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ROBIN SAM FINAL EXAM > Neuro and Cardio > Flashcards

Neuro and Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Lesions in the BRAIN STEM and SPINAL CORD cause ipsilateral or contralateral signs?

A

Brain stem and spinal cord lesions cause IPSILATERAL signs.

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2
Q

Contralateral signs happen where there is a lesion where?

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

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3
Q

Which nerve tests the Patellar Reflex?

A

FEMORAL NERVE

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4
Q

Which nerve tests FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL?

A

SCIATIC NERVE

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5
Q

Which nerve tests BLADDER AND ANAL TONE?

A

PUDENAL Nerve

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6
Q

If an animal cross extensor reflex in LATERAL recumbency is it normal or abnormal?

A

ABNORMAL. It means the patient has UMN signs

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7
Q

Menace response tests nerves….

A

2 & 7

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8
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex tests nerves…

A

2 & 3

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9
Q

Hypokalemia causes ______

A

Ventroflexion

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10
Q

Small, firm, frequently empties, easy to palpate bladder

A

UMN

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11
Q

What drugs should be used to treat an UMN bladder?

A

Phenoxybenzamine and Prazosin

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12
Q

Where is the lesion if an UMN bladder is present?

A

Lesion cranial to L3

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13
Q

Largem flaccid, not frequently expressed because its just filling up bladder.

A

LMN

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14
Q

What drugs should be used to treat LMN bladder?

A

Bethanecol and PPA

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15
Q

Where is the lesion if a LMN bladder is present

A

Lesion caudal to L3

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16
Q

C1- C5

A

UMN in all 4 legs

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17
Q

C6-T2

A

LMN in front UMN in rear

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18
Q

T3-L2

A

Normal in front UMN in rear

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19
Q

L3-S3

A

Normal in front LMN in rear

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20
Q

Lesion at T1: Miosis(constricted pupil), Ptosis(droppy eyelid), 3rd eyelid prolapse and Enopthalmos(sunken eye) are all clinical signs associated with what?

A

Horner’s Syndrome Cats with ear issues.

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21
Q

Commonly caused by trauma with LMN signs to one limb.

A

Peripheral nerve injury

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22
Q

Treatment for peripheral nerve injuries

A

Glucocorticoids & Physiotherapy. No improvement after 6 mths = amputate

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23
Q

Trauma that abducts(move limb away from midline) front limb.

A

Brachial Plexus Avulsion Can see Horner’s syndrome. Lesion at T1

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24
Q

A lesion at C8-T1 can cause loss of which reflex?

A

Panniculus Reflex

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25
Q

Best indicator of complete recovery with Brachial Plexus Avulsion.

A

Pain = good prognosis

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26
Q

Treatment for Brachial Plexus Avulsion

A

Protect the limb and physiotherapy. No improvement within 6 months= amputate

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27
Q

Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath tumors in the caudal cervical area cause this condition in one limb.

A

Nerve Root/ Peripheral Nerve Neoplasia

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28
Q

Hyperesthesia(exaggerated sensation) with limb palpation or manipulation.

A

Root Signature.

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29
Q

How do you make a definitive Dx of a nerve root/peripheral neoplasia?

A

Histopathology

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30
Q

What is the best treatment for all tumors?

A

Surgical resection

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31
Q

T/F: recurrence is common with nerve root neoplasia so you have to eventually amputate limb.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

Most commonly effects large breed dogs, miniature schnauzers and cats in the neck region and is NOT PAINFUL.

A

Fibrocartilaginous Emboil Hurts when it first happens but not painful after the fact.

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33
Q

Condition that occurs after or during exercise and is non progressive.

A

Fibrocartilaginous Emboli

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34
Q

T/F: If LMN signs are seen in dogs with FCE, then most don’t improve.

A

TRUE

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35
Q

Definitive diagnosis for FCE?

A

MRI

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36
Q

Treatment for FCE

A

Dexmethasone and physical therapy

37
Q

Dragging back legs but still have some motion.

A

Parapesis

38
Q

No voluntary motor activity

A

Paraplegia

39
Q

What condition is characterized by being slowly progressive mostly in German Shepards. Starts with UMN signs then LMN signs(bad). NOT PAINFUL. NO treatment.

A

Degenerative Myelopathy

40
Q

How would you diagnose degenerative myelopathy?

A

Histo

41
Q

A progressive PAINFUL condition that involves both HIND limbs and is seen in large breed working dogs.

A

Lumbosacral malarticulation-malformation/ cauda equina

42
Q

What nerve are effected in lumbosacral malarticulation-malformation/cauda equina?

A

LMN signs in SCIATIC/PUDENDAL

43
Q

Pseudohyperreflexia is caused by damage to what nerve.

A

SCIATIC

44
Q

How would you treat lumbosacral malformation/ cauda equine?

A

Dorsal laminectomy but surgery does nothing for incontinence. NSAIDS have poor results.

45
Q

Diagnostic of choice for lumbosacral/cauda equine.

A

MRI/CT

46
Q

Non-chondrodysplatic dogs have ______ replacement with aging.

A

Fibrocartilage

47
Q

Chrondrodysplastic breeds have ______replacement with aging.

A

Hyaline

48
Q

Acute version of disc prolapse that occurs inchondrodysplastic breeds.

A

Hansen Type I

49
Q

Chronic version of disc prolapse that occurs in large breed dogs at T11-L2.

A

Hansen Type II

50
Q

How would you diagnose Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Disease?

A

Myelography

51
Q

What two drugs should you not give together?

A

Prednisolone and NSAIDs

52
Q

What do we grade a patient that has paralysis with NO DEEP PAIN diagnosed with TLIVDD?

A

Grade 5 . Treat with dorsal hemilaminectomy.

53
Q

Infection of disc cartilage at the end plates.

A

Diskospongylitis

54
Q

What bacteria is the most important cause of discospondylitis?

A

Staph

55
Q

What signs would you see with discospondylitis?

A

Hyperesthesia(exaggerated sensitivity), neuro signs because of spinal cord compression

56
Q

Definitive diagnose for Diskospondylitis

A

radiographs but only 4-6 weeks post infection so do culture and histo b/c Ddx is tumors.

57
Q

Infection of vertebrae

A

Spondylitis

58
Q

Hour glass shape neoplasia

A

Intramedullary

59
Q

Golf tee sign neoplasia

A

Intradural-Extramedullary

60
Q

Most common kind of spinal neoplasia. On side devotion towards lumen. Osteo-, chondro- and fibrosarcomas.

A

Extradural

61
Q

Most common tumor primary tumor in the brain of dogs

A

Meningioma

62
Q

Most common tumor in the spinal cord of dogs.

A

Hemangiosarcomas

63
Q

Extradural lymphosarcomas are usually in what species?

A

Cats

64
Q

Best diagnostic tool for localization of a neoplasia in the spinal cord?

A

MRI/CT

65
Q

What spinal cord segments are involved in a “tail tug”

A

L7-S1

66
Q

Stiff front legs because of lack of inhibitory neurons going from back legs to front legs is termed…

A

Schiff-Sherrington Occurs with vertebral fractures and laxations.

67
Q

What is the best dx tool for dx’ing vertebral fractures and laxations?

A

MRI- so you know exactly where you need to do surgery

68
Q

Treatment for tail tug

A

Amputate tail and give phenoxybenzamine

69
Q

What would you use to tx spinal cord edema?

A

mannitol

70
Q

T/F: if injury is older than 4 hours and there is no deep pain then surgery won’t help and there is a grave prognosis

A

TRUEc

71
Q

dCondition that occurs via a lesion of C5-C7 in older Dobies and younger Great Danes.

A

Wobbler’s - Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

72
Q

Congential heart disease that is commonly seen as a Left-Right shunt that causes ECCENTRIC hypertophy. You can hear a machine/water hammer continuous murmur. Can be fixed by closing off with umbilical type.

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

PDA

73
Q

What type of shunt in PDA would we see blue MM in the back of the animal i.e the vagina?

A

Right - Left shunt in PDA

74
Q

This congential heart disease affects large breed dogs and causes CONCENTRIC hypertrophy.

Using a doppler can tell us the severity of the disease.

A

Aortic Stenosis

75
Q

This congential heart disease affects beagles, bulldogs, chihuahas, and spanials. It caused concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricles. If you do a balloon valvuloplasty the animal could have a good prognosis.

EKG will show VPDs.

A

Pulmonic Stenosis

76
Q

This congenital heart disease that can be seen in cats and is characterized by a “hole in the heart”.

If the murmur is loud that means the hole is small which means a better prognosis and no treatment necessary.

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

77
Q

This congenital defect is found in Keeshonds and Bulldogs. It causes the MM to be blue in the front and pink in the back.

It consists of pulmonic stenosis, ocerriding aorta, VSD, and enlarged right ventricle.

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

78
Q

This congenital defect can cause regurgiation in cats and large breed dogs because of dysplasia of the valves/muscles of the heart.

A

AV Valve Insuffiency

79
Q

This congential heart disease is found in german shepards. At 3 months you can see VPDs, VTs, and sudden death. If caught early can be treated with SOTALOL + Mexilitene till 18 months.

A

Inhertied Ventricular Arrhythmia

80
Q

This cardiomyopathy causes sudden death in Dobermans. Causes decreased contractility and VPDs and left sided CHF. You can diagnoses with an ultrasound because the ventricles are enlarged and flappy.

A

DCM

81
Q

How would you treat DCM?

A

Furosemide for the edema

Pimobendan to improve contractility

ACE to blunt RAAS response

82
Q

This cardiomyopathy in cats is caused by a taurine deficiency.

A

DCM

83
Q

This cardiomyopathy is the most common in cats especially seen in middle aged mainecoon and ragdolls.

It will have CONCENTRIC hypertropy(increased cells, reduced chamber).

Signs include rear limb lameness and paralysis.

A

HCM

84
Q

What causes the lameness and paralysis in cats with HCM?

A

Thromboembolism

85
Q

How can we treat the thromboembolisms in cats with HCM?

A

Heparin

DO NOT USE ASPIRIN

86
Q

VPDs are seen with this cardiomyopathy in Boxers.

A

ARVC of Boxers

87
Q

How would we treat a Boxer with ARVC that has VPDs over 1000/day?

A

Sotalol

88
Q

This cardiomyopathy seen in King Charles Spainels, and has thickened chordae tendonae that can rupture.

**The cardiac output is normal in these dogs despite have increased contractility**

The dogs are usually happy and normal with a cough.

A

Myxomatous Atrioventricular Valve Disease

89
Q

Dump: What is used to treat pulmonary edema?

A

Furosemide

ROBIN SAM FINAL EXAM (3 decks)

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