12

Question 1

Proactive aggression is best described as: (a) motivated by a goal to hurt another child (b) motivated to achieve an instrumental goal such as gaining access to a toy (c) motivated to make another child feel bad (d) motivated to exclude another child from an activity

Answer 1

(b) *motivated to achieve an instrumental goal such as gaining access to a toy

Question 2

Gossiping about another child is a form of ______aggression: (a) reactive (b) proactive (c) relational (d) social

Answer 2

(c) *relational

Question 3

Eye rolls and other hurtful gestures are examples of ______aggression: (a) physical (b) reactive (c) relational (d) social

Answer 3

(d) *social

Question 4

Reactive aggression is best described as: (a) impulsive (b) a response to an insult or frustration (c) motivated by anger and hostility (d) all of the above

Answer 4

(d) *all of the above

Question 5

An example of direct aggression is: (a) insulting someone (b) spreading rumors about someone (c) poking someone (d) some of the above but not all of the above

Answer 5

(d) *some of the above but not all of the above

Question 6

According to the _____theory of aggression, aggressive behavior can be adaptive: (a) psychoanalytic (b) social information processing (c) evolutionary (d) frustration-aggression

Answer 6

(c) *evolutionary

Question 7

Aggression in infancy is best described as: (a) an exchange of insults (b) physical and direct (c) verbal and indirect (d) reactive

Answer 7

(b) *physical and direct

Question 8

During the preschool period aggression is: (a) largely reactive (b) primarily proactive (c)
increasingly physical (d) none of the above

Answer 8

(b) *primarily proactive

Question 9

During the elementary school years aggression patterns become: (a) increasingly proactive (b) increasingly reactive (c) increasingly direct (d) increasingly physical

Answer 9

(b) *increasingly reactive

Question 10

During adolescence aggression: (a) becomes increasingly physical (b) becomes decreasingly physical for most (c) relies more on exclusion and other forms of relational aggression (d) *some of the above

Answer 10

(d) some of the above

Question 11

Rates of arrest for violent actions during the teen years are: (a) similar across racial groups (b) higher for African Americans than Caucasian adolescents (c) lower for immigrant youth (d) higher for Latino and African American youth than Caucasian teens but not disproportionate to their percentage of the US population

Answer 11

(b) *higher for African Americans than Caucasian adolescents

Question 12

In regard to gender differences in aggression: (a) there are marked differences in levels of aggression between boys and girls in infancy (b) boys and girls show few differences in physical aggression in elementary school (c) boys and girls are similar in cheating and lying (d) girls disapprove of aggression more than boys

Answer 12

(d) *girls disapprove of aggression more than boys

Question 13

Early conflicts among 2-year-olds over toys: (a) occur rarely (b) are more often resolved by negotiation and sharing than through shows of force (c) are almost certain to end in a battle (d) occur more frequently than squabbles over toys among 1-year-olds

Answer 13

(d) *occur more frequently than squabbles over toys among 1-year-olds

Question 14

The catharsis hypothesis specifies that: (a) finding socially acceptable outlets for hostile impulses will reduce interpersonal aggression (b) children learn aggression from TV violence (c) reinforcement of nonaggressive behaviors will reduce interpersonal aggression (d) parents should never scold children for acting on their natural aggressive impulses

Answer 14

(a) *finding socially acceptable outlets for hostile impulses will reduce interpersonal aggression

Question 15

According to Gerald Patterson, the most effective interventions for moderating the hostile behavior of highly aggressive children are those that: (a) focus directly on the aggressive child (b) concentrate on parents as the primary architects of a child’s aggressive behavior (c) recognize that sibling rivalries contribute most heavily to a child’s aggressive inclinations (d) treat the family as a social system

Answer 15

(d) *treat the family as a social system

Question 16

Children who are most at risk of becoming violent and displaying high levels of antisocial
conduct later in life are those who have displayed a/an _________trajectory for aggression: (a) early onset (b) late onset (c) moderate level (d) none of the above

Answer 16

(a)*early onset

Question 17

Jennifer wishes to get back at Pam, who has flirted shamelessly with Jennifer’s boyfriend. Jennifer spreads the rumor that Pam associates with undesirable elements and then blackball’s Pam’s candidacy to join her sorority. Jennifer’s actions are best described as: (a) hostile aggression (b) relational aggression (c) instrumental aggression (d) reactive aggression

Answer 17

(b) *relational aggression

Question 18

Which of the following conclusions does cross-cultural research on aggression support? The level of aggression: (a) varies considerably from culture to culture (b) is quite similar from culture to culture (c) is much higher in nonindustrialized societies (d) is a product of the industrialization of societies

Answer 18

a) *varies considerably from culture to culture

Question 19

Social learning theorists (for example, Bandura) believe that heavy exposure to media violence should enhance children’s aggressive antisocial inclinations because: (a) actors portraying violence are serving as aggressive models and will reduce children’s inhibitions about aggression if their violence is condoned on TV (b) children’s exposure to televised violence drains away their aggressive impulses (c) children easily distinguish fantasy aggression from reality (d) violence is quite uncommon in the programming children watch

Answer 19

(a) *actors portraying violence are serving as aggressive models and will reduce children’s inhibitions about aggression if their violence is condoned on TV

Question 20

If parents hope to raise children who are not aggressive, they might do the following: (a) use
forceful means to restrain the child’s aggressive antics (b) punish aggression erratically so the
child can never be certain when he or she can “get away with” a hostile act (c) carefully monitorthe child’s activities and choice of friends (d) occasionally argue in front of the children so that their youngsters will see just how silly and counterproductive aggression can be

Answer 20

(c) *carefully monitorthe child’s activities and choice of friends

Question 21

Field experiments on the effects of televised violence suggest that a steady diet of violent television programming: (a) increases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents, especially those who are initially low in aggression (b) increases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents, especially those who are initially high in aggression (c) decreases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents (d) increases the aggressive inclinations of preschool and grade school children but has little if any effect on the behavior of adolescents

Answer 21

b) *increases the aggressive inclinations of children and adolescents, especially those who are initially high in aggression

Question 22

Research on children’s out-of-control aggressive behaviors reveals that __________ is (are) primarily responsible for such conduct: (a) child temperament (b) coercive parenting (c) families living in violence-prone neighborhoods (d) all of the above

Answer 22

d) *all of the above

Question 23

Boys and girls use of relational aggression is: (a) higher for girls than boys (b) similar in rate of use for boys and girls (c) higher for boys than girls (d) higher for girls than boys but only in infancy

Answer 23

(b) *similar in rate of use for boys and girls

Question 24

In regard to stability of aggression: (a) aggression is much less stable than a person’s intelligence (b) aggression is as stable as intelligence (c) aggression is stable only for boys (d) relational aggression is more stable than physical aggression

Answer 24

b) *aggression is as stable as intelligence

Question 25

Children who start to act aggressively early in development (early starters) are: (a) more likely to be boys than girls (b) get the aggression out of their system early and show little aggression in later childhood or adulthood (c) tend to be popular with their peers (d) just as likely to be either boys or girls

Answer 25

a) *more likely to be boys than girls

Question 26

Late starters who begin their aggressive patterns in adolescence: (a) are more likely to be
girls than boys (b) are likely to continue their aggressive ways into adulthood (c) work hard to
make up for lost time because they started to be aggressive late in childhood (d) none of the above

Answer 26

d) *none of the above

Question 27

In regard to the heritability of aggression: (a) social aggression is more heritable than physical aggression (b) late starters show more evidence of heritability than late starters (c) there is no difference in the level of heritability for different types of aggression (d) physical aggression is more heritable than social aggression

Answer 27

(d) *physical aggression is more heritable than social aggression

Question 28

Temperament and aggression are: (a) positively correlated (b) unrelated (c) positively related for boys but not for girls (d) negatively related

Answer 28

(a) *positively correlated

Question 29

Which of the following hormones are related to aggression? (a) bilirubin (b) oxytocin (c) testosterone (d) estrogen

Answer 29

(c) *testosterone

Question 30

Hormones are related to aggression: (a) only in girls (b) only in boys (c) only after puberty (d) in both boys and girls

Answer 30

(d) *in both boys and girls

Question 31

The links between testosterone and aggression are best described as: (a) changes in aggression alter the level of testosterone but not vice versa (b) changes in levels of testosterone can lead to changes in aggression but not the reverse (c) links between testosterone and aggression are only found in studies of monkeys (d) bidirectional patterns of influence between aggression and testosterone

Answer 31

(d) *bidirectional patterns of influence between aggression and testosterone

Question 32

Which of the following will increase the likelihood of childhood aggression? (a) disorganized attachment (b) abusive parent (c) parent with a criminal history (d) all of the above

Answer 32

(d) *all of the above

Question 33

Monitoring of children’s activities is: (a) *\an effective way to reduce aggression (b) an ineffective way to reduce aggression because it builds up child resentment (c) an effective strategy but only for ill tempered children (d) is not an effective aggression reduction practice

Answer 33

(a) *an effective way to reduce aggression

Question 34

“Deviancy training” is: (a) a form of maladaptive interaction between parent and child (b) a
pattern of mutual encouragement of aggressive behavior by peers (c) a form of aggressive
training offered by older siblings for their your siblings (d) a gang initiation rite of passage

Answer 34

(b) *a pattern of mutual encouragement of aggressive behavior by peers

Question 35

Exposure to firearm violence in the neighborhood: (a) has no effect on a child’s aggression (b) lowers the level of violence through the cathartic effect of exposure to violence (c) only affects aggression if there is repeated exposure (d) witnessing a single incident of firearm violence can increase a child’s aggression

Answer 35

(d) *witnessing a single incident of firearm violence can increase a child’s aggression

Question 36

The link between culture and violence is: (a) nonexistent (b) aggression is higher in individualistically oriented cultures (c) aggression is higher in collectivist societies as a way to achieve conformity to the group (d) none of the above

Answer 36

(b) *aggression is higher in individualistically oriented cultures

Question 37

The role of TV violence in increasing children’s aggression is: (a) evident for physical but not relational aggression (b) evident only if the child can make a distinction between fantasy and reality (c) limited to short-term effects (d) none of the above

Answer 37

(d) *none of the above

Question 38

Exposure to violent Internet games: (a) increases aggression only for boys (b) has no effect on aggression (c) increases aggression for both boys and girls (d) affects only ill tempered viewers

Answer 38

(c) *increases aggression for both boys and girls

Question 39

Watching media violence is reflected in changes in neurological functioning in the: (a) corpus callosum (b) frontal cortex (c) brain stem (d) hippocampus

Answer 39

(b) *frontal cortex

Question 40

The most adequate explanations of aggression focus on: (a) environmental causes (b) temperamental causes (c) prenatal conditions (d) all of the above

Answer 40

(d) *all of the above

Question 41

You are advising an adoption agency. To increase the likelihood that a child will not grow up to be aggressive you advise the agency: (a) not to worry about the parents’ criminal records (b) to make sure that the biological parent has no criminal record but the background of the adopted parent is irrelevant (c) to make sure that the adoptive parent has no criminal record but the background of the biological parent is irrelevant (d) to make sure neither the biological nor the adoptive parents has a criminal record

Answer 41

(d) *to make sure neither the biological nor the adoptive parents has a criminal record

Question 42

The risk of developing aggressive behavior patterns when growing up in a poor neighborhood can be reduced by: (a) having an older brother to protect you (b) living without a father in the family (c) being on government welfare (d) having a positive relationship with parents

Answer 42

(d) *having a positive relationship with parents

Question 43

What combination of factors is likely to increase aggression? (a) parental rejection and prenatal complications (b) prenatal complications and low birth weight (c) parental warmth and prenatal complications (d) father absence and a large number of siblings

Answer 43

(a) *parental rejection and prenatal complications

Question 44

Abused children are more likely to become aggressive when: (a) they have a high level of the MAOA gene (b) they have a low level of the MAOA gene (c) the level of the MAOA gene does not matter (d) the MAOA gene is influential only when the child is also ill tempered

Answer 44

(b) *they have a low level of the MAOA gene

Question 45

A formula for increased antisocial behavior is a combination of: (a) high expression of the MAOA gene and a depressed parent (b) low level of parental monitoring and a genetic predisposition to alcoholism (c) low expression of the alcoholism gene and parental rejection (d) high expression of the MAOA gene and low parental monitoring

Answer 45

b) *low level of parental monitoring and a genetic predisposition to alcoholism

Question 46

Which factors are likely to protect a child from developing aggressive antisocial patterns? (a) having aggressive friends so they can fight your battles (b) involvement in religious activities (c) having a peer group that disapproves of aggression (d) more than one but not all of the above

Answer 46

(d) *more than one but not all of the above

Question 47

Which of the following steps are not part of the social information processing model of aggression? (a) retaliation response (b) attention to social cues (c) response selection (d) interpretation of social cues

Answer 47

(a) *retaliation response

Question 48

Aggressive children’s social processing is deficient in the following areas: (a) range of responses available (b) ability to correctly interpret another’s intentions accurately (c) encoding social cues (d) all of the above

Answer 48

(d) *all of the above

Question 49

Children with a hostile attribution bias: (a) are likely to interpret all actions as aggressive (b)
are likely to interpret others’ actions as aggressive in ambiguous situations (c) are typically boys
(d) are likely to give others the benefit of the doubt and assume that their intentions are positive

Answer 49

(b) *are likely to interpret others’ actions as aggressive in ambiguous situations

Question 50

Aggressive children view aggressive actions as more _____than non aggressive children: (a) illegitimate (b) morally unjustified (c) less likely to have positive consequences (d) likely to be successful using an aggressive strategy

Answer 50

(d) *likely to be successful using an aggressive strategy

Question 51

Bullying among children and adolescents: (a) is limited to physical aggressive tactics (b) is present only in adolescence (c) involves both physical and relational aggressive tactics (d) is restricted to only a few countries

Answer 51

(c) *involves both physical and relational aggressive tactics

Question 52

Bullying is best viewed as: (a) an interaction between two peers alone (b) a peer group phenomenon (c) involving bystanders as an important part of the bullying process (d) decreasing across age

Answer 52

(c) *involving bystanders as an important part of the bullying process

Question 53

Which children are most likely to be victims of bullying? (a) strong and athletic (b) popular with their peers (c) weak and socially withdrawn (d) those with a powerful best friend

Answer 53

(c) *weak and socially withdrawn

Question 54

Victimization takes many forms. Which of the following is the type of victim who is most likely to try to fight back when bullied? (a) provocative victim (b) retaliatory victim (c) passive victim (d) active victim

Answer 54

(a) *provocative victim

Question 55

The consequences of being bullied do not include: (a) low self-esteem (b) externalizing
problems (c) depression (d) suicide

Answer 55

b) *externalizing
problems

Question 56

The catharsis hypothesis specifies that: (a) finding socially acceptable outlets for hostile
impulses will reduce interpersonal aggression (b) children learn aggression from TV violence (c)
reinforcement of nonaggressive behaviors will reduce interpersonal aggression (d) parents should
never scold children for acting on their natural aggressive impulses

Answer 56

a) *finding socially acceptable outlets for hostile
impulses will reduce interpersonal aggression

Question 57

Bullying has biological as well as psychological consequences for victims. The following biological effects may occur: (a) cortisol drops if bullying is chronic (b) cortisol drops if bullying is only occasional (c) testosterone increases if bullying is chronic (d) cortisol rises dramatically if bullying is chronic

Answer 57

a) *cortisol drops if bullying is chronic

Question 58

Cyber bullying, compared with face-to-face bullying: (a) is not as serious a problem
(b) has fewer consequences for the victims (c) is restricted to teens (d) none of the above

Answer 58

(d) *none of the above

Question 59

Cyber bullying: (a) is useful as a safe outlet because it reduces in-person bullying (b) is
related to in-person bullying because those who engage in cyber bullying do so in real life as
well (c) is easy to trace and easily stopped (d) is decreasing rather than increasing in frequency
as people learn more about its harmful effects

Answer 59

(b) *is
related to in-person bullying because those who engage in cyber bullying do so in real life as
well

Question 60

Children who engage in cyber bullying are likely to: (a) have close relationships with their parents (b) do well in school (c) use drugs (d) seldom skip school as this is another chance to bully their victims

Answer 60

(c) *use drugs

Question 61

The parents of bullies tend to: (a) be warm and supportive (b) closely monitor their children’s activities (c) be cold and rejecting (d) have few marital conflicts

Answer 61

(c) *be cold and rejecting

Question 62

Bullying is influenced by: (a) genetic predispositions (b) attitudes of the peer group concerning the appropriateness of aggression (c) the type of close friends victims have to protect them (d) all of the above

Answer 62

(d) *all of the above

Question 63

Catharsis is a/an _____way to reduce aggression: (a) very effective (b) effective only if the alternative outlet involves direct physical aggression (c) effective only if it is vicarious, such as watching someone else behave aggressively (d) ineffective

Answer 63

(d) *ineffective

Question 64

Teaching children to be more competent at reading others’ social cues is an especially
effective way of reducing aggression for: (a) reactively aggressive children (b) passive victims
(c) proactively aggressive children (d) relationally aggressive children

Answer 64

(a) *reactively aggressive children

Question 65

A comprehensive program to reduce aggression should include: (a) catharsis training (b) desensitization training (c) relaxation and distraction training (d) antidepressant medication

Answer 65

(c) *relaxation and distraction training

Question 66

What is not an effective way to reduce aggression? (a) engaging in competitive sports (b) moving to an individualistically-oriented culture (c) encouraging coercive parenting (d) all of the above

Answer 66

(d) *all of the above

Question 67

Parents can contribute to the reduction of their children’s aggression by: (a) using severe punishment whenever aggression occurs (b) using consistent and contingent discipline in response to aggression (c) not nagging the child (d) limiting praise and rewards so the child is not spoiled

Answer 67

(b) *using consistent and contingent discipline in response to aggression

Question 68

As a consultant to the local school board, which of the following would you recommend to achieve the goal of reducing children’s aggression? (a) encourage competition among the students so they can learn how to manage stress (b) reward individual students for good behavior rather than rewarding the whole class (c) put a Bobo doll in every classroom so children can blow off steam (d) none of the above

Answer 68

(d) *none of the above

Question 69

Programs aimed at reducing bullying in schools are effective in: (a) reducing relational bullying but not physical bullying (b) reducing direct bullying but not bully–supportive bystander behavior (c) upsetting the bullies as the program expresses disapproval of their social strategies (d) changing attitudes about the acceptability of bullying among both bullies and bystanders

Answer 69

(d) *changing attitudes about the acceptability of bullying among both bullies and bystanders

Question 70

Are programs to prevent children’s aggression a good economic investment? (a) No—it costs
more to prevent aggression than to rehabilitate aggressive children because you have to start
prevention programs early (b) No—the costs of prevention efforts are not worthwhile because
most of these programs fail (c) Yes—“an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” and
therefore intervention is a better economic strategy than rehabilitation (d) No—prevention of aggression programs are only economically beneficial for inner city children

Answer 70

(c) *Yes—“an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure” and
therefore intervention is a better economic strategy than rehabilitation

Question 71

Programs are most effective in reducing aggression when: (a) they focus on the universal principles of aggression reduction (b) they tailor the program to the cultural background of the participants (c) they combine both universal and culturally sensitive components (d) they provide a single treatment component that can be delivered in depth

Answer 71

(c) *they combine both universal and culturally sensitive components

Question 72

The Megan Pledge is: (a) a program aimed at improving the use of contraceptives among teens (b) a program to encourage neighborhood volunteering (c) a program to reduce handgun violence (d) a program to reduce cyber bullying

Answer 72

d) *a program to reduce cyber bullying

Question 73

The evolutionary approach to aggression stresses: (a) the adaptive aspects of aggression (b) the role of instinctual aggressive impulses (c) the role of media violence (d) the cognitive rational aspects of aggressive decision making

Answer 73

(a) *the adaptive aspects of aggression

Question 74

Which theorist is associated with the social information processing approach to aggression? (a) Sigmund Freud (b) Alison Clarke-Stewart (c) Albert Bandura (d) Kenneth Dodge

Answer 74

(d) *Kenneth Dodge

Question 75

A theory that has focused on the role of media violence in the development of aggression is: (a) social information processing theory (b) cognitive social learning theory (c) the broadcasting theory of aggression (d) ethological theory

Answer 75

(b) *cognitive social learning theory

Question 76

Most modern theorists believe that aggression is: (a) largely biological (b) largely
environmental (c) best explained by the interplay between biological predispositions and
environmental triggers (d) an intractable problem that is best left to the law enforcement
community

Answer 76

(c) *best explained by the interplay between biological predispositions and
environmental triggers

Question 77

A satisfactory definition of aggression must: (a) focus on the form of the action (b) focus on the harm inflicted (c) pay no attention to community standards (d) focus on the intention of the actor

Answer 77

d) *focus on the intention of the actor

Question 78

In defining aggression ethologists such as Lorenz and Tinbergen focused on: (a) the form of
the action (b) the amount of damage inflicted (c) the reaction of the victim (d) the accidental vs.
intentional nature of the action

Answer 78

(a) *the form of
the action

Question 79

Instrumental aggression is also called: (a) hostile aggression (b) proactive aggression (c) reactive aggression (d) adaptive aggression

Answer 79

(b) *proactive aggression

Question 80

Damaging a person’s social standing through rumors or lies is an example of ______ aggression (a) indirect malicious (b) direct reactive (c) indirect proactive (d) *indirect relational

Answer 80

(d) *indirect relational

Question 81

Intervention programs aimed at reducing aggression are (a) equally effective for all children (b) more effective for high risk children (c) only effective for minority children (d) more effective for low-risk children

Answer 81

(b) * more effective for high risk children