9

Question 1

Which of the following is part of the informal agenda of schools? (a) helping children become more popular (b) helping children develop global self-esteem (c) helping children learn about social expectations (d) improving family relationships

Answer 1

(c) *helping children learn about social expectations

Question 2

Which of the following helps increase a child’s sense of community with their school? (a) when students, teachers, and staff each bring unique goals and values to the situation (b) when students, teachers, and staff support each others’ efforts (c) when the school emphasizes the importance of diversity and tolerance (d) when parents and teachers communicate regularly

Answer 2

(b) *when students, teachers, and staff support each others’ efforts

Question 3

Comparisons of large and small schools show that: (a) large and small schools are dramatically different in the number and types of extracurricular activities available (b) students in larger schools have more opportunities to join teams and clubs (c) students in small schools feel a greater obligation to play an active role in the school (d) students drop out at the same rate in large and small schools

Answer 3

(c) *students in small schools feel a greater obligation to play an active role in the school

Question 4

Larger school size is associated with: (a) more extracurricular participation (b) lower dropout
rates (c) less extracurricular participation (d) a greater sense of belonging to the school
community

Answer 4

(c) *less extracurricular participation

Question 5

The degree to which the environment supports a child’s developmental needs is called: (a)
developmental soundness (b) age-appropriateness (c) temporal-need concordance (d) stage-
environment fit

Answer 5

(d) *stage-
environment fit

Question 6

The transition from elementary school to middle school is difficult for many children because: (a) the coursework is harder (b) the school is further from their home (c) friendship networks and relationships with teachers are disrupted (d) there are fewer opportunities for sports participation

Answer 6

(c) *friendship networks and relationships with teachers are disrupted

Question 7

The degree to which a transition to a new school affects children’s’ adjustment depends on: (a) the degree to which children perceive themselves as important (b) the degree to which children perceive themselves as discriminated against (c) the degree to which schools receive sufficient funding (d) the size and gender composition of the classes

Answer 7

(a) *the degree to which children perceive themselves as important

Question 8

Which of the following is accurate regarding single-gender schools: (a) single-gender schools
are not currently legal (b) single-gender schools appear to increase gender-typed behaviors and
interests (c) enrollment in single gender schools appears to reduce self-confidence and self-
esteem (d) none of the above

Answer 8

(d) *none of the above

Question 9

A relatively unstructured organization in which different areas of the classroom are devoted to particular activities and children work either alone or in small groups under the teacher’s supervision is termed: (a) unstructured pedagogy (b) open classroom (c) inclusive learning (d) collaborative facilitation

Answer 9

(b) *open classroom

Question 10

A teaching technique in which small groups of students work together is: (a) unstructured pedagogy (b) open classroom (c) cooperative learning (d) collaborative facilitation

Answer 10

(c) *cooperative learning

Question 11

A method of instruction in which an older, more experienced student tutors a younger, less experienced child is labeled: (a) peer tutoring (b) cross grade teaching (c) cooperative learning (d) collaborative facilitation

Answer 11

(a) *peer tutoring

Question 12

When compared with children receiving formal schooling, children who are homeschooled: (a) have higher levels of academic success (b) are better adjusted socially (c) show better long- term social outcomes (d) all of the above

Answer 12

(d) *all of the above

Question 13

The positive association between teacher-student relationship quality and children’s academic success: (a) is present only for younger students (b) is present only for older students (c) is present only in Western cultures (d) none of the above

Answer 13

(d) *none of the above

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the use of tokens as an operant-reinforcement-based classroom management strategy? (a) children may lose interest in activities they originally found interesting if they are rewarded for participating (b) such operant reinforcement is very effective at controlling children’s behavior (c) both a and b (d) neither a nor b

Answer 14

(c) *both a and b

Question 15

A phenomenon in which teachers’ expectations that students will do well are realized has been labeled: (a) attribution fulfillment (b) stereotype confirmation (c) social molding (d) Pygmalion effect

Answer 15

(d) *Pygmalion effect

Question 16

Positive or negative expectations that affect a person’s behavior so that he or she unknowingly creates situations in which those expectations are fulfilled is best described as: (a) Pygmalion effect (b) stereotype confirmation (c) social molding (d) self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 16

(d) *self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 17

Arrange the following groups from the most invested in their children’s educational success to the least invested: (a) Latino, African American, European American (b) African American, European American, Latino (c) European American, Latino, African American (d) none of the above

Answer 17

(d) *none of the above

Question 18

Children from lower socioeconomic levels and minority ethnic groups generally have a more difficult time in school in part because: (a) school itself is a middle-class institution (b) schoolsare based on middle-class values (c) schools are staffed by middle-class teachers (d) all of the above

Answer 18

(d) all of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is accurate regarding the interaction between cultural background and Latino parents’ approach to education: (a) immigrant Latino parents are more likely to endorse collectivist classroom strategies and behaviors, as opposed to the individualistic behaviors endorsed by the teachers (b) Latino parents feel uncomfortable when a child’s individual achievement is praised during parent-teacher conferences because of the accompanying focus on the individual instead of the group (c) Latino parents (especially immigrants) are less directly involved in their children’s education than European American parents (d) all of the above

Answer 19

(d) *all of the above

Question 20

Explanatory mechanisms for the Pygmalion effect include: (a) teachers gave students they expected to succeed fewer chances to participate in class (b) teachers gave students they expected to succeed less time to answer questions (c) children who were expected to succeed adopted a similar set of expectations about themselves (d) children who were expected to succeed had warmer and more nurturant parents

Answer 20

(c) *children who were expected to succeed adopted a similar set of expectations about themselves

Question 21

Children who have an overly dependent relationship with the teacher express: (a) more aggression (b) less cooperation (c) more dislike of school (d) more interest in extracurricular activities

Answer 21

(a) *more aggression

Question 22

Possible reasons for the social success of homeschooled children include: (a) homeschooled children are likely to have siblings (b) homeschooled children are often involved in other social groups (c) parents of homeschooled children tend to be more motivated to promote their children’s social success (d) all of the above

Answer 22

(d) *all of the above

Question 23

Benefits of open classroom learning environments include: (a) increased academic success (b) increased social benefits (c) increased long-term academic and occupational success (d) fewer conflicts with classmates

Answer 23

b) *increased social benefits

Question 24

Proposed reforms to secondary schools intended to ease the transition from elementary school include: (a) combining smaller schools into larger learning communities (b) providing advising and counseling for at-risk students (c) increasing teacher awareness of the special needs of young adolescents (d) making teachers more aware of cultural diversity among students

Answer 24

(c) *increasing teacher awareness of the special needs of young adolescents

Question 25

The transition to high school is a challenge for students in part because of exposure to: (a) a less compartmentalized curriculum (b) a more impersonal social climate (c) less academic tracking (d) less freedom to select academic subjects

Answer 25

(b) *a more impersonal social climate (c) less academic tracking

Question 26

Participation in extracurricular activities is related to: (a) lower achievement motivation (b) higher likelihood of drinking (c) *higher self-esteem (d) higher rates of dropping out of school

Answer 26

(c) *higher self-esteem

Question 27

An intervention to reduce the mismatch between home culture and school expectations in a Hawaiian sample—the Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP)—focused on: (a) practicing teacher-oriented behaviors instead of peer-oriented behaviors (b) small-group classroom organization (c) encouragement of children’s individual responses instead of cooperative responses (d) encouraging teachers to discuss their own ethnic heritage more regularly

Answer 27

(b) *small-group classroom organization

Question 28

An intervention to reduce the mismatch between home culture and school expectations in a Hawaiian sample—the Kamehameha Early Education Program (KEEP)—resulted in: (a) higher academic scores (b) no change in social behaviors (c) higher parental participation in after school activities (d) increases in teacher satisfaction with their role

Answer 28

(a) *higher academic scores (b) no change in social behaviors

Question 29

Which of the following are accurate regarding parents’ involvement in their child’s
education: (a) about 50 percent of U.S. school children have parents who attend at least one
school or class event during the school year (b) parents are equally likely to participate in school
activities regardless of the child’s age (c) when parents attend parent-teacher conferences or
join the PTA, the children tend to do better academically and socially (d) SES and family
structure do not affect parental involvement in their child’s education

Answer 29

(c) *when parents attend parent-teacher conferences or
join the PTA, the children tend to do better academically and socially

Question 30

Parents’ involvement in their child’s education is more effective when: (a) their involvement includes participation in decision-making (b) their involvement allows parents to communicate their expectations to teachers (c) their involvement allows parents to show their children that they value education (d) all of the above

Answer 30

d) *all of the above

Question 31

Kindergarten children whose parents are involved in their child’s education show: (a) greater social dominance (b) higher academic competence (c) more self-control (d) higher self-esteem

Answer 31

(c) *more self-control

Question 32

Parents are usually less involved in their children’s education when: (a) they are stressed or busy (b) they are single (c) they are from a minority group (d) all of the above

Answer 32

(d) *all of the above

Question 33

Parents who are members of ethnic minority groups are less involved in their children’s education when: (a) schools provide extra information about how parents can be involved (b) parents perceive language barriers or cultural differences (c) parents have more knowledge about schools and how they work (d) parents are invited to parent–teacher conferences in small groups

Answer 33

(b) *parents perceive language barriers or cultural differences

Question 34

Minority parents increase their involvement in children’s school education when: (a) teachers provide parents with a better appreciation of school goals and values (b) teachers decrease the number of parent volunteers in the classroom (c) teachers persuade parents to change their work schedules to attend parent-teacher conferences (d) teachers send regular email reports to the parents

Answer 34

(a) *teachers provide parents with a better appreciation of school goals and values

Question 35

Children whose mothers are not involved in their activities and provide minimal monitoring do better if: (a) teachers provide clear rules (b) their school class has a smaller number of students (c) they attend a school with a highly diverse student body (d) teachers run an open classroom

Answer 35

(a) *teachers provide clear rules

Question 36

Youngsters who must let themselves into their homes after school because their parents are working outside the home are called: (a) autonomous caretakers (b) self-sufficient children (c) self-monitors (d) latchkey children

Answer 36

(d) *latchkey children

Question 37

Self-care after school places demands on children that can result in: (a) increased responsibility and maturity (b) increased antisocial behavior and stress (c) both a and b (d) neither a nor b

Answer 37

(c) *both a and b

Question 38

Working parents who cannot be with their children in the hours after school: (a) are generally
unaware of the risks (b) have no way to monitor their children’s activities (c) often use after
school programs as an alternative to self-care (d) all of the above

Answer 38

(c) *often use after
school programs as an alternative to self-care

Question 39

After-school programs can be detrimental to children’s development when: (a) they are poorly supervised (b) they do not enforce positive social norms (c) they are disorganized (d) all of the above

Answer 39

(d) *all of the above

Question 40

Desegregation resulting from the court case Brown v. Board of Education: (a) resulted in consistent improvements in self-esteem among African American students (b) resulted in consistent improvements in academic achievement among African American students (c) resulted in consistent improvements in interracial attitudes (d) produced little impact on social, attitudinal or academic outcomes

Answer 40

(c) *resulted in consistent improvements in interracial attitudes

Question 41

African American students from integrated (as opposed to segregated) schools are: (a) more likely to attend and graduate from college (b) more likely to be employed (c) more likely to have European American friends (d) more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

Answer 41

(c) *more likely to have European American friends

Question 42

Regardless of their ethnicity, students in racially diverse classes (as opposed to classrooms with a single ethnic group) are: (a) safer (b) less lonely (c) higher in self-worth (d) none of the above

Answer 42

(d) *none of the above

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding racial integration in schools: (a) school segregation has decreased in the U.S. over the past few decades (b) courts continue to mandate desegregation (c) in many cities there are not enough European American children to integrate the schools (d) most states have abandoned integration policies

Answer 43

(c) *in many cities there are not enough European American children to integrate the schools

Question 44

Which of the following is true? (a) by the time they are 16, most U.S. children have spend more time watching TV than attending school or sleeping (b) 50 percent of children are connected to the Internet (c) 65 percent of children have a mobile phone (d) all of the above

Answer 44

(d) *all of the above

Question 45

Among children in the U.S., TV viewing peaks during: (a) childhood (ages 2-9) (b) preadolescence (ages 10-13) (c) adolescence (ages 13-17) (d) both b and c

Answer 45

(b) *preadolescence (ages 10-13)

Question 46

Among children in the U.S., video game playing peaks during: (a) early childhood (ages 2-7) (b) middle childhood (ages 8-10) (c) early adolescence (ages 11-12) (d) adolescence (ages 13- 17)

Answer 46

(b) *middle childhood (ages 8-10)

Question 47

Among children in the U.S., increased age is associated with: (a) increases in TV watching (b) increases in video game playing (c) increases in computer use (d) increases in reading novels

Answer 47

(c) *increases in computer use

Question 48

Children watch more TV if their family is: (a) single parent (b) affluent (c) EuropeanAmerican (d) Asian American

Answer 48

(a) *single parent

Question 49

Children watch less TV if: (a) their parents watch less (b) if there are fewer TV sets in the house (c) if there is no TV set in their bedroom (d) all of the above

Answer 49

(d) *all of the above

Question 50

Which of the following is true regarding use of video games among children: (a) video game playing is positively related to family income (b) boys play video games only slightly more than girls (c) children who have video game consoles in their bedrooms spend more time playing than those without (d) all of the above

Answer 50

(c) *children who have video game consoles in their bedrooms spend more time playing than those without

Question 51

The tendency of very young children to believe that television images are as real as real-life people and objects: (a) preoperational thinking (b) magic window thinking (c) fantasy generalization (d) reality-challenged thought processes

Answer 51

(b) *magic window thinking

Question 52

Of all the media to which children are regularly exposed, over 85 percent of _______ contained violence: (a) Saturday morning cartoons (b) PG-13 films (c) video games (d) all of the above

Answer 52

(d) *all of the above

Question 53

Which of the following is not true regarding sexual media content to which children are exposed: (a) between the hours of 7 p.m. and 11 p.m. 66 percent of TV programs contain sexual references at a rate of 4 per hour (b) young people see nearly 14,000 sexual images or messages on TV in a year (c) most of these sexual depictions in TV programs, games, and music videos are devoid of any indication of the responsibilities and risks of sexual intimacy (d) none of the above

Answer 53

(d) *none of the above

Question 54

Which of the following is true regarding actions and consequences seen on TV: (a) cause and effect relations in TV shows can be understood by very young children (b) the ability to connect an action with its consequence may protect children from some of the negative effects of viewing TV violence (c) most violent acts on TV shows are either punished or criticized (d) a and c

Answer 54

(b) *the ability to connect an action with its consequence may protect children from some of the negative effects of viewing TV violence

Question 55

Which of the following is true regarding television’s effects? (a) children learn specific prosocial content from the programs they watch (b) children are unable to generalize what they
learn to their own interactions with peers (c) children do not derive additional benefit from
having their parents watch the programs with them (d) children have difficulty learning prosocial
lessons from TV

Answer 55

(a) *children learn specific
prosocial content from the programs they watch

Question 56

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television biases perceptions: (a) people who view TV extensively tend to underestimate the amount of danger and crime in the world (b) people who view TV extensively tend to underestimate the trustworthiness and helpfulness of other people (c) the more time children spend watching television, the more biased they are (d) some of the above but not all of the above

Answer 56

(d) *some of the above but not all of the above

Question 57

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television displaces other activities: (a) when TV is playing both the frequency and quality of parent-child social exchanges decline (b) if TV is only playing in the background, it is not a disruptive influence (c) TV viewing does not consistently reduce time spent in sports and community activities (d) TV viewing has little impact on the amount of time that families do activities together

Answer 57

(a) *when TV is playing both the frequency and quality of parent-child social exchanges decline

Question 58

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television stereotypes minority groups: (a) children of all ethnicities associate European American characters on TV with being rich, intelligent, and well-educated (b) children of all ethnicities associate ethnic minority characters on TV with breaking the law, being economically stressed, and acting lazy or goofy (c) studies suggest that these TV characterizations do not produce bigotry, but they do reinforce existing bigotry (d) all of the above

Answer 58

(d) *all of the above

Question 59

The process by which people show diminished emotional reaction to a repeated stimulus or event: (a) habituation (b) acclimation (c) desensitization (d) accommodation

Answer 59

(c) *desensitization

Question 60

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television portrays sex: (a) TV
programming emphasizes a recreational orientation to sex (b) TV programming does not make
people more likely to view women as sex objects (c) TV programming does not make people
more likely to endorse sex-stereotyped attitudes (d) TV programming does not make people
more likely to engage in sexual behavior

Answer 60

(a) *TV
programming emphasizes a recreational orientation to sex

Question 61

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television advertising influences children: (a) children’s attention does not diminish when programming goes to commercial breaks (b) children are more likely to attend to commercials as they age (c) most kindergarteners understand that the role of commercials is to “try to make you buy things” (d) none of the above

Answer 61

(d) *none of the above

Question 62

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television advertising influences
children: (a) advertising has not been related to children’s level of materialism (b) advertising has
not been related to older children’s requests for toys, CDs, clothes, and computer games (c)
children who watch more TV ask Santa for more toys, especially toys they saw advertised on
TV (d) only adolescents who have their own financial resources are affected by TV ads

Answer 62

(c)*children who watch more TV ask Santa for more toys, especially toys they saw advertised on
TV

Question 63

Which of the following is true regarding the degree to which television advertising influences children: (a) children who see just one sweet snack commercial are more likely to chose sweet snacks over healthy alternatives like fruit or juice (b) children do not seem to prefer the specific brand of food they see advertised on television (c) children who watch more TV have more positive attitudes toward junk food but do not actually consume more junk food (d) children are likely to be influenced by ads only if they see them regularly

Answer 63

(a) *children who see just one sweet snack commercial are more likely to chose sweet snacks over healthy alternatives like fruit or juice

Question 64

Which of the following is not true regarding the degree to which television advertising influences families: (a) children’s requests and pleadings for advertised products increase parent- child conflicts (b) children’s requests and pleadings for advertised products increase their disappointment when parents say no (c) children’s requests and pleadings for advertised products decrease their life satisfaction when parents say no (d) none of the above

Answer 64

(d) *none of the above

Question 65

Which of the following is true regarding the ways in which parents can effectively reduce the undesired effects of television advertising: (a) parents can explain to children that advertisers seek to sell products and do not always tell the truth (b) parents can restrict children’s exposure to commercial content (c) parents can ignore their children’s requests for products seen on TV (d) parents can punish their children for asking for TV related products

Answer 65

a) *parents can explain to children that advertisers seek to sell products and do not always tell the truth

Question 66

Which of the following is true? (a) more than half of parents co-view TV programming with their children (b) co-viewing is less helpful for general audience programming (c) co-viewing with older siblings reduces children’s fears (d) co-viewing leads to parent–child conflicts

Answer 66

(c) *co-viewing with older siblings reduces children’s fears

Question 67

Which of the following is true? (a) children whose parents explain events and clarify information while they are watching TV together tend to be less imaginative (b) when adults help children connect actions with consequences, younger children’s understanding of TV plots is just as good as older children’s (c) co-viewing with parents is useful only for children under 3 years old (d) when children hear adults make disapproving remarks about violence on TV they are more likely to behave aggressively

Answer 67

(b) *when adults help children connect actions with consequences, younger children’s understanding of TV plots is just as good as older children’s

Question 68

Which of the following is not a strategy to diminish the negative impact of TV: (a) encouraging children to emphasize with victims and to take their perspective (b) escalating discipline to counteract negative behaviors adopted by children (c) restricting children’s TV exposure and video game choices (d) expressing disapproval of what children watch on TV

Answer 68

(b) *escalating discipline to counteract negative behaviors adopted by children

Question 69

Which of the following is accurate regarding efforts to restrict exposure to objectionable TV content: (a) parents who have access to a V-chip use it, but too few televisions have the V-chip (b) ratings for TV violence are usually accurate (c) ratings for TV sexual content are usually accurate (d) none of the above

Answer 69

(d) *none of the above

Question 70

Compared with adolescent video game players, adult game players: (a) play more often (b) are more likely to be male (c) are more likely to sacrifice social time with friends or family (d) are generally unemployed

Answer 70

(c) *are more likely to sacrifice social time with friends or family

Question 71

Which of the following are not legitimate concerns about children and the Internet: (a) invasions of privacy (b) explicit pornography (c) online harassment (d) all of the above are legitimate concerns

Answer 71

(d) *all of the above are legitimate concerns

Question 72

Which of the following is an established gender difference in Internet use? (a) boys are
more likely to be consumers of sexually explicit images than girls (b) boys are more likely to
download illegal content than girls (c) boys and girls are equally likely to be heavy gamers (d)
boys use text messaging more than girls

Answer 72

(a) *boys are
more likely to be consumers of sexually explicit images than girls

Question 73

Internet use generally predicts better outcomes for: (a) introverted children (b) *children with more social support (c) rejected children (d) temperamentally difficult children

Answer 73

(b) *children with more social support

Question 74

Which of the following is accurate regarding friendships initiated over the Internet: (a) most people say the Internet helps them make new friends (b) most adolescents who form online relationships eventually meet those friends in person (c) online relationships tend to be less intensive and less supportive than face-to-face relationships (d) Internet friendships are as long lasting and meaningful as real-life friendships

Answer 74

(c) *online relationships tend to be less intensive and less supportive than face-to-face relationships

Question 75

Experimental work on friendship formation over the Internet shows that: (a) the relative
anonymity of the Internet reduces the risks inherent in self-disclosure (b) with online friends,
adolescents find it harder to express their true selves (c) adolescents report liking new
acquaintances less if they meet over the Internet than if they meet in person (d) none of the above

Answer 75

(a) *the relative
anonymity of the Internet reduces the risks inherent in self-disclosure

Question 76

In the U.S., adolescent girls use IM as a form of communication to: (a) demonstrate their popularity (b) include and exclude others from social interactions (c) negotiate social interactions (d) all of the above

Answer 76

(d) *all of the above

Question 77

Research on online conversations in chatrooms finds that adolescents are not exposed to: (a) harassment and bullying (b) obscenities (c) unwanted sexual solicitation (d) many prosocial and moral lessons

Answer 77

(d) *many prosocial and moral lessons

Question 78

Which of the following are true regarding the Internet and sexual risks: (a) 25 percent of adolescents unintentionally encounter pornography (b) pornography often makes adolescents upset or embarrassed (c) like anything habit-forming, even accidental exposure to pornography can create addiction (d) all of the above

Answer 78

(d) *all of the above

Question 79

Which of the following is true regarding Internet harassment: (a) the anonymity of the Internet disinhibits people so they express behavior they would not express in face-to-face interactions (b) 50 percent of U.S. youth have been harassed in the past year (c) harassment usually comes from someone the youth met offline (d) Internet harassment is less damaging than off line harassment

Answer 79

(a) *the anonymity of the Internet disinhibits people so they express behavior they would not express in face-to-face interactions

Question 80

Which of the following is accurate regarding the documented effects of Internet harassment: (a) 90 percent of youth report feeling extremely upset (b) 95 percent of youth feel stressed following the incident (c) boys who are harassed are more than three times as likely to report a major depression as boys who are not harassed (d) girls are less likely to be harassed than boys

Answer 80

(c) *boys who are harassed are more than three times as likely to report a major depression as boys who are not harassed

Question 81

Research on the effects of message boards devoted to self-injury shows that online interactions: (a) provide little social support for adolescents struggling with self-injurious behavior (b) normalize and encourage self-injurious behavior (c) provide self-injurers with new potentially lethal self-injurious behaviors (d) some of the above but not all of the above

Answer 81

(d) *some of the above but not all of the above

Question 82

Which of the following is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics? (a)
children under the age of 2 should not be allowed to watch TV (b) older children should be
permitted televisions in their bedrooms (c) all parents should buy and use a V-chip (d) children
should only watch TV when with their parents

Answer 82

(a)
*children under the age of 2 should not be allowed to watch TV

Question 83

The effectiveness of natural mentors depends on: (a) frequency of contact (b) the age of the mentor (c) the number of children that mentor has (d) the wealth of the mentor

Answer 83

(a) *frequency of contact