shit to know Flashcards
difference ‘tween the different acid/base definitions
arrhenius (whether an H+ or OH- is donated in water); brownsted-lowry (whether an H+ is accepted or donated in any type of solution); lewis (AlCl3 and BF3 are examples of lewis acids b/c they have an incomplete octet so are very reactive; can be attacked and accept electrons); metal cations are also lewis acids (except for all alkali and alkali earth metals Ca2+ and heavier; smaller the atom and heavier the charge will form more acidic solutions)
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage found at the outer ends of the bone, somewhat flexible and most common cartilage (knee, trachea, elbow, all joints), fibrous cartilage found in places where strong support is needed (pubic symphysis), really tough, no elasticity. elastic cartilage has the most flexibility, has elastin
different types of joints and cartilage
synovial (diarthrosis) joints allow for the most movement, fibrous (synathrosis) joints don’t allow any movement (skull, tailbone, bones in joint are essentially stuck together, not very separate and distinct); amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous) joints allow for some movement (ribs and sternum)
ACTH and CRH
CRH released by hypothalamus, ACTH released by APG –> adrenal cortex release cortisol; cortisol does negative feedback on hypothalamus and APG
total magnification, total power for lens
Mtotal = M1xM2; Ptotal = P1+P2
pousielle’s law; formula and what it tells us
relates blood flow rate (Q) to pressure and resistance (seen by viscosity). Q = (Pπr^4 )/8µL
relationship ‘tween decibel level and intensity change
for every factor of ten the intensity changes, that’s the number times zero for the decibel. so 10^3 change in intensity = 30dB change, 10^4 change in intensity = 40dB change
steroids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol; what macros are they?
steroids and cholesterol are lipids (steroids are hormone derivatives of cholesterol); carbohydrates are sugars
how does the eye focus light on the retina? near vs far obects
ciliary muscles contract –> lens bulges –> decrease focal length which increases power. thin ligaments contract –> lens flattens –> increase focal length/decrease power. for objects that are close, want a smaller focal length so light rays don’t fall behind the retina, so rely on ciliary muscles; objects that are far, require a larger focal length b/c the point where the rays are supposed to converge (retina) is further away, rely on the thin ligaments
far-sightedness vs near-sightedness and how to correct for each
far-sightedness is the inability to see object that are close because your focal length is too great, with old people this is due to weakness in ability for ciliary muscles to contract, fix by using a converging lens since w/out it, light converges behind the retina. near-sightedness is the opposite, correct by prescribing a diverging lens (makes it seem like object is closer than what it really is)
far point vs near point
far point is the furthest point that you can clearly see an object; near point is the nearest point that you can clearly see an object. for near-sightedness, the far point is closer than average. for far-sightedness (can’t see close), near point is further than average…described in terms of what’s wrong
spherical vs chromatic aberration
spherical is for monochromatic light, light that’s passed closer to the periphery is bent the most, leads to a blurry image b/c the light rays don’t converge on one spot, fix by passing light only through the center. chromatic aberration is when different frequencies of light are emitted, higher frequencies get refracted more b/c they have a higher index of refracton, correct by combing a converging and diverging lens w/ different indices of refractions
places where we see heterochromatin and euchromatin
heterochromatin found in centromeres so sister chromatids aren’t pulled apart until it’s time to do so, also found at the end of DNA (make up the telomeres since these don’t code for anything), also found at the periphery of the the nuclei during interphase; euchromatin found everywhere else, will be at the arms of the chromosome (the X we see during mitosis)
percent composition of chromatin
1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein, a small bit of RNA
the types of MTOCs in eukaryotes
centrosomes (involved in cell division, have centrioles which are organized in a 9+3 arrangement, centrioles aren’t needed for division, aster microtubules are sprout out); basal body found in cilia and flagella (help with movement, 9+2 arrangement, dyenin forms the cross bridge between the tubulin pairs, bacteria flagella different from eukaryotic flagella!)
