Shock, C26 P164-170 Flashcards
What is the definition of shock?
P164
Inadequate tissue perfusion
What are the different types (5)?
P164
Hypovolemic Septic Cardiogenic Neurogenic Anaphylactic
What are the signs of shock?
P165
Pale, diaphoretic, cool skin Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea ↓ mental status and pulse pressure Poor capillary refill Poor urine output
What are the best indicators of tissue perfusion?
P165
Urine output, mental status
What lab tests help assess tissue perfusion?
P165
Lactic acid (elevated with inadequate tissue perfusion), base deficit, pH from ABG (acidosis associated with inadequate tissue perfusion)
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What is the definition?
P165
Decreased intravascular volume
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What are the common causes?
P165
Hemorrhage Burns Bowel obstruction Crush injury Pancreatitis
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What are the signs?
P165
Early—Orthostatic hypotension, mild
tachycardia, anxiety, diaphoresis,
vasoconstriction (decreased pulse pressure
with increased diastolic pressure)
Late—Changed mental status, decreased BP,
marked tachycardia
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What are the signs/ symptoms with:
Class I hemorrhage (<15% or 750 cc blood loss)?P165
Mild anxiety, normal vital signs
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What are the signs/ symptoms with:
Class II hemorrhage (15%–30% or 750–1500 cc blood loss)?
P165
Normal systolic BP with decreased pulse
pressure, tachycardia, tachypnea, anxiety
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What are the signs/ symptoms with:
Class III hemorrhage (30%–40% or 1500–2000 cc blood loss)?
P165
Tachycardia (heart rate >120), tachypnea
(respiratory rate >30), decreased
systolic BP, decreased pulse pressure,
confusion
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK What are the signs/ symptoms with: Class IV hemorrhage ( >40% or >2000 cc blood loss)? P166
Decreased systolic BP, tachycardia (heart
rate >140), tachypnea (respiratory rate >35), decreased pulse pressure, confused
and lethargic, no urine output
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What is the treatment?
P166
- Stop the bleeding
- Volume: IVF (isotonic LR) then blood
products as needed
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
How is the effectiveness of treatment evaluated:
Bedside indicator?
P166
Urine output, BP, heart rate, mental status, extremity warmth, capillary refill, body temperature
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
How is the effectiveness of treatment evaluated:
Labs?
P166
pH, base deficit, and lactate level
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What usually causes failure of resuscitation?
P166
Persistent massive hemorrhage, requiring
emergent surgical procedure
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
Why does decreased pulse pressure occur with early hypovolemic shock?
P166
Pulse pressure (systolic–diastolic BP) decreases because of vasoconstriction, resulting in an elevated diastolic BP
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What is the most common vital sign change associated with early hypovolemic shock?
P166
Tachycardia
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
What type of patient does not mount a normal
tachycardiac response to hypovolemic shock?
P166
Patients on ℬ-blockers, spinal shock
(loss of sympathetic tone), endurance athletes
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
Should vasopressors be used to treat hypovolemic shock?
P166
No