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Psychology: Memory > Short and long term memory > Flashcards

Short and long term memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the short term memory?

A

Your memory for immediate events

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2
Q

What is capacity with regards to memory?

A

A measure of how much can be held in the memory

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3
Q

What is duration with regards to memory?

A

A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available

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4
Q

What is encoding with regards to memory?

A

The way information is changed so it can be stored in memory

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5
Q

What is the capacity of the STM?

A

7+/-2 items or chunks

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6
Q

What is Miller’s magic number?

A

7+/-2

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7
Q

What type of experiment did Jacobs do?

A

A digit span experiment

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8
Q

What were Jacobs findings?

A

Average digit recall of 7.3

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9
Q

What is the duration of STM?

A

18-30 seconds

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10
Q

Who conducted research into the duration of STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson

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11
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson present their participants with?

A

Nonsensical trigrams

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12
Q

What were Peterson and Peterson’s participants required to do?

A

Recall the trigram after a delay of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds

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13
Q

During the delay in Peterson and Peterson’s task, what were participants required to do?

A

Count backwards from a random 3 digit number

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14
Q

When plotted on a graph, what did Peterson and Peterson’s findings show?

A

That memory decays over time

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15
Q

What did Peterson and Peterson’s study lack?

A

Mundane realism

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16
Q

Why did Peterson and Peterson’s study lack mundane realism?

A

Because they used artificial stimuli which don’t accurately reflect everyday experiences

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17
Q

What has more recent research suggested about the capacity of the STM?

A

That Miller over-exaggerated it

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18
Q

What does more recent research suggest is the capacity of the STM?

A

4 chunks

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of coding?

A

Semantic, acoustic and visual

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20
Q

What is semantic encoding?

A

Memories held in the form of meanings

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21
Q

What is visual encoding?

A

Memories held in the form of images

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22
Q

What is acoustic encoding?

A

Memories held in the form of sounds

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23
Q

What is the capacity of LTM?

A

Limitless

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24
Q

What is the duration of the LTM?

A

Limitless

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25
What was Bahrick investigating?
The duration of LTM
26
How many people did Bahrick test?
400
27
What ages were Bahrick’s participants?
17-74
28
What were the two test Bahrick conducted?
Photo-recognition and free-recall
29
In Bahrick’s study, what was accuracy of photo-recognition in participants who were tested within 15 years of graduation?
90%
30
In Bahrick’s study, what was accuracy of free-recall in participants who were tested within 15 years of graduation?
60%
31
In Bahrick’s study, what was accuracy of photo-recognition in participants who were tested after 48 years of graduation?
70%
32
In Bahrick’s study, what was accuracy of free-recall in participants who were tested after 48 years of graduation?
30%
33
What are semantically similar words?
A set of words with a similar meaning (e.g. large, big, huge)
34
What are acoustically similar words?
Words with a similar sound (e.g. cat, cab, cap)
35
What is the main coding in the STM?
Acoustic
36
What is the main coding in the LTM?
Semantic
37
What was the aim of Baddeley’s study?
To test the effects of acoustic and semantic similarity on STM and LTM
38
What did Baddeley find with regards to acoustically similar words?
They struggled when in STM but not LTM
39
What did Baddeley find with regards to semantically similar words?
They struggled when in LTM but not STM
40
What are the 2 AO3 points of research into the capacity of STM?
1) Capacity may be even more limited 2) Individual differences
41
What has not been able to happen with Miller's findings?
They have not been replicated
42
In a review of studies investigating the capacity of the STM, what was the maximum capacity found to be?
4 chunks
43
What is the maximum capacity of visual information in the STM?
4 items
44
What did Jacobs find with regards to age?
Digit span increased with age
45
What did Jacobs find was the mean digit span of 8 year olds?
6.6 digits
46
What did Jacobs find was the mean digit span of 19 year olds?
8.6 digits
47
Why may digit span increase with age?
May be due to brain development and/or the development of skills such as chunking
48
What are the 2 AO3 points of research into the duration of STM?
1) Testing STM was artificial 2) STM results may be due to displacement
49
What can be said about Peterson and Peterson's task?
It was highly artificial
50
Why was Peterson and Peterson's task artificial?
Trying to memorise nonsensical trigrams does not truly reflect real life memory events
51
Why may Peterson and Peterson's task have high mundane realism?
Some of the information we do have to remember (e.g. phone numbers and postcodes) tend to be meaningless
52
What does Peterson and Peterson's study lack?
Internal validity
53
What did Peterson and Peterson actually study, rather than decay?
Displacement
54
Why may Peterson and Peterson's participants have experienced displacement rather than decay?
The participants were counting numbers in their STM - this may displace the syllables they were trying to remember
55
What happened when a researcher replicated Peterson and Peterson's study but used auditory tones instead of numbers?
Displacement didn't occur and the duration of STM was found to be longer
56
What are the 2 AO3 points of research into the coding of STM + LTM?
1) Coding in STM may not be exclusively acoustic 2) Baddeley may not have tested LTM
57
Other than acoustic, which other type of coding has been found to occur in the STM?
Visual
58
Who provided research support for visual coding in the STM?
Brandimonte
59
What did Brandimonte find?
That participants used visual coding in the STM if they were given a visual task + prevented from verbally rehearsing in the retention interval before performing a visual recall task
60
What was prevented in Brandimonte's study?
Converting visual images into verbal codes
61
Why has Baddeley's methodology been strongly criticised?
LTM was tested by asking the participants to recall the word lists 20 minutes after hearing them - it is questionable as to whether 20 minutes is really LTM

Psychology: Memory (9 decks)

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