Shock Flashcards
Definition hypoovolaemic?
Shock is a life-threatening circulatory disorder leading to tissue hypoxia and disturbance in microcirculation following massive blood or fluid loss.
RF hypovolaemic?
- Trauma
- GI bleeding
- Ruptured AAA
- Burns/heat stroke
- Diarrhoea and Vomiting
- Pancreatitis
Ddx hypovolaemic?
- Diff types of shock
- Simple hypotension
- syncope
Epidemiology hypovolaemic?
Age: Children
Sex:
Ethnicity:
Aetiology hypovolaemic?
- Haemorrhagic
- Blunt/penetrating trauma
- Upper GI bleeding
- Postpartum haemorrhage
- Ruptured aneurysm or haematoma
- AV fistula
- Non-haemorrhagic
- GI loss-diarrhoea and vomiting
- Insensible fluid loss
- Third space fluid loss-bowel obstruction
- Renal fluid loss-adrenal insufficiency
CP hypovolaemic?
- Weak pulse ,
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnoea
- Hypotension
- Cold clammy extremities, slow cap refill
- Less skin turgor
- Dry mucous membranes
- Non-distended jugular veins
- Underlying disease findings
pathophysiology hypovolaemic?
Loss of IV fluid vol-less CVP and so SV and CO so compensatory increase in HR and TPR to compensate for low BP and SV
Low pre load, low cardiac output, high afterload, high systemic vascular resistance, low mixed venous oxygen saturation
Investigations first line-H?
- ABCDE
- Lactate->2 mmol/L (>18 mg/dL)
- ABG-Metabolic acidosis: pH <7.35, bicarbonate <22.
- Glucose->7 mmol/L (>126 mg/dL) is abnormal in a non-diabetic patient.
- FBC-
- Hb <100 g/L (<10 g/dL) suggests haemorrhage as the cause; however, may be normal in the early stages due to vasoconstriction.
- WBC count may be >12 x 10³/microlitre if sepsis is present.
- U and E-
- Evidence of renal impairment if kidney perfusion is compromised
- Urea disproportionately raised with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, dehydration, or cardiac failure.
- Hyperkalaemia in trauma, acute kidney injury, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
- Hypokalaemia with diarrhoea or vomiting.
- Hypernatremia in burns and diarrhoea or vomiting.
- Hyponatraemia in trauma and also sometimes in diarrhoea and vomiting.
- Coagulation Studies-prolonged in sepsis, depleted in hypovolaemic
- C-reactive protein-infection and inflammation
- ECG-Arrhythmias, right heart strain i PE, hypo/hyper kalaemia
Investigations-H second line?
• CXR-pleural effusion, PE
• Urinalysis-DKA or infections
US/FAST-underlying cause-left ventricular failure suggests myocardial infarction; right ventricular strain suggests pulmonary embolism; pericardial effusion suggests cardiac tamponade.
Management AB-H?
- ABCDE
- Secure airway-manoeuvres, suction, OP and NP airway
- Support breathing-
- Oxygen-stats of 94% to 98% or 88-92 if COPD
- Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV)
- CPAP if hypoxaemic or have LHF
- Consider bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) if the patient has hypercapnic (type II) respiratory failure (PaCO2>6 kPa or 45 mmHg and acidotic [pH <7.35 or free hydrogen ion {H+} >45 nanomol/L])
- Treat underlying cause and escalate if more than one type
Management CDE-H?
• Haemorrhagic protocol
Use blood products(red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma [FFP])
1:1 ratio of red blood cells to FFP in trauma and at least a 1:2 ratio in non-trauma patients
• Give platelets if platelets <75 x 10⁹/L (or <100 x 10⁹/L in brain and spine injuries)
• Give cryoprecipitate or fibrinogen concentrate if fibrinogen <1.5 g/L (<150 mg/dL) (<2 g/L [<200 mg/dL] if obstetric)
• Give FFP if prothrombin time and/or activated partial thromboplastin time >1.5 times norma
• Target Hb
• Reverse anticoagulation
• IV tranexamic acid if bleeding
• IV fluids
• Crystalloid-Hartmann’s-bolus of 250-500 mL given over less than 15 minutes -adjust
• Fluid challenges- target MAP of 65mmHg
• Vasodilator(GTN)-
• If the patient has pulmonary oedema and systolic blood pressure >90 mmHg, consider a vasodilator (e.g., glyceryl trinitrate, nesiritide) and ensure the patient is transferred to a critical care environment so that blood pressure can be continuously monitored
• Vasopressors agents
• Via CVC/arterial line
• NA, dopamine, vasopressin, adrenaline
• Increases perfusion and reduces mismatch bt tone and volume
Complications H?
- Volume overload induced pulmonary oedema
- Organ failure
- Vasopressor induced gangrene
- DIC
- Hospital acquired infections
- IV fluid/blood product associated infection, reactions, thrombosis
Prognosis H?
- High rate of mortality-depends on cause
- Sepsis highest
- Cardiogenic deaths in hospital high
Definition-cardiogenic?
Shock is a life-threatening circulatory disorder leading to tissue hypoxia and disturbance in microcirculation following acute heart failure.
RF Cardiogenic?
• Age • MI • Cardiomyopathy • Heart valve disease • Arrhythmias • Myocarditis • Drugs Blunt cardiac trauma
ddx cardiogenic?
- Diff types of shock
- Simple hypotension
- Syncope
CP cardiogenic?
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Weak pulse
- Cold clammy extremities
- Slow cap refill
- Mental status change
- Presentations of cardiac dysfunction
- Pulomnary oedema
- Elevated JVP
Pathophysiology-Cardiogenic?
- Lack of pulmonary circulation and peripheral perfusion
- Heart failure leads to drop in CO and blood pressure so the SNS increases catecholamines secretion, leading to VC and increased TPR, and HR.
- This increases myocardial oxygen demand so more compensatory mechanisms like RAAS increase sodium and water retention and VC but less flow to vital organs ,leading to ischaemia.
- A lack of oxygen leads to less ATP hence more lactic acid-metabolic acidosis-leads to a lower heart rate
- High/low preload, low CO, high afterload, high TPR, low mixed venous oxygen saturation
Investigations-first line-Cardiogenic?
ABCDE lactate ABG Glucose FBC U and E Coagulation Studies CRP ECG
