Sheep Respiratory Disease + Sheep Medicine Quiz

Question 1

Losses associated w/ respiratory disease.

Answer 1

Deaths.
Loss of production.
Weight loss.
Exercise intolerance.

Question 2

1. Pseudonym of Jaagsiekte.
2. What is Jaagsiekte?
3. What is Jaagsiekte caused by?
4. Transmission of Jaagsiekte?
5. Incubation period?
6. What do the epithelial cells produce?

Answer 2

1. Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis.
2. Contagious tumour of the lungs in sheep.
3. Retrovirus.
4. Aerosol (needs close contact).
5. > 6m.
6. Large amounts of mucoid fluid.

Question 3

1. Clinical signs of Jaagsiekte.
2. Testing for Jaagsiekte.
3. Px Jaagsiekte.

Answer 3

1. Little until so much lung affected that respiration becomes affected.
   - Severe weight loss.
   - Hyperpnoea, coughing.
   - Fluid crackles on auscultation (or w/o auscultation).
2. Wheelbarrow test where raise hindlegs of animal and get a huge flow of fluid through the nostrils - fluid production unique to Jaagsiekte. PCR test may be available in future.
3. Can live 3-6m after initial clinical signs.

Question 4

1. Jaagsiekte on PM exam.
2. Ultrasound scanning for OPA.
3. Control of Jaagsiekte.

Answer 4

1. Lungs larger and heavier than normal w/ areas of solid grey tumour.
2. Probe at 6/7th intercostal space.
3. Slaughter affected animals.
   Minimise close contact.

Question 5

1. What is Maedi Visna?
2. Effects of Maedi Visna.
3. Transmission of Maedi Visna and importation.
4. Which virus causes the disease?

Answer 5

1. Chronic infectious viral disease.
2. Affecting lungs (Maedi (icelandic for pneumonia)) and NS (Visna (icelandic for wasting)).
3. Can be transmitted between individuals or flocks.
   Inhalation, milk colostrum.
   NOT placental, ova or semen.
4. lentivirus.

Question 6

1. Maedi presentation.
2. Maedi on PM exam.

Answer 6

1. > 3yo.
   Lag behind.
   Tachypnoea on exercise and later at rest.
   Dry cough.
   Worsen over 6-12mothns.
2. Large heavy lungs.
   Grey coloured.

Question 7

1. Testing for Maedi?
2. Treatment if Maedi?
3. Infection from/to other spp.

Answer 7

1. Blood testing.
2. No cure, no vaccine, fatal disease.
3. Virus which causes Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in goats v similar to Maedi Visna virus and cross infection can occur.
   - “animal(s)” refers to both goats and sheep in accreditation scheme.

Question 8

1. Causative agent of contagious lymphadenitis.
2. Spp. affected.
3. Vac?

Answer 8

1. Coynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
2. Sheep and goats.
3. Autogenous vaccine.

Question 9

1. Chronic suppurative pneumonia often seen in what sheep? - why?
2. What happens?

Answer 9

1. Rams.
   - Rams often neglected outside of tupping season.
   – long periods of housing after birth and during their first winter.
   – also related to malnutrition.
2. Damage to lungs from pathogens such as mycoplasma when lungs develop abscesses following bacterial infection.

Question 10

1. Chronic suppurative pneumonia clinical signs.
2. Tx for chronic suppurative pneumonia.
3. What will the first clinical sign of chronic lung disease in sheep typically be?

Answer 10

1. Weight loss/ill thrift, nasal discharge, coughing.
2. 3-4wks ABX therapy.
   Many will not recover.
3. Weight loss.

Question 11

3 main acute LRT diseases in sheep?

Answer 11

Bacterial pneumonia.
Viral pneumonia.
Parasitic pneumonia.

Question 12

1. Causative agents of pasteurellosis in sheep.
2. Mannheimia haemolytica biotypes.
3. M. haemolytica (A) clinical syndrome at <2m old.
4. M. haemolytica (A) clinical syndrome in older lambs.
5. M. haemolytica (A) clinical syndrome in adults.

Answer 12

1. Mannheimia haemolytica and Bibersteinia Trehalosi.
2. A and T.
3. Hyperacute septicaemia (found dead).
4. Pleurisy and pericarditis (PM).
5. Pneumonia

Question 13

M. haemolytica (T) clinical syndrome.

Answer 13

Acute systemic disease.
6-12m old.
Find dead or recumbent.
Frothy discharge from mouth.
Morbidity rarely exceeds 5%.

Question 14

Clinical signs of M. haemolytica in adult ewes.

Answer 14

Find dead.
Dull, pyrexic, hyperpnoeic.
Adventitious respiratory sounds.
Ocular and nasal discharges.
Coughing.
Mouth breathing, frothing at the mouth.

Question 15

Risk factors for pneumonia in sheep.

Answer 15

Poor ventilation in housing.
Overcrowding when house.
Unhygienic conditions (high ammonia), too little bedding or v soiled bedding.
Recent handling / transportation.
Inadequate nutrition.
Concurrent disease.
Extremes in weather conditions.
Age (lambs>adults).

Question 16

Bacterial pneumonia Tx.

Answer 16

Antimicrobial therapy.
Oxytetracycline, penicillin, amoxycillin.
If severely affected, can use NSAIDs (under prescribing cascade).
Group treatment may be justified.

Question 17

Control of bacterial pneumonia.

Answer 17

Ovipast plus - M.haemolytica and Bibersteinia Trehalosi - can be given to lambs from 3w old.

Heptovac P 7:1 preparations clostridial and Pasteurellosis protection. Inject pregnant ewes for colostral protection for 3-4w.

Question 18

1. What condition is Bibersteinia Trehalosi associated with?
2. Most common cause of death in animals of what age?
3. Group of animals affected and why?

Answer 18

1. Systemic pasteurellosis (septicaemia).
2. 4-10 months old.
3. Store lambs as farmers often only vaccinate replacements.

Question 19

1. Pathology of PI3.
2. Where does pneumonia occur when caused by adenoviruses?
3. Testing for adenovirus causing pneumonia?

Answer 19

1. Consolidation of cranio-ventral lung lobes.
   Bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia.
2. Apical and cardiac lung lobes.
3. Isolate virus from affected lung tissue.
   Serology unrewarding.

Question 20

Other viruses that can cause pneumonia in sheep.

Answer 20

RSV.
- role in naturally-occurring pneumonias uncertain.
Reoviruses.
- Type 1, 2 and 3 been isolated.
- role in disease unknown.

Question 21

Control and treatment of viral pneumonia in sheep.

Answer 21

Lack of viral vaccines for sheep (mixed evidence on efficacy of using cattle PI3 in sheep).
Reduce risk factors.
Treat secondary bacterial infections.

Question 22

Atypical pneumonia.

Answer 22

Mainly mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.
Chronic.
Often subclinical w/ rare vet attention.
Others = P. haemolytica, M. arginini, Chlamydia psitacci, P. multocida.
Enzootic pneumonia.
Slow condition.

Question 23

1. Age group of animals affected by atypical pneumonia.
2. Clinical signs of atypical pneumonia.
3. Morbidity of atypical pneumonia.

Answer 23

1. Housed lambs 2-12m old.
2. Chronic cough.
   Reduced weight gains.
   Hyperpnoea.
   Mucopurulent nasal discharge.
3. 40% within a group.

Question 24

1. Tx of atypical pneumonia in sheep.
2. Control of atypical pneumonia in sheep.

Answer 24

1. ABX: Oxytetracycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, lincocin.
2. Reduce stocking density.
   Ensure adequate ventilation e.g. Yorkshire boarding.
   Group according to age and size.

Question 25

1. Pathogenic organism causing clinical sheep lungworm.
2. Commonness?
3. If seen, when seen?
4. In what group of sheep?

Answer 25

1. Dictyocaulus filaria.
2. Not common in UK.
3. Autumn.
4. Mainly in lambs.

Question 26

1. Clinical signs of clinical lungworm in sheep.
2. Dx of clinical lungworm in sheep?

Answer 26

1. Coughing.
   Tachypnoea.
   Weight loss.
2. Baermann technique (larvae).

Question 27

Tx and control of clinical lungworm in sheep?

Answer 27

Anthelmintics.
No vac in UK.

Question 28

1. Laryngeal chondritis breed predisposition.
2. Sign?
3. What happens?
4. Differential of laryngeal chondritis.

Answer 28

1. Texel rams.
2. Respiratory stridor.
   Acute obstructive URT distress (inspiratory).
   Sudden onset.
3. Swelling, blocks trachea via larynx, laryngeal oedema, chronic suppuration of arytenoid cartilage.
4. Drenching gun injuries.

Question 29

Tx for laryngeal chondritis.

Answer 29

Tracheotomy.
Corticosteroids.
ABX - prolonged course.

Question 30

Oestrous Ovis.

Answer 30

Organism nearly 2cm long.
In nasal turbinates, causing discharge.
Can migrate into brain - “false gid”.
Irritant.

Question 31

Quiz.

Question 32

What is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the UK?
Second?
Third?

Answer 32

Chlamydophila abortus.
Toxoplasma gondii.
Campylobacter fetus fetus.

Question 33

Which of the following causes of ovine abortion have got vacs available in UK?

Chlamydophila abortus.
Toxoplasma gondii.
Campylobacter fetus fetus.
Coxiella burnetti.
Listeria monocytogenes.

Answer 33

Chlamydophila abortus.
Toxoplasma gondii.

Question 34

1. Which pathogen is associated w/ watery mouth in lambs?
2. How long does passive immunity against Clostridial sp. last in lambs from ewes inoculated prior to lambing?
3. How long does active immunisation of lambs against clostridial disease last?

Answer 34

1. Non-haemolytic strains of E.coli.
2. ~3mnths (12-16wks) - effectively lifelong as most go to slaughter at this age.
3. 12mths.

Question 35

1. How long does passive immunity against pasteurella persist in lambs from boosted ewes.
2. What is the vector for the Bluetongue virus in ruminants?
3. What is the most likely pathogen associated w/ thickening in between the cotyledons of the placenta?
4. What is the most likely pathogen associated w/ cotyledons looking like white blackberries?

Answer 35

1. 3wks.
2. Midge.
3. Chlamydophila abortus.
4. Toxoplasma gondii.

Question 36

1. A grazing ewe is found dead w/ her lambs calling and trying to feed from her. What is the most likely case of death?
2. How can entropion in a lamb be corrected?
3. What is the most likely pathogen to cause stillbirth of lamb w/ enlarged liver and necrotic foci?

Answer 36

1. Hypomagnesaemia.
2. Injection of ABX or sterile liquid paraffin into the eyelid to make it swell.
   Crimping/staple.
3. Campylobacter fetus fetus.