Shell and Koster Flashcards
What 2 antibiotics can we use to treat Giardia?
Fenbendazole and Metronidazole
Are we able to differentiate between a natural infection and vaccine induced antibodies with the C6 Snap Test?
Yes ma’am we can
Adopted a cat from the shelter. Unknown vaccination history. FeLV positive on IFA at vet visit. What does this mean?
IFA looks for antigens in WBCs = persistant infection, so cat is likely infected lifelong.
With Addisons an ECG will show bradycardia and …
prolonged or absent P waves due to hyperkalemia
What test do we use to diagnose Lepto?
Microscopic Agglutination Test
Need a 4 fold increase in titers over 2-4 weeks. 800= indicates active disease >3200= positive disease unless dog was vaccinated within the last 6 weeks
Billy has a 3cm, non invasive adrenal tumor without mets. What to do?
Adrenalectomy
If an animal is infected with Mycoplasma hemocanis at the time of a splenectomy what type of anemia can occur?
Acute severe hemolytic anemia following a splenectomy.
What if a cute little Oualie dog comes in that tested positive for Lyme but isn’t showing any signs. Do we treat him?
NO!
Because 90-95% of dogs will not have signs of disease.
I am a virus that is transmitted in blood and saliva. I love in infect sweet innocent kittens. Kittens can get me by grooming each other and eating out of the same bowl. They test me for my ANTIGENS. Who am I?
FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus
How long does it take for the unknowing little pup to develop clinical signs for Lyme disease?
2-5 months
If some lady comes in and wants an ELISA test on a dog that just had ticks on him today and has never been tested for Lyme, will it be helpful?
No it will not. Because we need a few months before we are able to detect the antigens on an ELISA test.
T/F: Oriental or “Fancy” breeds are protected from hyperthyroidism
TRUE TRUE TRUE So when you are given a signalment to choose from do not pick a Siamese, Persian or fancy cat as a hyperthyroid cat!!!
What does the replication of Rickettsiae cause?
Vasculitis & Necrosis which leads to Albumin leaking out of vessels therefore edema.
What will you see in a serum biochem from a patient with DM?
Hyperglycemia, elevated liver enzymes
Clicker: All these dogs have low [T4]. Select the typical signalment and history for canine hypothyroidism.
A. 3 yo female poodle with reduced appetite and PU/PD
B. 12 yo mini schnauzer with pot bell, alopecia, and calcinosis cutis
C. 6yo beagle with hypotricohosis and reduced activity
D. 3yo greyhound with bradycardia
C. Middle aged dogs with hypotrichosis and reduced activity
How do people become infected with Toxo?
Inhaling fecal matter from the litter box and eating meat contaminated with Toxo.
What do we use to treat Valley Fever?
The conazole sisters
What form of thyroxine is biologically active and not bound to a protein?
fT4
How do we treat a thyroid storm in cats with hyperthyroidism?
Beta blockers and products to prevent conversion of T4-T3
Core vaccines for Dogs
Parvo, Hepatitis, Rabies, Distemper
What can be administered to counteract the elevated hyperkalemia and is also known as a cardio protectant?
Ca gluconate
How would we treat Helicobacteria?
Triple Therapy
2 antibiotics(amoxicillin and metronidazole) plus 1 secretory(famotidine, ranitidine or omeprazole)
Which has more of a bleeding problem E. Canis or RMSF?
E. canis
What will we see in hypothyroid thyroid gland using scintigraphy?
Hypothyroid gland will have decreased uptake of the contrast medium.
Healthy thyroids will take up all of it. We could see that one thyroid is smaller than the other.
I ate poop with Giardia in it I’m pretty sure. What exactly would I have to eat to get infected?
Cysts
Why do we need to do urine cultures when we suspect Cushings?
UTIs
Hyperthyroid cats have a increased or decreased uptake of pertechnetate compared to salivary glands when using scintigraphy?
Hyperthyroid cats have an increased uptake compared to salivary glands.
What infectious diease is least likely to cause lameness?
Coccidiomycosis
Borrelia
Babesia
Babesia
Signalment for Addisons
Young- middle aged. With PU/PD, Waxing and Waning signs.
3rd most common cause of hypercalcemia.
Hypoadrenocorticism
What is another test that we use to make a Dx of cytauxzoon?
PCR
Early sign of a vaccine reaction
Mild swelling, local irritation, resolves in days to weeks
This mean ole surface protein will end up in the salivary gland of the tick.
OspC
My name is Lepto and I really like to destroy endothelial cells and cause the blood vessels to leak. We call that vasculitis. What protein do I make leak out of the vessels.
Albumin
Does botulism cause flaccid or rigid paralysis?
Botulism causes flaccid paralysis.
What is the normal reference range of glucose nadir?
90-120
What drug do we avoid for treatment of Heptozoonosis?
AVOID corticosteriods
Use NSAIDS.
How do we treat Toxo?
CNS signs - Sulfa drugs - cross the BBB
No CNS signs - Clindamycin
What could you do to differentiate between Nocardia and Actinomyces in a stain?
Nocarida is acid fast so acid fast stain that shit.
Zoonotic bacteria that causes LARGE bowel diarrhea, tensesmus(straining) and can be diagnosed in a fecal smear by the presence of “seagulls”.
Campylobacteria
What does the FeLV ELISA test check for ?
Free soluble FeLV p27 ANTIGEN
Where does the rabies virus replicate?
- Myocytes -> to NMJ of CNS-> migrates to salivary glands
- Spinal cord
Can lyme disease cause renal failure?
Yea buddy
I am a vaccine that is more pure like a virgin. Not a whole antigen and not alive.
Recombinant/ Subunit
How does Methimazole work in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking incorporation of iodine. Reversible. Used to stabilize patient before Iodine therapy.
Name the 5 P’s that are associated with Cushings.
- Panting
- PU
- PD
- PP
- Potbelly
What form of Distemper causes shedding of the virus?
Systemic form
What viral infection causes myoclonus, nasal and ocular discharge, pustular dermatitis, and hard pad?
Canine Distemper
What do glucocorticoids, phenobarbital and sulfonamides do in hypothyroid patients?
Alter plasma protein binding or directly inhibit pituitary release of TSH.
If we do a urinalysis on a Lyme positive dog and his urine protein creatinine ratio is elevated but he is not showing signs, do we treat him?
Yes. We treat dogs that are positive for proteinuria and Lyme.
Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia is termed…
Somogyi Effect
Decrease insulin by 25-50% then reassess
Lepto shares the same hemogram as what other infectious disease?
Rickettisia diseases.
Pancytopenias for them two.
What test is used to rule out hypothyroidism?
TT4
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of Lyme?
Doxycycline.
Because of co-infections with Rickettsial disease.
How do I know if a dog is shedding Lepto in the environment?
If the hepatic and renal enzymes are increased in an acutely sick dog, he is the SHEDDER
Clicker: Which is a screening test for hypothyroidism?
TT4
Gold standard for hyperthyroid diagnosis (but not often used)
T3 suppression test
What type of Babesia is found in pitbulls and can be spread via dog fights. It causes hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and vasculitis because Babesia infects RBCs.
B. gibsoni
Adrenal dependent tumors cause an increase in what hormone?
Increase in cortisol
How do we Dx an animal with Botulism?
Clinical signs and history.
Can also look for toxin in serum, feces, vomit, or food that was eaten. But finding a lab that will do this is difficult.
What infection causes a peritoneal reaction around the site of muscle attachment that we can see on x-ray to diagnose?
Heptozoonosis
What other endocrinopathy causes the same dermatologic signs as hypothyroidism in dogs?
Cushings
What causes hemolytic anemia in the cat?
Cytauxzoon and Mycoplasma
Treat these with Doxy and Pred to prevent IMHA
In a cat, what can we palpate bilaterally that would suggest hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid goiter can be palpated bilaterally in a cat with hyperthyroid.
I am a virus that causes subclinical infections in a lot of cats. I can easily be killed by soap and water. Who am I?
FECV Feline Enteric Corona Virus
What can we use to stop the immune mediated attack on red blood cells infected with Mycoplasma?
Corticosteroids (Prednisolone)
Also use Doxy or Enrofloxacin for the bacteria.
Borrelia is an extracellular bacteria. But it is really good at hide and seek. Where can it hide???
Joints, fibroblasts, astrocytes
What immunoglobulin do we need to find in a titer of serum to have a positive diagnosis of Distemper?
IgM
Will be increased due to a recent Distemper infection or a recent vaccination(within 3 weeks)
What virus causes a sudden onset of neuro signs and death within 10 days?
RABIES
What is an important prognosticator for DKA?
pH
What is the drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism in dogs?
Sodium levothyroxine- life long treatment
Before we remove a pheochromocytoma what do we need to treat it with?
Phenoxybenzamine
Manage blood pressure too!
How would we diagnosis Helicobacteria?
Brush cytology of the gastric mucosa
I am a vaccine but I need a larger dose which can cause allergic reactions. You have to give me twice 2 weeks apart for me to work. And also yearly b.c i suck at immunity.
Killed
What is the leading cause of hypercalcemia is dogs?
Lymphoma
What is the most common medical disorder of geriatric cats?
Hyperthyroidism
How long does the tick need to be attached and suck blood to infect the host?
48 hours
Lyme disease really messes up the heart too. What might need to be done for the animal that has developed Lyme Myocarditis?
Pacemaker implantation for the heart blocks.
When do we start treatment of RMSF?
ASAP
What disease did Dylan’s dog get, that is mostly found in the southwestern US. (He is from Arizona). It usually requires life long treatment. It is a bitch to get rid of.
Valley Fever aka Coccidiomycosis
What type of clinical signs does the vasculitis in particular cause?
Petechial & Ecchymotic hemorrhage.
Look at ears and MM.
What treatment can we send home for Parvo patients?
Convenia or Polyflex(cheaper)
What canine virus replicated at low body temperatures?
Herpes
What 3 things should we look for in cat with subclinical or clinical cardiac disease and hyperthyroidism?
- Cardiac silhouette in X-rays
- Consistent hypertension >180
- Assess degree of hypertrophy with ultrasound
Clicker: Which screening test has the benefit of having very good specificity for Cushings?
ACTH Stim Test
Percutaneous ablation therapy can cause what in cats with hyperthyroid?
Laryngeal paralysis and horners syndrome
What is a RBC parasite that cause Feline Infectious Anemia?
Mycoplasma hemofelis
How do we diagnose Toxo?
Elevated IgM titers = acute infection
Elevated IgG titers= chronic infection
Take paired sample
Can also take a muscle biopsy and look for elevated CK.
If at 8 hours the cortisol level is less than 50% of baseline what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
What is the most common systemic fungal disease in cats and affects the nasal passages?
Cryptococcosis
Rabies vaccination schedule
16 weeks and booster in 1 year,
How long can a cat with Panleukopenia shed the virus after recovery?
6 weeks
Why is Brucellosis difficult to treat?
Because it is an intercellular organism
What surface protein does the vaccine target?
OspA
T/F: Specificity of fT4 is not as good in hyperthyroid as it is in hypothyroid and it gets a lot of false positives.
TRUE
Is E. canis an acute or chronic dz.
CHRONIC
Mr. Sand Fly I am going to report you to the CDC because you are making my spleen, liver and lymph nodes huge! You are a bad man Mr. Sand fly you cause….
Leishmaniasis
Generalized signs of tetanus include…
Sawhorse stance, risus sardonicus, trismus, convulsions
How is feline corona virus spread?
Feces
What is the best treatment option for a dog with ADH Cushings?
Unilateral adrenalectomy
With hypothyroidism is the alopecia unilateral or bilateral?
BILATERAL ALOPECIA
IgM becomes available how long after the infection?
60-90 days. And then IgG rises 60-90 days.
What kind of reaction can occur after a lepto vaccine in administered?
Type I Hypersensitivity
The neurological sign that is caused by a rapidly enlarging micro-adenoma.
Nelsons syndrome
Hypothyroidism in puppies causes what ?
Cretinism: retarded growth, impaired mental development, persistent puppy cost
What are some clinical signs associated with Vaccine Induced Distemper and how can we differentiate it from Canine Distemper?
Behavior changes, aggression, depression, ataxia, tremors and seizures. There will be no systemic signs, only CNS with history of a recent vaccination.
I am trying to Dx FIP so i pulled so fluid from the cat, what color would the fluid look like if the cat had FIP?
Straw colored(tan/yellowish), high protein and sticky with happy neutrophils.
Clicker: Diagnostic test of choice for screening a cat with suspected hyperT?
TT4
Besides Mitotaine what other drug could be used for the treatment of PDH Cushings?
Trilostaine
What immunoglobulin is first on the scene at the time of infections?
IgM
What infection in the vertebrae can Brucellosis cause?
Discospondylitis
Which dog breeds hang onto maternal antibodies the longest?Therefore you have to wait 20 weeks before giving the vaccine.
Pitbulls, Rotties, and Hunting Dogs
Agent that transmits Salmon poisoning.
Neorickettsia helmintheca
What 2 things become enlarged with Salmon Poisoning?
Lymph nodes and the spleen
How do dogs become infected with Salmon Poisoning?
Ingestion of the fish with the trematode.
Tests used to Dx Anaplasma
ELISA Snap or PCR of blood.
Clicker: You suspect hypothyroidism in a dog and perform a T4 test. The results come back within normal range. The dog actually has hypoT. Which explanations are correct?
A. The TT4 reserve is high, retesting in 4 weeks to confirm it
B. AntiT4 antibodies interfere with the assay
C. ATGA Ab interfere with the assay.
A & B are correct
How do we diagnosis Salmon Poisoning?
Direct fecal smear. Find trematode eggs.
When should we consider a CT/MRI of the pituitary in a PD HAC dog?
If the owner would consider radiation therapy
Insulin and dosing schedule for cats with 80% induction of remission?
Glargine BID
Acute Addison Crisis is treated as an _________ and should be administered fluids and electrolytes with glucocorticoid replacement.
EMERGENCY!!
Why is scintigraphy indicated in a hyperthyroid cat?
To dx functional thyroid tumors, to detect functional metastasis and detect intrathoracic thyroid lobes.
What is the most common and most serious electrolyte disturbance in DKA?
Hypokalemia
Vector for Anaplasma
Ixodes
Emergency Tx for tetany in animals with hypocalcemia.
10 % Ca gluconate.
What is the prognosis of a pheochromocytoma based on?
Size, metastasis and surgeons experience.
What are 2 other things that we can monitor when treating DM?
- GHb and Fructosamine: The higher the % the poorer the glycemic control.
- Urine glucose: should not be relied on for adjustment of insulin only if urine ketones permit for > 3 days with systemic signs.
What is the most common clinical sign in cats with hyperthyroidism?
WEIGHT LOSS!!!!
NOTE TO SELF: IN vaccine reactions are NOT considered a vaccine reaction.
Yep
What therapy causes the longest survival time in cats with hyperthyroidism?
Cats pretreated with Methimazole before Iodine 131.
How many days does it take to see decreased T4 levels in a cat treated with Iodine 131 for hyperthyroidism?
95% of cats will have decreased T4 levels by 8 days post treatment.
Is it ok to drink urine that could have Lepto swimming all up in it?
No you silly willy.
Clicker: Which screening test has better sensitivity in screening for Cushing?
LDDS
Rabies: Zoonotic or No?
ZOONOTIC… DUH
Clicker: Name the Cushings screening test with the highest sensitivity.
Urine cortisol:creatine
6 hours post pilling, dogs need to be at what end of the reference range in order for clinical signs of hypothyroidism to resolve?
Dogs need to be at the high end and cats need to be at the low end.
What is the average length of treatment for a cat with sporotrichosis?
5 months
Will Penicillin G or Ampicillin eliminate the carrier state?
NO it will not. So we need to use Doxy later.
What species develops Type I DM?
Dogs
I am a virus that causes all kind of bad things like gingivitis, pneumonia, etc. I infect the cats when the BITE each other. They test me for my sexy ANTIBODY. Who am I?
FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
How does tetanus enter the body?
When a wound becomes contaminated.
What kind of vaccine is the Lyme disease vaccine?
Killed subunit/ recombinant.
May reduce allergic potential.
This spirochete is transmitted by Ixodes. He likes to morph from spiral to corkscrew to a sphere so he can hide from antibodies. What is his name?
Borrellia
What do DM dogs need more of in their diet?
high carbs and lower fat
What is required for a definitive diagnosis in a dog with hyperthyroid?
Thyroid biopsy
Long acting insulin used in cats
Glargine BID
T/F Canned food(liver), litter trays and ectoparasiticides are all risk factors for hyperthyroidism
TRUE!!!!
Which feline bacteria is zoonotic and is transmitted to the cat via a cat flea?
Bartonella. “Cat Scratch Fever”
How would we diagnose Brucella?
RSAT(screening)
If + confirm with TAT
TAT >200 = active disease but verify with AGID, ELISA or PCR.
What other infectious disease does Salmon poisoning resemble?
Parvo
What does risus sardonicus mean?
Grin due to pulling back of facial muscles
Primary Hypoadrenocorticism is caused by….
Immune mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex
Billy remains thirsty on a dose of 1.1 SID. You do a ACTH stimtest and post sim is 45. What to do?
Collect a pre-pilling urine for UCCR.
What protein do we look for as an indicator of Dx of RMSF?
Albumin should be low because of vasculitis.
As for Lyme, Anaplasma can cause what in the limbs of the infected?
Lameness aka Inflammatory Polyarthritis
When there is an adrenal dependent tumor that increases cortisol secretion, what causes the pituitary to react and decrease ACTH secretion ?
negative feedback mechanism
The condition characterized by a increase in Ca and an increase in PTH
Hyperparathyroidism
What is an important prognosticator in adrenal tumors?
Presence of metastasis
What is the test of choice to prove hyperthyroidism?
Scintigraphy
We use _______ in long term maintenance of Addisons.
DOCP and prednisolone.
Typical signalment for Cushings patients?
Middle aged to old dogs.
Vector for Ehrlichia canis
Rhipicephalus
Why can Mitotaine NOT be used in cats?
They are resistant to the effects of Mitotaine
What do I need to do for a definitive dx of FIP?
Histo and viral isolation
What is the agent that causes Hemotrophic Mycoplasmosis?
Mycoplasma hemocanis.
Conditions that can cause PU/PD
DM
CRF
Hyperthyroid- cats
Hyperadrenocorticism- dogs
Hepatic disease
Pyogenic disease
Hypercalcemia
How long can kittens hold on to the maternal antibodies from FIV?
6 months
Adenomas in cats with hyperthyroid are malignant or benign?
Benign
Type of reaction:
Takes longer to develop.
Avoid vaccines in the future.
Type II
What clinical signs are permanent if shown in a dog with Canine distemper?
Myoclonus and paralysis
Very early sign of a vaccine reaction
Anaphylaxis
Condition where a GH producing pituitary tumor in older male cats that are diabetic and insulin resistant causes a big face.
Acromegaly
Hypoadrenocoritcism is also known as….
ADDISONS
What are some signs associated with pseudorabies?
Pruritus, self mutilation, excessive salivation
Should pregnant animals and animals under anesthesia receive vaccines?
NOOOOOOOOOOOO
10 week old puppy with bloody diarrhea, not eating, neutropenia and fever. What does that mean?
Parvo
What age group is usually affected by the Parvovirus?
YOUNG, BABIES, NEONATES, ITSY BITSY TINIES
What tests should I do to confirm a + FIV ELISA test?
Western Blot
Using a LDDS , at what hour do you first look at cortisol levels?
8 hours.
If cortisol level is above reference interval at 8 hrs = Cushings
How do we diagnosis tetanus?
Based on clinical signs and history of recent wound. There is no test.
I am a virus that loves the rapidly dividing cells in kittens and dogs. But I really f stuff up in cats more than dogs. You could you the canine SNAP test to find me even though its not labeled for felines. I can shed up to 6 weeks after recovery. ahahahaha. What am I?
Feline Panleukopenia aka Distemper
T/F: Thyroid tumors in dogs are most likely malignant
TRUE
How can we prevent Cytauxzoon from getting into our kitties?
Tick control
Clicker: Negative prognosticators at the time of diagnosis for predicting mean survival time in cats tx with hyperT?
Azotemia. Not a good sign.
How long does recovery take in an animal with Botulism?
Weeks
T/F: Tetanus causes death due to respiratory compromise
TRUE
My name is Lepto and Im here to say I like to cause _______ failure and ______ failure in a terrible way.
Renal & Liver
Most common way that tetanus infects puppies.
Teething and tooth loss . Also after spaying and neutering.
I am a vaccine that is usually effective after I dose
MLV
When do I need to retest if I have a positive ELISA for FeLV?
8-12 weeks
What outer surface protein changes to allow tick to infect dog?
OspA
OspA changes to OspC
Is lepto a core or non core vaccine?
NON CORE
What is the most important treatment for patients with hypercalcemia?
Saline diuresis
Flushes out Ca.
T/F: Debriding the wound, giving equine toxin and flushing wound is the initial treatment for tetanus.
TRUE
Are we able to make a diagnosis using PCR if we can separate the DNA from vaccine and virus?
Yes. Using blood, urine and CSF cells.
What species gets Type II DM?
Cats
Do not reach for glucocorticoids until you have made a dx and ruled out…..
Lymphoma
What is the pathogenesis that is causing LMN quadriparxsis/quadriplegia?
AcH blockage at the NMJ
Where should cat be tested for glucose?
HOME
Does a positive C6 Snap test indicate clinical disease?
Oh hell no. It only tests exposure and infection.
Treated with trilostaine but post ACTh cortisol is low and has been vomiting for 3 days. What to do?
Discontinue and administer pred.
Insulin and dosing schedule of choice for dogs?
Lente like Vetsulin BID
What feline infectious agent has bobcats as a reservoir,is found in RBCs and causes hepatomegaly and splenomegaly because the macrophages are plugging up the vessels?
Cytauxzoon
What does trismus mean?
Lock jaw
Which protein will be in excess in + E.canis dogs?
Globulin.
Dogs will have hyperglobulinemia.
Clicker: What are the differentiating tests in Cushings?
[ACTH], LDDS, Abdominal, ULS, CT of the head
Is the FIV vaccine a core or non core vaccine?
NON CORE
What are the core vaccine in cats?
Panleuk, Calici, Rabies, Rhino and FeLV in kittens.
What test do we use to monitor therapeutic response in Cushings?
ACTH Stim test
Is Lyme a Hard Core or Non Core vaccine?
Non- Core.
EXCEPT it could be core in your area. So check your local listings.
How do we monitor the treatment of Mitotaine for PDH Cushings?
ACTH stimulation test 1-2 months into therapy and then every 3-6 months.
What are the 3 stages of a rabies infection?
- Prodromal
- Furious
- Dumb
What can dogs with DM develop?
Cataracts
How does Mitotaine work in the treatment of PDH Cushings?
Causes necrosis of zone fasiculata and zone reticularis
What form of treatment for hyperthyroidism is irreversible and can cure the disease?
Thyroidectomy
If the glucose nadir is reached in less than 6 hours, what needs to be done.
Change the frequency or type of insulin.
Specificity is a measure of a tests ability to
Identify healthy animal correctly
What test do we actually do in real life to test for Lyme disease?
C6 Antibody Snap Test
How could an animal contract Nocardia?
Wounds, pyothorax, cat fights
What is the main cause for Type II DM?
Impaired ability to secrete insulin and resistance
Where can we take a sample to increase the chances of finding the Mycoplasma organism?
Nail bed and ear tips
Using a HDDS, how can we distinguish between a PDH and ADH?
PDH= suppression of ACTH with drop in cortisol ADH= NEVER suppresses
What tests can be used to differentiate between a ADH and PDH?
Endogenous ACTH levels, HDDS, Abdominal ULS
What drug could you use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism if the patient is vomiting a lot?
Transdermal Methimazole
Why are we worried about treating cats with Bartonella?
Because the organism develops resistance very quickly
Small bowel diarrhea is a clinical sign for what infection?
Cryptosporosis
If fT4 is high but TT4 is low or normal what is that called?
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome
After the LDDS confirms cushings, what is the best differentiating test?
Ultrasound
What test do you use the measure the therapeutic response to medical treatment of Cushings?
ACTH stim test (post ACTH coritcol concentration)
What type a Babesia is found in greyhounds and can cause hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia?
B. canis volgeli
T/F: At the time of surgery for insulinoma the disease has already metastasize so the prognosis is still grave.
TRUTH
How long can the parvo virus exists in feces in the home?
2-6 weeks
How do we diagnose Parvo?
Fecal parvo antigen test.
Tick that transmits Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Dermacentor
To differentiate hyperparathyroidism from renal failure and vitamin D deficiency we need to look at ….
Phosphorus.
Phosphorus will only be low to normal in hyperparathyroidism
What does the CBC of a patient with diabetes look like?
Stress leukogram =
decrease lymphocytes, increase monocytes decrease eosinophils
In an acute crisis we can administer ______ & ______ to replace the mineralcorticoids.
Injectable DOCP and Fludrocortisone.
The condition characterized by a decrease in Ca and a decrease in PTH.
Hypoparathyroidism
What disease causes fever, respiratory signs, lameness, periosteal reaction on radiographs, lymphadenopathy and is transmitted via inhalation of spores.
Valley Fever aka Coccidiomycosis
KNOW THIS: 2 different ways regenerative anemia can be caused in Mycoplasma infected cats
- Immune mediated attack on RBCs cause body to produce antibodies against its own RBCs
- Attach to surface of RBCs and causes direct damage to the RBC membrane
A high percentage of cats have Abs that indicate exposure but not disease of Bartonella. What could we do to tell if the cat had an active infection?
Need to see a 4 fold increase in titers
What test is absolutely critical to do for a patient that is Lyme positive?
Urine Analysis!!!
Need to looks for renal failure signs or proteinuria.
How could an animal contract Actinomyces?
Bite
I am a bodily fluid that really likes to hold on to Leptospirosis and help it spread its seed in the environment. Who am I?
Pee pee!!!
A patient with low TT4, low fT4 and high TSH probably has what endocrinopathy?
Hypothyroidism
What is better than serum Ab titers for determining vaccine effectiveness in groups of animals?
Challenge Study
Glutamine powder can be added to drinking water to promote…
GI healing .
How does the dog get infected with Botulism?
Dog eats preformed toxin in raw meat.
Which combination of tests is the best indicator for hypothyroidism?
TT4 and TSH
High TSH with low TT4 and fT4
Who do we have to do a urine analysis on with regards to Lyme?
Lyme + dogs , symptomatic AND non-symptomatic.
What is the best test that was used to diagnosis Dylan’s dog with Valley Fever, b/c the titers remain high for months.
Complement Fixation- detects IgG. Rising titers over 3 weeks suggest infection. Look at the signs too.
Is there a vaccine for FIP?
Nope but there is an intranasal MLV for FECV.
At what age can you test a kitten for FeLV and not worry about maternal antibodies?
Any Age
T/F: Age is not a factor in the outcome of treatment of hyperthyroidism unless they are young in that case the prognosis is worse.
TRUE
What do DM cats need more of in their diet?
Protein
How is Rickettsiae transmitted?
Saliva of tick
How is rabies transmitted from an infected animal?
Transmitted through the SALIVA of infected animal.
Condition where acetones and ketones accumulate
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Clicker: 6 yo Bouvier has weight gain, and facial paralysis. TT4 and fT4 are low, TSh is high, TSH stim test shows that TT4 remains unchanged. What is the diagnosis?
Primary Hypothyroidism
Clicker: Billy is typical hyperT but his TT4 is high end normal. What test is not appropriate? A. fT4 B. Repeat TT4 in 2-4 weeks C. Scintigraphy D. Therapeutic trial
D. Therapeutic Trial DO NOT DO IT
Name 4 Rickettsial Infections that she stressed.
RMSF, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Salmon Poisoning
Short acting insulin used in dogs
Vetsulin- Lente BID
Billy is on trilostane for tx of HAC. No change in appetite or thirst. 4 hr post pilling , post ACTH cortisol conc. is 200 (RI 20-120) . What do you suggest?
Increase the dose by 50% or double the dose
T/F: Herpes can cause cerebellar hypoplasia if neonate survives.
TRUTH
Clicker: Which endocrine test is used to diagnose iatrogenic Cushing’s disease?
ACTH Stim test
What neuro presentation is most common the the face of hypothyroid patients?
Myxedema aka Sad Face
What is the best way to protect against Lyme in endemic areas?
Vaccinate young pups before tick bore exposure.
T/F: The goal for treatment of dogs with DM is the management of dogs by eliminating signs associated with hyperglycemia
TRUE
Core Vaccines for Cats
Rhino, Panleuko, Calicivirus, FeLV(kittens), Rabies
Persistent hyperglycemia in the face of starvation plus glucose in the pee pee, points to what endocrinopathy??
Diabetes Mellitus
What test is used to screen hypothyroidism and has high sensitivity?
TT4
How is toxo most likely dx in a sick dog and cat?
High IgM titer
Where does the parvo virus like to chill?
Rapidly dividing cells areas such as the intestinal crypts, lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, and cerebellum.
There are 4 specific physical exam findings in a cat with hyperthyroid. Name them.
- Palpable thyroid
- Thin
- Hyperactive, difficult to examine
- Tachycardia
What is the best, easiest, and most reliable means of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats?
TT4- Screening Test
T/F: Megaesophagus may be a clinical sign associated with tetanus.
FALSE. Megaesophagus is associated with Botulism NOT tetanus.
In what way could we treat Brucella infected intact males ?
Chop off their balls
Clicker: What is the test or combination with the best specificity(diagnostic)?
TT4/ TSH
Salmon poisoning causes a sudden onset of…
Fever, weight loss, and bloody diarrhea
How many MLV doses of one vaccine does an adult cat have to get?
One dose will do the trick
__________ restricted diet for indoor cats with mild hyperthyroidism can be used. Problem is if they eat other food you have to start all over again.
Iodine
Lab work for Parvo virus shows hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, anemia and
Leukopenia due to sepsis.
Makes it easier for the viral particles to invade the dividing cells of the GI tract.
How are all Rickettsial infections treated?
Tetracycline or Doxycycline
Vaccination schedule for Lepto.
2 vaccines. 12 and 16 weeks. Vaccinate yearly.
What should I use to treat Cryptococcosis that has spread to the CNS via the cribriform plate?
Fluconazole b/c it crosses the BBB.
Clicker: The treatment for hyperT with the best outcome is?
Iodine 131 and Methimazole
Added adjuvants, found in killed and recombinant vector vaccines, can cause what in cats?
Sarcomas
Can RMSF cause vestibular and cerebellar signs?
YES. Headtilt and all.
How do outdoor cats become infected with Toxo?
Eating mice that want to play with them
Dogs with Parvo are actually suffering from…
Gram Negative Sepsis.
KNOW THIS!! Signs are due to bacteremia from bacterial translocation when intestines are injured by the virus.
Clicker: What is the best single stand alone hormone test(accuracy) to confirm hypothyroidism?
fT4
When does vaccine induced canine distemper show up?
10-21 days after vaccination with the MLV.
What can be unmasked by the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
Renal Failure
T/F: The goal in the treatment of DM in cats is to save remaining beta cells and reverse insulin resistance
TRUE
What is the problem with just looking at the titer?
Positive/high titer does not equate to “protection” nor presence of disease and a low titer does not mean protection is absent
This vaccine needs 2 or more doses to be effective
Killed
What drug eliminates the Lepto carrier state?
Doxy
The most common dermatologic change that yells “THIS IS CUSHINGS”!!!
Calcinosis Cutis
If nadir is >120 what should be done?
Increase insulin dose
What is used to treat RMSF?
Doxy or Tetracycline
for a minimum of 2 weeks.
What states is Salmon Poisoning most common in?
WA, OR, CA
Hypothyroidism slows or increases metabolic function?
Slows metabolic function so all the clinical signs will be about things slowing down.
What is the most common Crypto agent?
C. parvum.
RMSF is clinically indistinguishable from..
Acute Ehrlichiosis.
TT4 above what # is diagnostic of hyperthyroid?
TT4 >60 = hyperthyroid
I am a cigar shaped fungus and ZOONOTIC so you better wear gloves when touching those nodules on the trunk and head of cats. Who am I?
Sporotrichosis
How is Mycoplasma transmitted?
Tick(Rhipicephalus) and blood transfusions.
What kind of diarrhea do we like to see with Parvo patients?
BLOODY!!!
Is there a treatment for FIP?
NOPE
Clicker: What is the test with the best sensitivity for the Dx of hypothyroidism(screening test)?
TT4
I am a vaccine but my infectious agent is alive but altered
MLV
Clicker:Typical signalment and history for feline hyperT?
DSH, polyphagia, vomiting
What is the drug of choice to treat cats with hyperthyroid?
oral Methimazole
What type of tube do we use to collect to blood sample of suspected Mycoplasma patients?
Lavender top. If cells break, look at buffy coat. Anemia should be pinkish.
2 DDxs for Parvo
Salmonella and Salmon Poisoning
Clinical pathology indicates what 2 things in patients with hypothyroidism.
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Mild non regenerative anemia
What causes death for the animal with Botulism?
Respiratory paralysis
What clinical signs help us distinguish between Hypothyroidism and Hyperadrenocortism aka Cushing’s?
Hypothyroid patients do not present with PU/PD
How would you treat Nocardia?
Sulfa Drugs biotch
Ddx for Tetanus
Strychnine Toxicity
Using an endogenous ACTH test aka ACTH assay how can we differentiate between PDH and ADH?
PDH = high ACTH levels
ADH= low ACTH levels
Adenomas in cats with hyperthyroid are usually bilateral or unilateral?
Bilateral tumors are most common
What does the serology test used in Crypto test for in the urine, serum and CSF?
ANTIGEN!!!!
What is the best test to rule out Cushings?
Urine cortisol to creatinine ratio
A confirmatory test we use to distinguish between vaccine antibodies and an infections antibodies.
Western Blot
When do signs of tetanus occur?
Within 5-21 days of injury
Rickettsiae replicates in the
endothelial cells of capillaries and small blood vessels
Mitch had watery, bloody, mucousy diarrhea when he contracted what infectious disease?
Giardia
What is the best and most rapid means of definitive diagnosis for Cryptococcosis?
Cytology
How do dogs become infected with Parvo?
Oral contact with feces, infected soil or fomites that carry the virus.
What does a whole cell ELISA test measure?
IgM & IgG
What infectious disease is least likely to cause hemolytic anemia
Crypto
Mycoplasma
Babesiosis
Cryto
This disease is found in Sara Jane and Nicole’s stomping grounds. You see shifting leg lameness and even infects people too. What is it?
Lyme Disease
What is the most sensitive test to detect Leishmania?
PCR
Clicker: DSH dx with hyperT. Taking oral Methimazole and vomiting. The best option would be to…
Switch to transdermal preparation
This vaccine is effective after 1 dose but because of maternal antibodies they will get 2 doses.
MLV
I am a vaccine that has antigens and i sometimes stimulate a bad vaccine reaction.
Killed
Which species of Babesia PCR test will detect other species too?
B. gibsoni
85% of cases with hyperadrenocorticism are ________ dependent.
Pituitary dependent.
Cats that remain persistently viremic develop FeLV related disease and most die within…
3 years
An immune response that involves an antibody response to an antigen.
Humoral
Zoonotic bacteria that are transmitted via genital excretions such as semen, URINE, milk.
Brucellosis
Middle aged dog presents with weight gain, cold intolerance, decreased appetite, and rat tail(hypotrichosis). What is most likely diagnosis?
Hypothyroidism
When do we do a titer?
When the owner doesn’t wanna vaccinate again, if there was a prior reaction to vaccine and looking to confirm exposure
What is the vaccine schedule for Lyme?
2 vaccines given 2-4 weeks apart starting at 12 weeks old.
If at 4 hours cortisol is less than 1 mg/dL what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
What precautions do you need to take as a veterinarian when handling a patient with Crypto?
WEAR GLOVES!!!
Corneal edema aka Blue EYE is caused by the CAV-I vaccine. What type of reaction is this?
TYPE III
Atypical hypoadrenaocorticism is caused by….
glucocorticoid deficiency only
This little surface protein is found in the midgut of the tick.. What is he?
OspA
If 4 hours is less than 50% of baseline what does that indicate in Cushings?
PDH
Where should you first try giving fluids in a Parvo patient?
Jugular vein
Can a dog just have neuro signs such as myoclonus(rhythmic twitching) without ever having systemic and GI signs with Distemper?
YES. Dogs can just have neuro signs.
Insulin with the longest duration of effect?
Glargine
How would you treat Actinomyces?
Penicillin
What drug can we use if the animal keeps vomiting on Doxy?
Pencillin G or Ampicillin
Treatment for insulin overdose
Dextrose
T/F: Elevated IgM and no vaccines with clinical signs is diagnostic for Canine Distemper
TRUE
What virus can kill dogs and cats within 2-3 days of clinical signs?
Pseudorabies.
Up to how many hours can babies receive antibodies in colostrum?
72 hours post birth
Which virus is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens?
Feline Panleukopenia
What is the most likely cause of feline hypothyroidism?
Iatrogenic following surgery for hyperthyroidism
Late sign of a vaccine reaction
Kills the patient.
IMHA and thrombocytopenia day to weeks post vaccine. AVOID future vaccines. Do a titer for rabies iif a problem. Cats: Fibrosarcoma at injection site 3 mths to 3 years post vaccine
Lets say a dog comes in with signs of Lyme and tests positive for Lyme. Do we treat him?
Yes. Yes we do. Duh!
What are we looking for in a fine needle aspirate of the LN, spleen or liver in a cat with suspected Cytauxzoon?
Schizont loaded macrophages
Abdominal radiographs in a patient with DM will show…
Hepatomegaly Pancreatitis Cystitis
How do we use an abdominal ultrasound to differentiate a PDH from a ADH?
PDH= bilateral
ADH= unilateral enlargement and contralateral gland atrophy
What is a good screening test for Cushings?
LDDS
ADR cat with a positive titer of 1:128 for Bartonella. What does that mean?
Exposure only. May not have any releationship to clinical signs.
What is the most common cause of vaccine failure in young pets?
Persistant maternal antibodies
Hey, my name is Giardia and I am to infect you. My most zoonotic assemblages are named…
A & B
The dry form of FIP infects what things in the cat?
CNS and Eyeballs
Type of reaction:
Immune complex deposition in certain organs.
Type III
A 10 year old DSH cat presents with vomiting, PU/PD, always hungry, high blood pressure, poor coat. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Hyperthyroidism
Bacteria that loves acidic environments therefore lives in the stomach and causes ulcers.
Helicobacteria
T/F: An animal with Botulism can spontaneously recovery if supported since the toxin eventually wears off.
TRUE
What do you do if you see a dog with potential rabies?
Call the health department.
What is the most common type of hypothyroidism in the dog?
PRIMARY Hypothyroidism
I am a vaccine and the DNA from the infectious agent is incorporated into a vector(virus). The vector expresses infectious Antigens to stimulate an immune response.
Recombinant vector
Can revert to virulent form. Yikes
Which is the best stand alone test for hypothyroidism and has the best specificity?
Free T4
HOW can herpes be transmitted?
Vaginal and Nasal Secretions
What should we do if we have a puppy with clinical signs for Parvo but a negative Snap test?
Recheck in 48 hours or wrong diagnosis. But still treat the signs as if they were Parvo positive.
I am a zoonotic bacteria that really likes to chill in stagnant waters. I am friends with the raccoons and rats because they let me live in them. Who am I?
Leptospirosis
What causes diabetic ketoacidosis?
Lack of insulin –> acidosis(increase lactate)
What is the most common type of functional tumor in a cat with hyperthyroid?
Adenoma - Adenomatous Hyperplasia.
What causes iatrogenic Cushings?
Excessive or prolonged administration of GCs.
Iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism is caused by…
Abrupt discontinuance of corticosteroids. Glucocorticoid and mineral corticoid deficiency
What should we use to treat the bacteremia and sepsis in Parvo patients?
Aminoglycocieds and Beta Lactams.
If a dog is showing neuro signs after he has showed systemic signs of Distemper, is he contagious?
NO.
Neuro signs are not contagious even it the dog has had the GI and respiratory signs before the neuro signs.
What is a negative prognosticator at the time of diagnosis for hyperthyroid?
Azotemia
Definitive diagnostic test for Addisons
ACTH Stimulation Test
I am a virus and Im most known for causing ascites and fever in young kittens. I am not transmissible because I am a genetic mutation of FECV. Who am I?
FIP Feline Infectious Peritonitis
What causes Type I DM?
Beta cell destruction –> insulin deficiency
An immune response that does not involve antibodies
Cell Mediated
T/F: Clinical infection with Mycoplasma hemocanis is common.
FALSE. Clinical infection with M.hemocanis is UNCOMMON
What form of Distemper does not cause shedding of the virus?
Neuro form.
What is a very specific test used in Cushings?
ACTH Stimulation Test.
Iatrogenic will have low levels and PDH/ADH will have high levels.
What surface protein does the C6 Antibody test target?
OspC
T/F: RMSF fever can cause a regenerative anemia from blood loss or IMHA and a non regenerative anemia from organism living in bone marrow.
TRUE
Type of reaction :
Anaphylaxis due to large content of foreign protein in inactivated vaccine or those with adjuvants.
Happens within minutes.
Most common with Lepto.
Type I
What range do we need to maintain blood glucose at?
90-180 for 18-24 hours/day
If we were to treat Brucellosis with drugs, how would we do it?
Aminoglycocides for a couple of weeks and Doxy for 4 weeks.
What infection causes pelvic limb extensor rigidity in puppies that is not reversible.
Neosporosis
However if you can flex the joint you may be able to help with Clindamycin and Sulfa drugs. Treat the entire litter
Where in the adrenal glands are the tumors that produce excess ACTH and cause bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia?
Pars intermedia and pars distalis
Why can cyclic parasitemia affect the Dx of Mycoplasma?
Because within 1 hour bacteria can go from >90% infected RBCs to 0%.
What is the most definitive dx test for lyme but we don’t really do it because it is difficult to find the exact spot the tick attached to?
Culture
What can a thyroid storm cause?
Cardiac Failure
Clicker: Most common cause of hyperT in cats is?
Adenomatous Hyperplasia
What is the gold standard of therapy for cats with hyperthyroidism?
Iodine 131
But its expensive.
What can we use for the edema or inflammation associated with RMSF?
Prednisolone with Tetracycline.
Parvo virus pups usually have a co infection with what 2 parasites?
Round worm and hookworm.
Zoonotic bacteria that cause bloody diarrhea and can be apart of the normal flora in healthy animals. Looks like Parvo too.
Salmonella
Ideal range of [BG] in a diabetic dog on insulin therapy?
100-250
Clicker:The most accurate method to predict unmasking CKD in cats treated for hyperT?
GFR study
