Shiftings Flashcards
What is the integrating center for the Quadriceps Reflex?
a. L3
b. L2
c. L4
d. L1
L4
What is/are the sensory receptor for the ciliospinal reflex?
a. muscle spindle
b. free nerve endings
c. golgi tendon organs
d. Photoreceptors
Free nerve endings
Which of the following is a brainstem reflex?
a. Withdrawal Reflex
b. Palmar Grasp Reflex
c. Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
d. Traction Reflex
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex
Identify the reflex is a Brainstem Reflex, Superficial Reflex or a Deep Tendon Reflex
Jaw Jerk Reflex
Adductor Reflex
Ciliospinal Reflex
Plantar Reflex
Jaw jerk - DTR
Adductor- SR
Ciliospinal - BSR
Plantar - SR
Which type of reflex posseses sensory organs that respond to increased tension of the skeletal muscles and causes the muscle to relax?
a. Stretch Reflex
b. Inverse Stretch Reflex
c. Withdrawal Reflex
d. Extension Reflex
Inverse Stretch Reflex
Which of the following refers to the simultaneous transmission of excitatory impulse to the agonist muscles and inhibitory impulse to the antagonist muscles?
a. Habituation
b. Desensitization
c. Reciprocal Inhibition
d. Autogenic Inhibition
Reciprocal Inhibition
Which of the following refers to the non-associative learning process wherein the repeated administration of stimulus will lead to a progressive amplification of a particular response?
a. Desensitization
b. Innervation
c. Sensitization
d. Habituation
Sensitization
Which of the following statements is CORRECT about
Sherrington’s law?
a. Reciprocal inhibition occurs due to the segmental arrangement of afferent and efferent connections of the spinal cord
b. Reciprocal inhibition occurs when one set of muscles is stimulated, the muscles opposing the action of the first are simultaneously inhibited.
c. Reciprocal inhibition occurs due to the widespread
arrangement of afferent and efferent connections of the spinal cord
d. Reciprocal inhibition occurs when one set of muscles is stimulated, the muscles opposing the action of the first are simultaneously stimulated as well.
Reciprocal inhibition occurs due to the segmental arrangement of afferent and efferent connections of the spinal cord
Which of the following is a form of negative memory that occurs when the brain inhibits synaptic pathways for information that is considered unimportant?
a. Facilitation
b. Sensitization
c. Habituation
d. Adaptation
Habituation
Which of the following reflexes must be integrates or suppressed?
a. Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex
b. Head Righting Reflex
c. Protective Extension
d. Parachute Reaction
Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex
What is the stimulus to elicit the Hoffman Reflex? (THUMB MATIC)
a. tapping on the nail of the middle finger
b. stroking on the medial aspect of the palm
c. tapping on the nail of the thumb
d. stroking on the lateral aspect of the palm
tapping on the nail of the middle finger
In the caloric test, what is the normal result of putting warm water on one ear?
a. Nystagmus of both eyes
b. Nystagmus of the same eye
c. Nystagmus of the other eye
d. There is no nystagmus
Nystagmus of the same eye
This is a condition where
individuals experience vertigo, a spinning sensation, when their head position changes. This can cause distress, such as falling out of bed or losing balance, and can lead to nausea and vomiting.
a. Endolymphatic Hydrops
b. Benign Paroxysmal
Positional Vertigo
c. Cupulolithiasis
d. Meniere’s Disease
Benign Paroxysmal
Positional Vertigo
Which of the following is described as the illusory feeling of spinning, falling, and disorientation resulting in equilibrium disturbance?
a. Nystagmus
b. Syncope
c. Meniere’s Disease
d. Vertigo
Vertigo
What is the afferent neuron for the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
a. Otic Ganglion
b. Spiral Ganglion
c. Scarpa’s Ganglion
d. Wernicke’s Ganglion
Scarpa’s Ganglion
What is the ROM of head rotation when performing Diz-Hallpike
Maneuver?
a. 20 degrees
b. 80 degrees
c. 40 degrees
d. 60 degrees
40 degrees
Which of the following vestibular tests functions to test a person’s capability to identify details of visual targets when there are movements between the subject and objects?
a. Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
Testing
b. Spontenous Nystagmus
c. Dynamic Visual Acuity Test
d. Head Impulse Test
Dynamic Visual Acuity Test
What is the efferent neuron for the vestibulo-ocular reflex?
a. Nuclei of cranial nerves 3,
4, 6
b. Nuclei of cranial nerves 9,
10, 11
c. Nuclei of cranial nerves 3,
5, 7
d. Nuclei of cranial nerves 2,
4,6
Nuclei of cranial nerves 3,
4, 6
This is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle
coordination due to cerebellar disease, producing a wide-based gait and positive Romberg’s sign.
a. Muscular Ataxia
b. Sensory Ataxia
c. Meningeal Ataxia
d. Cerebellar Ataxia
Cerebellar Ataxia
Which of the following is an involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes, typically observed when a person is sitting or lying down in a stationary position, with no external stimuli causing the eye movement?
a. Spontaneous Nystagmus
b. Geocentric Nystagmus
c. Caloric Nystagmus
d. Heliocentric Nystagmus
Spontaneous Nystagmus
Which of the following test examines the integrity of the semicircular canals by placing the patient on a rotation chair?
a. Barany Test
b. Roll Test
c. Caloric Testing
d. Dix-Hallpike Maneuver
Barany Test
This is a condition characterized by the buildup of fluid in the inner ear’s labyrinth, which contains balance and hearing organs. This causes severe dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, and ear congestion.
a. Weber’s Syndrome
b. Canalithiasis
c. Meniere’s Disease
d. Cupulolithiasis
Meniere’s Disease
This test primarily challenges the proprioceptive and vestibular components of balance maintenance. It assesses if balance issues are due to proprioception.
a. Romberg Test
b. Epley’s Meneuver
c. Berg Balance Scale
d. Dix-Hallpike Test
Romberg Test
A particular stimulus elicits a particular response in a reflex arc. Reflexes are adaptable but cannot be modified to perform motor tasks.
a. Both statements are CORRECT
b. Both statements are INCORRECT
c. The first statement is INCORRECT, the second statement is CORRECT
d. The first statement is CORRECT, the second statement is INCORRECT
The first statement is CORRECT, the second statement is INCORRECT
What type of efferent nerves innervate the end portions if the muscle spindles?
a. Large diameter unmyelinated efferent fibers
b. Small diameter myelinated efferent fibers
c. Large diameter myelinated efferent fibers
d. Small diameter unmyelinated efferent fibers
Large diameter myelinated efferent fibers
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the continuous discharge of the muscle spindles?
a. All of these statements are correct
b. Muscle spindles can send negative signals
c. Muscle spindles increases the rate of firing in response to stretching
d. Muscle spindles can send positive signals
Muscle spindles increases the rate of firing in response to stretching
Where are the motor neurons in the spinal cord gray matter located?
a. Lateral horn
b. Medial horn
c. Posterior horn
d. Anterior horn
Anterior horn
Which component of the reflex arc is where excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials are generated in response to incoming nerve transmission?
a. Receptor
b. Efferent Neuron
c. Associating Neuron
d. Afferent Neuron
Associating Neuron
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the Flexor Withdrawal Reflex and Crossed
Extensor Reflex?
a. Flexor Withdrawal Reflex occurs first, followed immediately by the crossed extensor reflex
b. Crossed extensor reflex occurs first, followed immediately by the flexor withdrawal reflex
Flexor Withdrawal Reflex occurs first, followed immediately by the crossed extensor reflex
Which of the following are type of reflexes that process in the brain or brainstem?
a. Polysynaptic Reflex
b. Cranial Reflexes
c. Spinal Reflexes
d. Monosynaptic Reflexes
Cranial Reflexes
Coactivation of both alpha and gamma motor neurons aim to suppress the muscle spindle reflex. This coactivation maintains the proper damping function of the muscle spindles.
a. Both statements are incorrect
b. Both statements are correct
c. The first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct
d. The first statement is correct, the second statement is incorrect
Both statements are correct
What is the major sensory innervation of the muscle spindle?
a. Type Il endings
b. Annulospiral endings
c. Flower-spray endings
d. Type Ib endings
Type Il endings
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the Crossed
Extensor Reflex?
a. Occurs moments after a stimulus elicited the withdrawal reflex of the contralateral limb
b. Straightens the contralateral lower extremity to receive the weight of the body
c. Aims to push the entire body away from the object causing the painful stimulus
d. All of these statements are correct
All of these statements are correct
Which of the following will occur after stimulation of a Gamma Motor Neuron?
a. Both the two ends and the central portion of the muscle spindle will contract
b. Both ends of the intrafusal muscle will contract, stretching the central portion of the muscle spindle
c. The central portion of the intrafusal muscle will contract, stretching both ends of the muscle spindle
d. Both the two ends and the central portion of the muscle spindle will be stretched
The central portion of the intrafusal muscle will contract, stretching both ends of the muscle spindle
Which of the following specifically functions to provide pathways to multi-segmental reflexes and coordinate simultaneous
movements of the upper and lower limb?
a. Propriospinal Fibers
b. Anterior motor neurons
c. Renshaw Cells
d. Wide-range dynamic T cells
Propriospinal Fibers
What type of monosynaptic reflex involves stimulation of receptors located in the skin or in mucus membranes?
a. Superficial Reflex
b. Deep Tendon Reflex
c. Innate Reflex
d. Postural Reflex
Superficial Reflex
What component of the reflex arc is responsible in executing the intended response of the reflex through contraction?
a. Associating Neuron
b. Receptor
c. Efferent Neuron
d. Effector Organ
Effector Organ
Which of the following specifically functions to provide pathways to multi-segmental reflexes and coordinate simultaneous movements of the upper and lower limb?
a. Propriospinal Fibers
b. Renshaw Cells
c. Wide-range dynamic T cells
d. Anterior motor neurons
Propriospinal Fibers
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the coactivation function of the muscle spindles?
a. Keeps the length of the receptor portion of the muscle spindle from changing during contraction
b. Maintains the proper damping function of the muscle spindle
c. Coactivation causes both extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers to contract at the same time
d. Allows increase in tension in some parts of the muscle as the
contraction happens
Allows increase in tension in some parts of the muscle as the
contraction happens
A particular stimulus elicits a particular response in a reflex arc.
Reflexes are adaptable but cannot be modified to perform motor tasks.
a. Both statements are CORRECT
b. Both statements are INCORRECT
c. The first statement is INCORRECT, the second statement is CORRECT
d. The first statement is CORRECT, the second statement is INCORRECT
The first statement is CORRECT, the second statement is INCORRECT
What type of monosynaptic reflex involves stimulation of receptors located in the skin or in mucus membranes?
a. Deep Tendon Reflex
b. Postural Reflex
c. Superficial Reflex
d. Innate Reflex
Superficial Reflex
Where are the motor neurons in the spinal cord gray matter located?
a. Medial horn
b. Posterior horn
c. Lateral horn
d. Anterior horn
Anterior horn
Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the function of the Golgi tendon organ?
a. Provides negative feedback mechanism that prevents too much tension
b. Provides inhibitory response coming from the cortex to the muscle undergoing increase in tension
c. All of these statements are correct
d. Provides a protective mechanism from muscle strain or tear due to sudden increases in tension
All of these statements are correct
Coactivation of both alpha and gamma motor neurons aim to suppress the muscle spindle reflex. This coactivation maintains the proper damping function of the muscle spindles.
a. Both statements are correct
b. The first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct
c. Both statements are incorrect
d. The first statement is correct, the second statement is incorrect
The first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct
The muscle spindle can be excited by lengthening of the muscle through stretch (either passive or as a consequence of movement). The muscle spindle can also be excited by the contraction of its end portions.
a. The first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct
b. Both statements are incorrect
c. Both statements are correct
d. The first statement is correct, the second statement is incorrect
Both statements are correct
The amount and duration of response of a flexor withdrawal reflex depends on the strength of the noxious stimulus. With increased strength of stimulus, there is shorter reaction time for the flexor withdrawal reflex.
a. The first statement is INCORRECT, the second statement is CORRECT
b. Both statements are CORRECT
c. The first statement is CORRECT, the second statement is INCORRECT
d. Both statements are INCORRECT
Both statements are CORRECT
Which of the following statements is CORRECT
regarding the functions of the inverse stretch reflex?
a. All of these statements are correct
b. Prevents overloading of isolated areas of the muscles
c. Provides lengthening reaction to muscles
d. Prevents excessive tension on the muscle
Prevents excessive tension on the muscle
V.R., a 30-year-old alchemist was diagnosed with cerebrovascular disease 3 months ago. The patient currently presents with hypertonicity of the left elbow flexors. You want to stretch these muscles to address tightness. Which of the following muscle receptors would you stimulate in order for the elbow flexors to relax and be allowed to stretch?
a. The Golgi tendon organs in the elbow flexors
b. The Pacinian corpuscles in the elbow flexors
c. The Ruffini’s endings in the elbow flexors
d. The muscle spindles in the elbow flexors
The Golgi tendon organs in the elbow flexors
Which of the following statements is CORRECT
regarding the Flexor Withdrawal Reflex and Crossed Extensor
Reflex?
a. Crossed extensor reflex occurs first, followed immediately by the flexor withdrawal reflex
b. Flexor Withdrawal Reflex occurs first, followed immediately by the crossed extensor reflex
Crossed extensor reflex occurs first, followed immediately by the flexor withdrawal reflex
What component of the reflex arc is responsible in executing the intended response of the reflex through contraction?
a. Associating Neuron
b. Effector Organ
c. Receptor
d. Efferent Neuron
Effector Organ
Dan Heng, a 34-year-old
Trailblazer was diagnosed with a neurological condition. One of the clinical signs of this condition is continuous activation of the intrafusal muscle fibers. What are the fibers that transmit the continuous motor signals to these muscle fibers?
a. A-Gamma
b. A-Delta
c. A-Alpha
d. A-Beta
A-Gamma
Which component of the reflex arc is considered as the final common pathway?
a. Efferent Neuron
b. Dorsal Root Ganglion
c. Ventral Root Ganglion
d. Afferent Neuron
Efferent Neuron
Which of the following will occur after stimulation of a Gamma
Motor Neuron?
a. Both the two ends and the central portion of the muscle spindle will be stretched
b. The central portion of the intrafusal Qmuscle will contract, stretching both ends of the muscle spindle
c. Both the two ends and the central portion of the muscle spindle will contract
d. Both ends of the intrafusal muscle will contract, stretching the central portion of the muscle spindle
Both ends of the intrafusal muscle will contract, stretching the central portion of the muscle spindle
Which of the following statements is CORRECT
regarding the Crossed Extensor
Reflex?
a. Occurs moments after a stimulus elicited the withdrawal reflex of the contralateral limb
b. Aims to push the entire body away from the object causing the painful stimulus
c. All of these statements are correct
d. Straightens the contralateral lower extremity to receive the weight of the body
All of these statements are correct
Which of the following statements is the CORRECT receptor response of the Golgi tendon organ?
a. Dynamic response towards slow increase in muscle tension
b. Dynamic response towards sudden increase in muscle tension
c. Static response towards sudden increase in muscle tension
d. Static response towards sudden decrease in muscle tension
Dynamic response towards sudden increase in muscle tension
Coactivation of both alpha and gamma motor neurons aim to suppress the muscle spindle reflex. This coactivation maintains the proper damping function of the muscle spindles.
a. The first statement is correct, the second statement is incorrect
b. The first statement is incorrect, the second statement is correct
c. Both statements are incorrect
d. Both statements are correct
Both statements are correct
What type of efferent nerves innervate the end portions if the muscle spindles?
a. Large diameter unmyelinated efferent fibers
b. Small diameter unmyelinated efferent fibers
c. Small diameter myelinated efferent fibers
d. Large diameter myelinated efferent fibers
Large diameter myelinated efferent fibers
Which component of the reflex arc is where excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic potentials are generated in response to incoming nerve transmission?
a. Efferent Neuron
b. Receptor
c. Afferent Neuron
d. Associating Neuron
Associating Neuron
Which of the following
CORRECTLY explains the phenomenon of Lateral
Inhibition?
a. A motor neuron excites an interneuron, which in turn excites adjacent motor neurons
b. Interneurons are excited by the impulses of a motor neuron, which in turn inhibits adjacent motor neurons
c. Interneurons are excited by the impulses of a motor neuron, which in turn excites adjacent motor neurons
d. A motor neuron inhibits an interneuron, which in turn inhibits adjacent motor neurons
A motor neuron inhibits an interneuron, which in turn inhibits adjacent motor neurons
Consider this scenario, a person desires to shrug both of his shoulders. The cerebrum in turns generate motor signals that pass through the spinal cord to peripheral nerves to contract the specific muscles to execute the task. Which of the following correctly describes the importance of lateral inhibition?
a. The signals will cause contraction of the upper trapezius only
b. The signals will cause contraction of the SCM only
c. The signals will cause contraction of both upper and lower trapezius
d. The signals will cause contraction of the SCM and all fibers of trapezius
The signals will cause contraction of the SCM and all fibers of trapezius
What is the cranial nerve affected in Acoustic Neuroma
a. CN VIII
b. CN VII
c. CNN
d. CN VI
CN VIII
This type of deafness is when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear
a. Central deafness
b. Sensorineural deafness
c. Bone deafness
d. Conductive deafness
Conductive deafness
Which of the following statements is CORRECT
regarding the continuous discharge of the muscle spindles?
a. All of these statements are correct
b. Muscle spindles can send positive signals
c. Muscle spindles increases the rate of firing in response to stretching
d. Muscle spindles can send negative signals
Muscle spindles increases the rate of firing in response to stretching
What is the common cause of parosmia?
a. Head trauma
b. Bacterial or viral infection
c. idiopathic origin
d. Neurological conditions
Bacterial or viral infection
Which of the following are type of reflexes that process in the brain or brainstem?
a. Cranial Reflexes
b. Spinal Reflexes
c. Monosynaptic Reflexes
d. Polysynaptic Reflex
Cranial Reflexes
What is the motor neuron that innervates the muscle spindle?
a. Beta motor neurons
b. Alpha motor neurons
c. Delta motor neurons
d. Gamma motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons
What Principle states that sound waves of different frequency are transmitted by different groups of nerve fibers
a. Place principle
b. Place theory
c. Volley principle
d. Time principle
Volley principle
What is the characteristic symptom of Meniere’s disease?
a. Ringing sound in the ear
b. Fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo
c. Enlarged membranous labyrinth
Fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo
What is auditory fatigue?
a. The increased sensitivity to high-pitched sounds
b. The permanent damage to the auditory nerve
c. The inability to perceive sounds accurately
d. The temporary loss of hearing sensitivity due to prolonged exposure to loud sounds
The temporary loss of hearing sensitivity due to prolonged exposure to loud sounds
Which organization provides guidelines to ensure workplace safety regarding noise exposure and hearing conservation?
a. American Academy of Audiology
b. Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration
c. World Health Organization
d. National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Hazard Administration
The bulboreticular facilitatory region of the brainstem excites the Gamma motor system of the body, which receives impulses from the cerebellum, basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. This system is particularly concerned with anti-gravity muscles. Which of the following statements about the importance of this system is CORRECT?
a. Gamma motor system is important for stabilizing peripheral joints during movement
b. Gamma motor system is important for maintaining body posture
c. Gamma motor system is important for maintain position during execution of tasks
d. All of these
All of these
You are examining a patient who you observed to be a bit lethargic. You tried to test his pin-prick sensation by pressing the pointed end of a neurohammer on the dorsum of his hand. The patient seems to react but does not take away his hand from you. You decided to press the pointed end harder.
Which of the following is the MOST likely to occur NEXT?
a. The patient will not withdraw his hand from you
b. The patient will shout but will not move
c. The patient will quickly withdraw his hand from you
d. The patient will slowly withdraw his hand from you
The patient will slowly withdraw his hand from you
At what intensity level does sound become painful for most people?
a. Around 50 dB
b. Around 120 dB
c. Around 100 dB
d. Around 80 dB
Around 120 dB
What role does the cochlea play?
a. It amplifies sound waves
b. It analyzes sound frequency
c. It converts sound waves into electrical impulses
d. It transmits sound vibrations to the cerebral cortex
It converts sound waves into electrical impulses
A disorder caused by buildup of fluid in the inner ear.
a. Acoustic Neuroma
b. Meniere’s Disease
c. Usher Syndrome
d. Tinnitus
Meniere’s Disease
What is the range of frequencies audible to the human ear?
a. 10-100 Hz
b. 50-50,000 Hz
c. 20-20,000 Hz
d. 100-10,000 Hz
20-20,000 Hz
What is anosmia?
a. Enhanced sense of smell
b. Distorted sense of smell
c. Diminished sense of smell
d. Loss of sense of smell
Loss of sense of smell
This is the loss of taste sensation
a. Dysgeusia
b. Ageusia
c. Anosmia
d. Hyperalgesia
Ageusia
What is pitch?
a. The frequency of sound waves
b. The duration of sound waves
c. The intensity of sound waves
d. The quality of sound waves
The frequency of sound waves
What is parosmia?
a. Enhanced sense of smell
b. Loss of sense of smell
c. Distortion of sense of smell
d. Diminished sense of smell
Distortion of sense of smell
