psych/soc Flashcards
symptoms of groupthink
inherent morality, mind guards, collective rationalization (discount warnings b/c they don’t align with what you believe), illusion in unanimity, self-censorship, direct pressure on dissenters (those in the group that don’t go agree with group’s beliefs), stereotyped view of out-groups
fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias, actor-observer bias
fundamental: tendency to attribute people’s actions to their personality. self-serving bias: when it’s good, it’s because of our internal traits, when it’s bad, it’s the environment. actor-observer bias is the tendency to blame the environment when we do something
what’s systems theory
ystems theory deals with whole units/groups and acknowledges how each person contributes to the unit; identify how each person responds to anxiety in the unit → adapt responses into a more productive manner; or person is made aware of the systematic resources that are available to them
institutional memory
Institutional memory is the collective memory of the individuals in an organization about its history, about situations the organization has confronted, and about what was necessary to deal with them. Long-term employees are valuable as they provide institutional memory for an organization, which means that the organization does not have to figure out what to do from scratch whenever an issue similar to one in the past comes up.
antipositivism
studying social realm requires different approach than studying natural realm; have to go beyond the scientific method and empiricism to study social sphere
which sociological frameworks does patient sick role in medicalization of health fall under?
functionalism (because when someone is sick they can’t do the tasks they normally do and other people have to pick up their slack); social constructionism because we have to define what it means to be sick
behavioral exemptions and requirements for people in the sick role
exemptions: temporarily exempt from social roles, you are not blamed for being sick. requirements: have to want to get better, abide by medical advice (the exemptions are contingent on the fact that the requirements are followed)
what functions is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in?
autonomic (blood pressure and heart rate); anticipation of reward, decision making, impulse control, and emotions
types of social movements
active (promote social change), expressive (promote individual change)
major classification of stressors
catastrophic (out of our control; usually a natural event like hurricane, tornado, etc); micro-stressor/daily hassles (annoying things that happen on a day to day basis; forgetting keys in room); ambient stressors (affect everyone; in the background and not really aware of it; like heavy pollution in the air); major life event (lasting impact, rare; leaving home for the first time, diagnoses w/ cancer)
levels of conscious mind that id, ego, and superego exist
Id is present at birth and wants instant gratification without care about the consequences, only at unconscious level; superego is developed later on as it learns about the rules of society (latent stage); all levels of consciousness but mainly unconscious (places a check on Id); ego directs behavior by balancing the desires of the two systems (exists at all three levels). three levels are unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
three stages towards developing the “I self” and “Me self”
1) preparatory (child is mimicking what they see); 2) play stage (more than mimicking b/c child can take on roles and act based on how they think someone else would act; can take on the perspective of someone else); 3) game stage (child learns the attitudes, beliefs, and values of society as a whole; learn that ppl act in accordance to societal views and not always their own; learn that people can have many roles; start to be concerned w/ how people view them; this is when the “I” and “Me (society)” is developed)
source vs surface traits
surface traits describe behavior (endless amount of examples), source traits are the underlying factors for that behavior and personality (i.e. OCEAN)
contributors to trait theory
1) Hans Eyeseck (we all have personality traits that fall under three general categories - neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism- and differ to the degree we express them b/c of our genome (don’t necessarily for psychoticism); 2) Gordon Allport (everyone has diff traits unique to them that can be classified as cardinal, central, or secondary); 3) Raymond Cattell thought everyone possessed 16 personality traits and created a test for it
somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, factitious disorders
somatic symptom disorder is when the physical symptoms cannot be explained by somatic or biological causes; illness anxiety disorder is when person is constantly preoccupied with their health, always thinks they’re sick and doesn’t have to accompanied by physical symptoms. conversion disorder is when the anxiety has manifested into changes in motor or sensory functioning; factitious disorders is when person fakes to be sick for the purpose of getting attention (no financial gain), will even physically harm themselves
positive and negative checks in Malthusiasn
positive checks increase the death rate through disease, crime, disasters, and hunger. preventative checks reduce the number of births through contraceptives, same-sex relationships, late marriage
secularization vs fundamentalism
secularization is the idea that as a society becomes more modern, religion will have a lesser importance in the different social spheres. fundamentalism advocates for the opposite
Three component theory of stratification (weberian stratification)
power, class (determined by birth), status (has to do with prestige, respect you’re given, honor, doesn’t have to correlate with class) all influence where a person stands in society
