have the highest likelihood tp become successful and children have high self-esteem
- Rejecting/Neglecting (low expectations, low support) > children are immature in both social and cognitive skills
A compliant child is a “good” child. Right or Wrong. Explain
This notion is incorrect.
As the child grows, the parent should gradually allow the child to have an opinion which will lead to higher compliance and the parent should use child interest and ongoing actions as a guide to their requests and directives
- more coercive techniques = less compliance
- more high power techniques = less compliance
- positive techniques = better than negative techniques
- compliance is higher when children understand the reason for the expectation
4 Traditional theoretical/philosophical approaches as to why and how socialization takes place
- The child is born and needs to be left to develop (the child is active and is birn with what they need and should be left for natural course of development to take place)
- The child is born a blank slate and everything needs to be taught (the child is passive and everything needs to be taught through school and parenting)
- The child is born bad and needs to be corrected which results in constant conflict (discipline is needed as children are born with animalistic desire that cannot be controlled)
- Mutual adaptation between parent and child where both play an active role
What are parental legal duties
- Schooling
- an opportunity for the child to learn social rules and values
- homeschooling for parents who don’t believe in public schools but legally have their child to school - Discipline (legal authorities can get involved if)
- parents cannot control their child in public ex. child steals parents needs to pay
- if parents cannot control their own behaviour while disciplining in public ex. using too much force
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What conditions are associated with friendlessness
- To have emotional problems
- To be less altruistic
- To lag behind other children in perspective taking
- To show poorer school adjustment
- To make fewer educational gains
- To have deficiencies in social skills as group entry, cooperative play and conflict management
Paul is 6, James is 10. What kind of peer relationship is this. In what ways is it similar and different from same-age peer relationships and adult child relationships.
- It is a vertical relationship, not same age but they are within the same age cohort and there is not a great difference in age.
- They are similar in same age peer relationship because they have more common interests ex. video games and music, same generation with similar trends
- They are different than same age peer relationships given older kids have already gone through certain challenges and thus are more mature and have better understanding of perspective taking
- They are similar to adult-child relationship because James can act as an authoritative figure to Paul by teaching him rules and norm
- They are different adult-child relationships because they are not the same age
