Shell and Koster Flashcards
What 2 antibiotics can we use to treat Giardia?
Fenbendazole and Metronidazole
Are we able to differentiate between a natural infection and vaccine induced antibodies with the C6 Snap Test?
Yes ma’am we can
Adopted a cat from the shelter. Unknown vaccination history. FeLV positive on IFA at vet visit. What does this mean?
IFA looks for antigens in WBCs = persistant infection, so cat is likely infected lifelong.
With Addisons an ECG will show bradycardia and …
prolonged or absent P waves due to hyperkalemia
What test do we use to diagnose Lepto?
Microscopic Agglutination Test
Need a 4 fold increase in titers over 2-4 weeks. 800= indicates active disease >3200= positive disease unless dog was vaccinated within the last 6 weeks
Billy has a 3cm, non invasive adrenal tumor without mets. What to do?
Adrenalectomy
If an animal is infected with Mycoplasma hemocanis at the time of a splenectomy what type of anemia can occur?
Acute severe hemolytic anemia following a splenectomy.
What if a cute little Oualie dog comes in that tested positive for Lyme but isn’t showing any signs. Do we treat him?
NO!
Because 90-95% of dogs will not have signs of disease.
I am a virus that is transmitted in blood and saliva. I love in infect sweet innocent kittens. Kittens can get me by grooming each other and eating out of the same bowl. They test me for my ANTIGENS. Who am I?
FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus
How long does it take for the unknowing little pup to develop clinical signs for Lyme disease?
2-5 months
If some lady comes in and wants an ELISA test on a dog that just had ticks on him today and has never been tested for Lyme, will it be helpful?
No it will not. Because we need a few months before we are able to detect the antigens on an ELISA test.
T/F: Oriental or “Fancy” breeds are protected from hyperthyroidism
TRUE TRUE TRUE So when you are given a signalment to choose from do not pick a Siamese, Persian or fancy cat as a hyperthyroid cat!!!
What does the replication of Rickettsiae cause?
Vasculitis & Necrosis which leads to Albumin leaking out of vessels therefore edema.
What will you see in a serum biochem from a patient with DM?
Hyperglycemia, elevated liver enzymes
Clicker: All these dogs have low [T4]. Select the typical signalment and history for canine hypothyroidism.
A. 3 yo female poodle with reduced appetite and PU/PD
B. 12 yo mini schnauzer with pot bell, alopecia, and calcinosis cutis
C. 6yo beagle with hypotricohosis and reduced activity
D. 3yo greyhound with bradycardia
C. Middle aged dogs with hypotrichosis and reduced activity
How do people become infected with Toxo?
Inhaling fecal matter from the litter box and eating meat contaminated with Toxo.
What do we use to treat Valley Fever?
The conazole sisters
What form of thyroxine is biologically active and not bound to a protein?
fT4
How do we treat a thyroid storm in cats with hyperthyroidism?
Beta blockers and products to prevent conversion of T4-T3
Core vaccines for Dogs
Parvo, Hepatitis, Rabies, Distemper
What can be administered to counteract the elevated hyperkalemia and is also known as a cardio protectant?
Ca gluconate
How would we treat Helicobacteria?
Triple Therapy
2 antibiotics(amoxicillin and metronidazole) plus 1 secretory(famotidine, ranitidine or omeprazole)
Which has more of a bleeding problem E. Canis or RMSF?
E. canis
What will we see in hypothyroid thyroid gland using scintigraphy?
Hypothyroid gland will have decreased uptake of the contrast medium.
Healthy thyroids will take up all of it. We could see that one thyroid is smaller than the other.
I ate poop with Giardia in it I’m pretty sure. What exactly would I have to eat to get infected?
Cysts
Why do we need to do urine cultures when we suspect Cushings?
UTIs
Hyperthyroid cats have a increased or decreased uptake of pertechnetate compared to salivary glands when using scintigraphy?
Hyperthyroid cats have an increased uptake compared to salivary glands.
What infectious diease is least likely to cause lameness?
Coccidiomycosis
Borrelia
Babesia
Babesia
Signalment for Addisons
Young- middle aged. With PU/PD, Waxing and Waning signs.
3rd most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Hypoadrenocorticism
What is another test that we use to make a Dx of cytauxzoon?
PCR
Early sign of a vaccine reaction
Mild swelling, local irritation, resolves in days to weeks
This mean ole surface protein will end up in the salivary gland of the tick.
OspC
My name is Lepto and I really like to destroy endothelial cells and cause the blood vessels to leak. We call that vasculitis. What protein do I make leak out of the vessels.
Albumin
Does botulism cause flaccid or rigid paralysis?
Botulism causes flaccid paralysis.
What is the normal reference range of glucose nadir?
90-120
What drug do we avoid for treatment of Heptozoonosis?
AVOID corticosteriods
Use NSAIDS.
How do we treat Toxo?
CNS signs - Sulfa drugs - cross the BBB
No CNS signs - Clindamycin
What could you do to differentiate between Nocardia and Actinomyces in a stain?
Nocarida is acid fast so acid fast stain that shit.
Zoonotic bacteria that causes LARGE bowel diarrhea, tensesmus(straining) and can be diagnosed in a fecal smear by the presence of “seagulls”.
Campylobacteria
What does the FeLV ELISA test check for ?
Free soluble FeLV p27 ANTIGEN
Where does the rabies virus replicate?
- Myocytes -> to NMJ of CNS-> migrates to salivary glands
- Spinal cord
Can lyme disease cause renal failure?
Yea buddy
I am a vaccine that is more pure like a virgin. Not a whole antigen and not alive.
Recombinant/ Subunit
How does Methimazole work in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking incorporation of iodine. Reversible. Used to stabilize patient before Iodine therapy.
Name the 5 P’s that are associated with Cushings.
- Panting
- PU
- PD
- PP
- Potbelly
What form of Distemper causes shedding of the virus?
Systemic form
What viral infection causes myoclonus, nasal and ocular discharge, pustular dermatitis, and hard pad?
Canine Distemper
What do glucocorticoids, phenobarbital and sulfonamides do in hypothyroid patients?
Alter plasma protein binding or directly inhibit pituitary release of TSH.
If we do a urinalysis on a Lyme positive dog and his urine protein creatinine ratio is elevated but he is not showing signs, do we treat him?
Yes. We treat dogs that are positive for proteinuria and Lyme.
Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is termed…
Somogyi Effect
Decrease insulin by 25-50% then reassess
Lepto shares the same hemogram as what other infectious disease?
Rickettisia diseases.
Pancytopenias for them two.
What test is used to rule out hypothyroidism?
TT4
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of Lyme?
Doxycycline.
Because of co-infections with Rickettsial disease.
How do I know if a dog is shedding Lepto in the environment?
If the hepatic and renal enzymes are increased in an acutely sick dog, he is the SHEDDER
Clicker: Which is a screening test for hypothyroidism?
TT4
Gold standard for hyperthyroid diagnosis (but not often used)
T3 suppression test
What type of Babesia is found in pitbulls and can be spread via dog fights. It causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and vasculitis because Babesia infects RBCs.
B. gibsoni
Adrenal dependent tumors cause an increase in what hormone?
Increase in cortisol
How do we Dx an animal with Botulism?
Clinical signs and history.
Can also look for toxin in serum, feces, vomit, or food that was eaten. But finding a lab that will do this is difficult.
What infection causes a peritoneal reaction around the site of muscle attachment that we can see on x-ray to diagnose?
Heptozoonosis
What other endocrinopathy causes the same dermatologic signs as hypothyroidism in dogs?
Cushings
What causes hemolytic anemia in the cat?
Cytauxzoon and Mycoplasma
Treat these with Doxy and Pred to prevent IMHA
In a cat, what can we palpate bilaterally that would suggest hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid goiter can be palpated bilaterally in a cat with hyperthyroid.
I am a virus that causes subclinical infections in a lot of cats. I can easily be killed by soap and water. Who am I?
FECV Feline Enteric Corona Virus
What can we use to stop the immune mediated attack on red blood cells infected with Mycoplasma?
Corticosteroids (Prednisolone)
Also use Doxy or Enrofloxacin for the bacteria.
Borrelia is an extracellular bacteria. But it is really good at hide and seek. Where can it hide???
Joints, fibroblasts, astrocytes
What immunoglobulin do we need to find in a titer of serum to have a positive diagnosis of Distemper?
IgM
Will be increased due to a recent Distemper infection or a recent vaccination(within 3 weeks)
What virus causes a sudden onset of neuro signs and death within 10 days?
RABIES
What is an important prognosticator for DKA?
pH
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism in dogs?
Sodium levothyroxine- life long treatment
Before we remove a pheochromocytoma what do we need to treat it with?
Phenoxybenzamine
Manage blood pressure too!
How would we diagnosis Helicobacteria?
Brush cytology of the gastric mucosa
I am a vaccine but I need a larger dose which can cause allergic reactions. You have to give me twice 2 weeks apart for me to work. And also yearly b.c i suck at immunity.
Killed
What is the leading cause of hypercalcemia is dogs?
Lymphoma
What is the most common medical disorder of geriatric cats?
Hyperthyroidism
How long does the tick need to be attached and suck blood to infect the host?
48 hours
Lyme disease really messes up the heart too. What might need to be done for the animal that has developed Lyme Myocarditis?
Pacemaker implantation for the heart blocks.
When do we start treatment of RMSF?
ASAP
What disease did Dylan’s dog get, that is mostly found in the southwestern US. (He is from Arizona). It usually requires life long treatment. It is a bitch to get rid of.
Valley Fever aka Coccidiomycosis
What type of clinical signs does the vasculitis in particular cause?
Petechial & Ecchymotic hemorrhage.
Look at ears and MM.
What treatment can we send home for Parvo patients?
Convenia or Polyflex(cheaper)
What canine virus replicated at low body temperatures?
Herpes
What 3 things should we look for in cat with subclinical or clinical cardiac disease and hyperthyroidism?
- Cardiac silhouette in X-rays
- Consistent hypertension >180
- Assess degree of hypertrophy with ultrasound
Clicker: Which screening test has the benefit of having very good specificity for Cushings?
ACTH Stim Test
Percutaneous ablation therapy can cause what in cats with hyperthyroid?
Laryngeal paralysis and horners syndrome
What is a RBC parasite that cause Feline Infectious Anemia?
Mycoplasma hemofelis
How do we diagnose Toxo?
Elevated IgM titers = acute infection
Elevated IgG titers= chronic infection
Take paired sample
Can also take a muscle biopsy and look for elevated CK.
If at 8 hours the cortisol level is less than 50% of baseline what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
What is the most common systemic fungal disease in cats and affects the nasal passages?
Cryptococcosis
Rabies vaccination schedule
16 weeks and booster in 1 year,
How long can a cat with Panleukopenia shed the virus after recovery?
6 weeks
Why is Brucellosis difficult to treat?
Because it is an intercellular organism
What surface protein does the vaccine target?
OspA
T/F: Specificity of fT4 is not as good in hyperthyroid as it is in hypothyroid and it gets a lot of false positives.
TRUE
Is E. canis an acute or chronic dz.
CHRONIC
Mr. Sand Fly I am going to report you to the CDC because you are making my spleen, liver and lymph nodes huge! You are a bad man Mr. Sand fly you cause….
Leishmaniasis
Generalized signs of tetanus include…
Sawhorse stance, risus sardonicus, trismus, convulsions
How is feline corona virus spread?
Feces
What is the best treatment option for a dog with ADH Cushings?
Unilateral adrenalectomy
With hypothyroidism is the alopecia unilateral or bilateral?
BILATERAL ALOPECIA
IgM becomes available how long after the infection?
60-90 days. And then IgG rises 60-90 days.
What kind of reaction can occur after a lepto vaccine in administered?
Type I Hypersensitivity
The neurological sign that is caused by a rapidly enlarging micro-adenoma.
Nelsons syndrome
Hypothyroidism in puppies causes what ?
Cretinism: retarded growth, impaired mental development, persistent puppy cost
What are some clinical signs associated with Vaccine Induced Distemper and how can we differentiate it from Canine Distemper?
Behavior changes, aggression, depression, ataxia, tremors and seizures. There will be no systemic signs, only CNS with history of a recent vaccination.
I am trying to Dx FIP so i pulled so fluid from the cat, what color would the fluid look like if the cat had FIP?
Straw colored(tan/yellowish), high protein and sticky with happy neutrophils.
Clicker: Diagnostic test of choice for screening a cat with suspected hyperT?
TT4
Besides Mitotaine what other drug could be used for the treatment of PDH Cushings?
Trilostaine
What immunoglobulin is first on the scene at the time of infections?
IgM
What infection in the vertebrae can Brucellosis cause?
Discospondylitis
Which dog breeds hang onto maternal antibodies the longest?Therefore you have to wait 20 weeks before giving the vaccine.
Pitbulls, Rotties, and Hunting Dogs
Agent that transmits Salmon poisoning.
Neorickettsia helmintheca
What 2 things become enlarged with Salmon Poisoning?
Lymph nodes and the spleen
How do dogs become infected with Salmon Poisoning?
Ingestion of the fish with the trematode.
Tests used to Dx Anaplasma
ELISA Snap or PCR of blood.
Clicker: You suspect hypothyroidism in a dog and perform a T4 test. The results come back within normal range. The dog actually has hypoT. Which explanations are correct?
A. The TT4 reserve is high, retesting in 4 weeks to confirm it
B. AntiT4 antibodies interfere with the assay
C. ATGA Ab interfere with the assay.
A & B are correct
How do we diagnosis Salmon Poisoning?
Direct fecal smear. Find trematode eggs.
When should we consider a CT/MRI of the pituitary in a PD HAC dog?
If the owner would consider radiation therapy
Insulin and dosing schedule for cats with 80% induction of remission?
Glargine BID
Acute Addison Crisis is treated as an _________ and should be administered fluids and electrolytes with glucocorticoid replacement.
EMERGENCY!!
Why is scintigraphy indicated in a hyperthyroid cat?
To dx functional thyroid tumors, to detect functional metastasis and detect intrathoracic thyroid lobes.
What is the most common and most serious electrolyte disturbance in DKA?
Hypokalemia
Vector for Anaplasma
Ixodes
Emergency Tx for tetany in animals with hypocalcemia.
10 % Ca gluconate.
What is the prognosis of a pheochromocytoma based on?
Size, metastasis and surgeons experience.
What are 2 other things that we can monitor when treating DM?
- GHb and Fructosamine: The higher the % the poorer the glycemic control.
- Urine glucose: should not be relied on for adjustment of insulin only if urine ketones permit for > 3 days with systemic signs.
What is the most common clinical sign in cats with hyperthyroidism?
WEIGHT LOSS!!!!
NOTE TO SELF: IN vaccine reactions are NOT considered a vaccine reaction.
Yep
What therapy causes the longest survival time in cats with hyperthyroidism?
Cats pretreated with Methimazole before Iodine 131.
How many days does it take to see decreased T4 levels in a cat treated with Iodine 131 for hyperthyroidism?
95% of cats will have decreased T4 levels by 8 days post treatment.
Is it ok to drink urine that could have Lepto swimming all up in it?
No you silly willy.
Clicker: Which screening test has better sensitivity in screening for Cushing?
LDDS
Rabies: Zoonotic or No?
ZOONOTIC… DUH
Clicker: Name the Cushings screening test with the highest sensitivity.
Urine cortisol:creatine
6 hours post pilling, dogs need to be at what end of the reference range in order for clinical signs of hypothyroidism to resolve?
Dogs need to be at the high end and cats need to be at the low end.
What is the average length of treatment for a cat with sporotrichosis?
5 months
Will Penicillin G or Ampicillin eliminate the carrier state?
NO it will not. So we need to use Doxy later.
What species develops Type I DM?
Dogs
I am a virus that causes all kind of bad things like gingivitis, pneumonia, etc. I infect the cats when the BITE each other. They test me for my sexy ANTIBODY. Who am I?
FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
How does tetanus enter the body?
When a wound becomes contaminated.
What kind of vaccine is the Lyme disease vaccine?
Killed subunit/ recombinant.
May reduce allergic potential.
This spirochete is transmitted by Ixodes. He likes to morph from spiral to corkscrew to a sphere so he can hide from antibodies. What is his name?
Borrellia
What do DM dogs need more of in their diet?
high carbs and lower fat
What is required for a definitive diagnosis in a dog with hyperthyroid?
Thyroid biopsy
Long acting insulin used in cats
Glargine BID
T/F Canned food(liver), litter trays and ectoparasiticides are all risk factors for hyperthyroidism
TRUE!!!!
Which feline bacteria is zoonotic and is transmitted to the cat via a cat flea?
Bartonella. “Cat Scratch Fever”
How would we diagnose Brucella?
RSAT(screening)
If + confirm with TAT
TAT >200 = active disease but verify with AGID, ELISA or PCR.
What other infectious disease does Salmon poisoning resemble?
Parvo
What does risus sardonicus mean?
Grin due to pulling back of facial muscles
Primary Hypoadrenocorticism is caused by….
Immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex
Billy remains thirsty on a dose of 1.1 SID. You do a ACTH stimtest and post sim is 45. What to do?
Collect a pre-pilling urine for UCCR.
What protein do we look for as an indicator of Dx of RMSF?
Albumin should be low because of vasculitis.
As for Lyme, Anaplasma can cause what in the limbs of the infected?
Lameness aka Inflammatory Polyarthritis
When there is an adrenal dependent tumor that increases cortisol secretion, what causes the pituitary to react and decrease ACTH secretion ?
negative feedback mechanism
The condition characterized by a increase in Ca and an increase in PTH
Hyperparathyroidism
What is an important prognosticator in adrenal tumors?
Presence of metastasis
What is the test of choice to prove hyperthyroidism?
Scintigraphy
We use _______ in long term maintenance of Addisons.
DOCP and prednisolone.
Typical signalment for Cushings patients?
Middle aged to old dogs.
Vector for Ehrlichia canis
Rhipicephalus
Why can Mitotaine NOT be used in cats?
They are resistant to the effects of Mitotaine
What do I need to do for a definitive dx of FIP?
Histo and viral isolation
What is the agent that causes Hemotrophic Mycoplasmosis?
Mycoplasma hemocanis.
