Short answered questions

Question 0

How can sport adapt to increase participation in sport by disabled athletes?

Answer 0

Adapt activities - wheelchair rugby/basketball
Adapted equipment - ball bearings in blind football
Access wider parking / ramps

Question 1

What categories of disability exist?

Answer 1

Physical
Mental
Temporary

Question 2

Some religions have dietary guidelines. How could this influence an athletes performance?

Answer 2

Islam enforce fasting during Ramadan which could affect training and competitions in terms of a balanced diet for performance - reduced energy levels = dip in performance

Question 3

Highlight an activity which is age specific and one that is classified as a lifelong sport?

Answer 3

Age specific - contact rugby is not played at an early or old age as injuries would likely take place.
Lifelong sport - swimming is introduced at an early age and taken part by older people to maintain health and fitness.

Question 4

Explain why male athletes outperform female athletes in power events?

Answer 4

Better reaction time > response to the gun
Lower % of body fat > not carrying dead weight
Higher % of muscle mass > increased power
Height > increased stride length
Testosterone > increased aggression

Question 5

State 5 physical changes which result in a decrease in sports performance with age?

Answer 5

Flexibility decreases (joints stiffen up)
Bones become more brittle (fractures likely)
Muscle strength and endurance decreases
Heart strength decreases (reduced O2 to muscles)
Reaction time decreases

Question 6

Explain why male athletes outperform female athletes in endurance events?

Answer 6

Larger Stronger heart > increased O2 to muscles
Larger lungs > increased gaseous exchange
Lower % of body fat > not carrying dead weight
Bone shape > wider pelvic area of females

Question 7

What barriers might a disabled athlete experience when undertaking sport?

Answer 7

Negative attitudes of staff
Difficulty finding competition
Finance through sponsorship 
Access to facilities 
Transportation issues
Equipment modifications

Question 8

Some cultures demand certain dress codes. How could this influence participation rates?

Answer 8

In some cultures women are restricted to wear certain clothing (modesty and wearing athletics suits and swimming costumes)
Sikh religion requires men to wear a turban which would limit participation of wearing a safety helmet was required (skiing/cricket)

Question 9

What has the increase in leisure time meant for the leisure industry?

Answer 9

Increase in leisure time has meant more time for people to choose what they wan to do.
This has meant a growth in the leisure industry (more health centres/ more fitness instructors)

Question 10

Explain the changes that take place in the circulatory system as a result of exercise?

Answer 10

Heart rate increases (beats per min)
Stroke volume increases (volume in 1 beat)
Cardiac output increases (volume of blood pumped in 1 min)

Question 11

Explain how age, wealth and gender could affect an individuals activity levels?

Answer 11

Age - as you get older the joints stiffen up, bones become brittle and injury risks will increase if you exercise at a high intensity.
Gender - participation in certain activities is low / limited role models and media coverage do not help.
Wealth - equipment, membership, coaching and transport are all required to play most sports

Question 12

State three environments that could affect the participation of an athlete?

Answer 12

Altitude
Terrain
Humidity
Weather
Pollution

Question 13

What factors have increased leisure time in the past 20 years?

Answer 13

Domestic appliances (dishwashers)
Retiring earlier 
Job sharing and more part time work
Higher level of unemployment
Online shopping and banking
A shorter working week

Question 14

Explain how the body thermoregulates itself when exercising in hot and cold environment?

Answer 14

Circulatory system shunts (moves) blood
Body attempts to maintain 37 degrees
< 35 degrees (hypothermia)
> 39 degrees ( hyperthermia)

Question 15

What is leisure time?

Answer 15

Free time that you are not at work or school and time free to choose what you want to do

Question 16

Explain the process of how the heart transports (pumps) blood?

Answer 16

O2 Rich blood goes into left atrium from lungs into left ventricle and pumped around the body, returns to right atrium from body, into right ventricle and pumped to lungs

Question 17

How does the frequency, intensity and duration of an activity affect levels of health and fitness?

Answer 17

By increasing the frequency, intensity and duration of training it will ensure overload takes place. Specific fitness (required for elite performance) increases as does general health (physical/social/mental)

Question 18

For a named environmental condition explain how it could affect the performance of an athlete?

Answer 18

Climbing Mount Everest(altitude) - performance would be impeded because at altitude there is less O2 in the air, as a result less O2 will travel to the brain, heart and muscles resulting in quicker fatigue poor concentration and even an increased risk of accidents even death

Question 19

What is a risk assessment and why is it carried out?

Answer 19

Risk assessment involves making sure any potential hazards are identified prior to undertaking the activity
It will reduce the risk of serious injuries

Question 20

For a named athlete and body type explain three characteristics of that body type?

Answer 20

A high jumper would require an ectomorph type body type (1-5-7)
This body type would have a low % body fat/ thin arms and legs/ narrow hips and shoulders/ skinny frame

Question 21

DOUBLE

How does warm weather training and altitude training improve athletes performance?

Answer 21

Altitude above 2000m increases O2 carrying capacity as body adapts and produces more red blood cells > increased endurance = less fatigue.
Warm weather creates a perfect ideal training environment/ expertise at hand/ no distractions/ similar climatic conditions

Question 22

Technology is the appliance of science in sport which can aid performances. How have facilities changed and improved sports performance ?

Answer 22

Retractable roof (Wimbledon tennis)
Sprung floors in gymnastics
Floodlights at cricket grounds

Question 23

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

Answer 23

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

Question 24

Using examples what is the difference between physical recreation and outdoor recreation?

Answer 24

Physical recreation involves taking part imam activity for intrinsic health benefits rather than competitive success or gain, jogging.
Outdoor recreation takes place in the natural environment and involves risk, climbing.

Question 25

What are the three different body types?

Answer 25

Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph

Question 26

Risk control is about making sure an activity is carried out safely. For an activity explain what risk controls should be in place?

Answer 26

In gymnastics ensure that: 
Coaches are qualified 
Landing mats are not worn
Jewellery is removed
Ceilings are high enough
First aid is available

Question 27

By using an example explain what aerobic respiration is?

Answer 27

10,000m (long duration, low intensity)
Glucose + O2 = energy + carbon dioxide + water
Respiration in the presence of oxygen (O2)

Question 28

State 5 precautions an athlete could take to reduce the risk of an injury?

Answer 28

Adopt the correct techniques
Safe practise when lifting and carrying
Protective clothing and footwear worn
Knowledge of rules 
Using appropriate equipment
Warm up and cool down

Question 29

For a named physical activity explain how fatigue will result in a decline in performance?

Answer 29

For an endurance athlete (10,000m runner) fatigue within the muscle will result in a decrease in muscle contractions which will reduce running stride rate and stride length… This will result in a reduced overall time

Question 30

Explain why having more time to train would give a professional athlete a performance advantage over an amateur?

Answer 30

Specific training linked to fitness or skills
Access to training facilities
Increased number of training sessions
Time to seek expertise coaching

Question 31

For a named activity state 3 injuries that could take place and treatment for each one?

Answer 31

Cricket 
Concussion - stop activity call 999
Fractured thumb - stop activity, bandage
Sprained ankle - RICE
strained muscle - RICE

Question 32

Why would continuous training be the most suitable training type for endurance based athletes?

Answer 32

Intensity is low to moderate and duration long so that the heart rate is high for extended periods. It is specific as it allows the body to manage its demand for oxygen when exercising.

Question 33

What are the four principles of training?

Answer 33

Specificity 
Progression
Overload
Reversibility
Tedium