Key Terms Flashcards
Accreditation?
Formal qualification which certifies your levels of achievement.
Abduction?
The movement of a bone or limb away from the body
Activity choices?
Reasons for taking part in sport including (enjoyment/company/improve fitness/relaxation/excitement)
Activity levels?
The rate at which a person takes place in physically demanding activities which have health and fitness benefits
Adduction?
The movement of a bone or limb towards the body
Aerobic exercise?
Respiration in the presence of O2 > (glucose + O2 = energy + carbon dioxide + water) e.g. Marathon running
Age?
Physiological factor which can influence participation and performance
Aggression?
Direct aggression results in physical contact (rugby tackle) whilst indirect aggression results in no direct contact (tennis serve)
Agility?
The combination of flexibility and speed allowing a performer to swiftly change body position, direction and speed (slalom skier)
Agonist?
The main muscle that contracts to allow a movement
Amateur?
Someone who takes part in sport as a hobby rather than financial gain
Anaerobic exercise?
Respiration without the presence of O2 > glucose = energy + lactic acid, e.g. 100m sprinting
Anorexia?
Being extremely underweight with an extremely low % of body fat
Antagonist?
The muscle that relaxes to allow a movement to take place
Arousal?
The state of readiness of a performer
Arteries?
Thick walled vessels which carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
Balance?
Ability to retain the centre of mass of the body above the base of support (handstand in gymnastics)
Balanced diet?
Eating the correct mix of fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, minerals, fibre and water
Blood function?
Transportation of O2 (red cells), glucose, waste products, temperature control, clotting blood (platelets) and fighting infection ( white cells)
Capillaries?
Minute blood vessels which allow O2 / CO2 / waste products chance to pass through their thin walls
Carbo - loading?
Eating high starch foods to increase carbohydrate reserves in muscles and liver
Circuit training?
A flexible and versatile training method where stations are set out and performers exercise for set periods of time
Competition types?
Various types of competitions exist such as leagues / knockouts / ladders / combined events
Continuous training?
Improves stamina and endurance by exercising at a level that keeps heart rate sustained for long periods of time
Co-ordination?
Ability to link all parts of a movement into one smooth efficient movement using two or more body parts
Culture?
The ideas and customs and social behaviour of a group of people in society
CV system?
Circulatory (heart / vessels) and respiratory (lungs) working together to get O2 and energy to cells and taking away waste products
Dehydration?
A loss of water from the body
Disability?
Physical, mental or permanent factor which can restrict performances in sport. Equipment and activities adapted
DKH trust?
Scheme to get young lives on track on track by elite sports role models inspiring youngsters (NEET’s) into education, jobs and training schemes
Dynamic strength?
Strength an individual needs to sustain their own body weight over a prolonged period of time
Environment?
Factors which can affect participation and performance in sport (weather / pollution / altitude / humidity / terrain)
Ethic?
Relating to a group of people with a common national of cultural tradition
Etiquette?
The unwritten rules or conventions of any activity
Exercise?
Activity that requires physical or mental exertion, especially when performed to develop of maintain fitness
Explosive strength?
Muscular strength used in one short sharp explosive movement (long jumper leaving the take off board)
Extension?
When the angle between two bones increases
Extreme environment?
Condition which puts extra strain on the body during physical activity (altitude / humidity / temperature)
Family?
Parents or blood relations who can have a positive or negative effect on participation rates in sport
Fartlek training?
Training which involves varying the intensity ( walking / brisk walking / jogging / running / sprinting)
Fatigue?
A feeling of extreme physical or mental tiredness brought on by extreme exertion
Fats?
Are a source of energy at rest and insulation for the body
Feedback?
Needed to learn a skill ( intrinsic knowledge of performance - sensed by performer) (extrinsic knowledge of results - external such as coach or crowd
Fibre?
Aids digestion by pushing foods through the digestive system
Fitness testing?
Tests required to measure components of fitness ( flexibility / stamina / strength / agility / co-ordination / balance / power / reaction time)
Flexibility?
Range of movement around a joint
Flexion?
When the angle between two bones decreases
Funding streams?
Any form of funding that a performer is able to obtain ( national lottery / NGB’s / sponsorship / sport England)
Gamesmanship?
Bending the rules of sport to disrupt the concentration and performance of your opponents
Gender?
Physiological differences which can influence participation and performance (body fat / muscle mass / aerobic capacity / bones)
General fitness?
Fitness requirements to cope with everyday life (speed, strength, suppleness, somatotype, stamina)
Guidance?
Guidance needed to learn a skill ( visual - demonstration) (verbal - being told) (manual - being physically guided)
Health?
State of complete physical, social and mental well being and not only the absence of illness and disease
Healthy eating?
Initiative in schools to enhance health through a balanced diet (standards / eating times / drinking water / food displays)
Healthy schools?
A whole school initiative to pupils well being ( physical activity, PSHE, healthy eating, emotional health and well being)
Heart?
Muscular pump which pumps blood around the body. Part of the circulatory system
Heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats in a minute ( 220- age
ICT analysis?
ICT such as (tablets. Cyclops, hawk eye, flip cams, HD cameras) used to analyse performance and improve knowledge
Increased leisure time?
Increases caused by technological advances (online banking, dish washers) higher unemployment, more part time work
International events?
Such as the Olympics can be:
+ = makes money, create legacy, creates jobs, increase status of country.
- = security, debt, boycotts
Interval training?
Training which involves work (running 100%) and rest. Ideal for sprinters/ games players to develop speed
Joint?
Connection point between two bones where movement takes place
Joint system?
Joints responsible for movement patterns ( ball and socket = abduction, adduction and rotation)
Leisure sectors?
Leisure sectors are private (memberships/ profit run/ privately owned) and public (local authorities/ low fees/ non profit/ often free)
Leisure time?
Free time you have when not at work
Ligaments?
Fibres which attach bone to bone
Media?
Mass communications network (TV/ radio/ Internet) can be responsible in shaping participation rates in sport
Metabolic rate?
The biochemical rate at which your body burns calories at rest or during exercise
Minerals?
Maintain good health (iron= transport of O2 by red blood cells) (calcium = essential for strong bones) (iodine = needed for thyroid function)
Motivation?
Your drive to succeed and desire to achieve something
Muscle tone?
The tension which remains in a muscle even at rest
Muscular endurance?
Ability of a Muscle to keep working against a resistance (climber on a steep climb)
National curriculum?
Legal government requirement to teach PE/ 2 hours of PE/ GCSE courses / increasing resilience and fitness levels
NGB’s?
Provides a support network for
- Coaching
- Officiating
- Talent development
- Competitions
- Rules and discipline
Obesity?
Being extremely overweight with an extreme % of body fat such that it affects your health and well being
Olympic Games?
Highest profile sporting event / started 1896
Outdoor recreation?
Activities which involve an element of risk or challenge often in a natural environment (skiing/ whitewater rafting)
Overload?
Making your body work harder (increase FIT) in order to adapt and create fitness gains
Oxygen debt?
Caused during anaerobic activity when O2 does not get to muscles resulting in lactic acid build up (during recovery oxygen debt is paid back)
Pathways?
Routes in which you can get involved with sport
Peers?
People who are the same age and status as you
Physical recreation?
Activities taken part in for own reward and enjoyment not necessarily competitive (hill walking)
Physiological factor?
One that affects your living body (gender, age, somatotype, disability)
Plateauing?
An athlete not progressing and seeming to get improve their fitness or level of skill
Power?
The combination of maximum speed with maximum strength
Practice?
Methods include (whole- entire skilled done) (part- specific chunk looked at) (fixed- training controlled) (variable- changeable game style)
Professional?
Someone who takes part in sport as a means of earning heir livelihood. They are paid and it is their full time job
Progression?
gradually increase the amount of training you do to ensure gains are achieved
Protein diet?
Diet made up of high % protein (chicken, milk, eggs, fish, red meat) to aid the recovery of muscle growth after exercise
Pulse rate?
The rate per minute at which the heart beats (located on wrist/ neck) increases as a result of exercise
Reaction time?
How quickly a performer reacts to a stimulus (reaction to starting pistol in 100m race)
Reversibility?
The loss of positive fitness effects due to lack of training (injury, closed season)
RICE?
Treatment for muscle, ligament and tendon injuries (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
Risk assessment?
Potential hazards and dangers identified before an activity gets underway
Role model?
A sportsperson who is idolised and whose behaviour is often cooed by others
Roles?
Within PE and sport you can take part in various roles such as performer, leader, coach, organiser, official
Safe practice?
Ensuring that general rules are adhered to reduce risk of injuries (jewellery not worn, equipment checks)
Sedentary lifestyle?
Sitting down or being physically inactive for long periods of time
Skeletal system?
Main bones responsible for support, protection, and movement
Skill acquisition?
Dependent on the environment (open skills changing environment - Tennis volley) or (closed skill static environment - indoor archery)
Socio-economic?
A combination of the amount of income and status an individual has
Somatotype?
Body type (ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph)
Specific fitness?
Levels of fitness required to be an international standard Athlete
Specificity?
The type of training or activity you use to build up fitness and skill levels
Speed?
The ability to move all parts of the body as quickly as possible (100m sprinter)
Sponsorship?
Advertisement of a product in return for financial reward (accessories, clothing, equipment, entry fees, transport)
Sport England?
Government agency providing funding for schools and NGB’s, facility development, measuring participation, centres of excellence)
Sprain?
Overstretched or tearing of ligament at a joint
Stamina?
Stamina or CV fitness (ability of heart and lungs to get O2 to muscles during exercise)
Static strength?
The greatest amount of strength that can be applied to an immovable object (forward pushing against each other in a static rugby scrum)
Strain?
The overstretching of a muscle
Strength?
The maximal force that can be applied within a muscle during a single contraction
Stress?
The body’s reaction to a demand that requires a physical and mental response
Suppleness?
When muscles work together so that you can achieve the maximum range of movement
Technology?
Positive application of science to sport such as (equipment changes, materials like carbon fibre, facilities, hawk eye, goal line technology)
Tendons?
Very strong cords that join muscle to bone
Timing?
The ability to produce the correct movement at the optimum time to coincide the movement in relation to external factors (tennis serve)
Training thresholds?
A heart rate zone which will start to improve fitness levels (anaerobic 80% + max heart rate) + (aerobic 60% + max heart rate)
Unacceptable sponsorship?
Some sponsorship is unacceptable (alcohol, cigarettes, oil, fast food, as it associates itself with sport healthy brand
User groups?
Public and private sectors targeting particular user groups (parents, toddlers, unemployed, females, OAP’s)
Veins?
Thinner walled blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart at a lower pressure
Vitamins?
Maintain good health (vitamin A - healthy eyes/ skin) (vitamin C - immune system boost) (vitamin D- absorbs calcium for healthy bones
Warm up and cool down?
Essential precaution to avoid injury. Three stages include aerobic activity/ stretches/ skill rehearsal
Water?
Essential for survival and can prevent the body dehydrating and overheating
Weight training?
Free weights used to improve muscle tone/ endurance/ power through a series of sets and repetitions
X curricular activity?
Activity that takes place outside of timetable lessons such as lunchtime clubs or after school clubs
Youth sports trust?
Change pupils lives through sport 1. Managing school sport competition. 2. Leadership and volunteering. 3. Programmes - bike ability
