Short answered questions Flashcards
How can sport adapt to increase participation in sport by disabled athletes?
Adapt activities - wheelchair rugby/basketball
Adapted equipment - ball bearings in blind football
Access wider parking / ramps
What categories of disability exist?
Physical
Mental
Temporary
Some religions have dietary guidelines. How could this influence an athletes performance?
Islam enforce fasting during Ramadan which could affect training and competitions in terms of a balanced diet for performance - reduced energy levels = dip in performance
Highlight an activity which is age specific and one that is classified as a lifelong sport?
Age specific - contact rugby is not played at an early or old age as injuries would likely take place.
Lifelong sport - swimming is introduced at an early age and taken part by older people to maintain health and fitness.
Explain why male athletes outperform female athletes in power events?
Better reaction time > response to the gun
Lower % of body fat > not carrying dead weight
Higher % of muscle mass > increased power
Height > increased stride length
Testosterone > increased aggression
State 5 physical changes which result in a decrease in sports performance with age?
Flexibility decreases (joints stiffen up)
Bones become more brittle (fractures likely)
Muscle strength and endurance decreases
Heart strength decreases (reduced O2 to muscles)
Reaction time decreases
Explain why male athletes outperform female athletes in endurance events?
Larger Stronger heart > increased O2 to muscles
Larger lungs > increased gaseous exchange
Lower % of body fat > not carrying dead weight
Bone shape > wider pelvic area of females
What barriers might a disabled athlete experience when undertaking sport?
Negative attitudes of staff Difficulty finding competition Finance through sponsorship Access to facilities Transportation issues Equipment modifications
Some cultures demand certain dress codes. How could this influence participation rates?
In some cultures women are restricted to wear certain clothing (modesty and wearing athletics suits and swimming costumes)
Sikh religion requires men to wear a turban which would limit participation of wearing a safety helmet was required (skiing/cricket)
What has the increase in leisure time meant for the leisure industry?
Increase in leisure time has meant more time for people to choose what they wan to do.
This has meant a growth in the leisure industry (more health centres/ more fitness instructors)
Explain the changes that take place in the circulatory system as a result of exercise?
Heart rate increases (beats per min)
Stroke volume increases (volume in 1 beat)
Cardiac output increases (volume of blood pumped in 1 min)
Explain how age, wealth and gender could affect an individuals activity levels?
Age - as you get older the joints stiffen up, bones become brittle and injury risks will increase if you exercise at a high intensity.
Gender - participation in certain activities is low / limited role models and media coverage do not help.
Wealth - equipment, membership, coaching and transport are all required to play most sports
State three environments that could affect the participation of an athlete?
Altitude Terrain Humidity Weather Pollution
What factors have increased leisure time in the past 20 years?
Domestic appliances (dishwashers) Retiring earlier Job sharing and more part time work Higher level of unemployment Online shopping and banking A shorter working week
Explain how the body thermoregulates itself when exercising in hot and cold environment?
Circulatory system shunts (moves) blood
Body attempts to maintain 37 degrees
< 35 degrees (hypothermia)
> 39 degrees ( hyperthermia)
What is leisure time?
Free time that you are not at work or school and time free to choose what you want to do
Explain the process of how the heart transports (pumps) blood?
O2 Rich blood goes into left atrium from lungs into left ventricle and pumped around the body, returns to right atrium from body, into right ventricle and pumped to lungs
How does the frequency, intensity and duration of an activity affect levels of health and fitness?
By increasing the frequency, intensity and duration of training it will ensure overload takes place. Specific fitness (required for elite performance) increases as does general health (physical/social/mental)
For a named environmental condition explain how it could affect the performance of an athlete?
Climbing Mount Everest(altitude) - performance would be impeded because at altitude there is less O2 in the air, as a result less O2 will travel to the brain, heart and muscles resulting in quicker fatigue poor concentration and even an increased risk of accidents even death
What is a risk assessment and why is it carried out?
Risk assessment involves making sure any potential hazards are identified prior to undertaking the activity
It will reduce the risk of serious injuries
For a named athlete and body type explain three characteristics of that body type?
A high jumper would require an ectomorph type body type (1-5-7)
This body type would have a low % body fat/ thin arms and legs/ narrow hips and shoulders/ skinny frame
DOUBLE
How does warm weather training and altitude training improve athletes performance?
Altitude above 2000m increases O2 carrying capacity as body adapts and produces more red blood cells > increased endurance = less fatigue.
Warm weather creates a perfect ideal training environment/ expertise at hand/ no distractions/ similar climatic conditions
Technology is the appliance of science in sport which can aid performances. How have facilities changed and improved sports performance ?
Retractable roof (Wimbledon tennis)
Sprung floors in gymnastics
Floodlights at cricket grounds
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Using examples what is the difference between physical recreation and outdoor recreation?
Physical recreation involves taking part imam activity for intrinsic health benefits rather than competitive success or gain, jogging.
Outdoor recreation takes place in the natural environment and involves risk, climbing.
What are the three different body types?
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Risk control is about making sure an activity is carried out safely. For an activity explain what risk controls should be in place?
In gymnastics ensure that: Coaches are qualified Landing mats are not worn Jewellery is removed Ceilings are high enough First aid is available
By using an example explain what aerobic respiration is?
10,000m (long duration, low intensity)
Glucose + O2 = energy + carbon dioxide + water
Respiration in the presence of oxygen (O2)
State 5 precautions an athlete could take to reduce the risk of an injury?
Adopt the correct techniques Safe practise when lifting and carrying Protective clothing and footwear worn Knowledge of rules Using appropriate equipment Warm up and cool down
For a named physical activity explain how fatigue will result in a decline in performance?
For an endurance athlete (10,000m runner) fatigue within the muscle will result in a decrease in muscle contractions which will reduce running stride rate and stride length… This will result in a reduced overall time
Explain why having more time to train would give a professional athlete a performance advantage over an amateur?
Specific training linked to fitness or skills
Access to training facilities
Increased number of training sessions
Time to seek expertise coaching
For a named activity state 3 injuries that could take place and treatment for each one?
Cricket Concussion - stop activity call 999 Fractured thumb - stop activity, bandage Sprained ankle - RICE strained muscle - RICE
Why would continuous training be the most suitable training type for endurance based athletes?
Intensity is low to moderate and duration long so that the heart rate is high for extended periods. It is specific as it allows the body to manage its demand for oxygen when exercising.
What are the four principles of training?
Specificity Progression Overload Reversibility Tedium
