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AVBS3005 > Sheep Health and Disease > Flashcards

Sheep Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 elements of livestock production assurance

A
  1. assessing risks on farm
  2. treating animals safely and responsibly
  3. managing pasture and fodder treatments
  4. preparing animals for dispatch
  5. documenting livestock transactions and movements
  6. maintaining biosecurity practices
  7. adhering to animal welfare practices.
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2
Q

WHat can cause disease in sheep?

A
  1. Infectious Agents – Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Prions
  2. Parasitic agents – External, internal
  3. Nutritional causes – deficiencies, excesses or imbalances, starvation, etc
  4. Metabolic disorders – physiological
  5. Physical agents – trauma, injury, hypothermia, hyperthermia, etc.
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3
Q

How does disease impact wellbeing, welfare and productivity?

A
  1. Reducing growth
  2. Reducing reproductive rates
  3. Reducing milk production
  4. Reducing fleece quantity and quality
  5. Damaging hides and fleeces
  6. Causing carcass/meat condemnation
  7. Zoonotic impact
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4
Q

Principles of flock health management

A
  • Learning about common local health issues
  • Identifying potential sources of diseases
  • Aiming for prevention rather than treatment
  • Developing flock health management plan
  • Improving and managing good nutrition
  • Using appropriate management, prevention,
    vaccination, treatment
  • Frequent and regular monitoring system
  • Seeking professional help
  • Good record keeping
  • Good Quarantine/Biosecurity system
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5
Q

What are the diseases of sheep

A
  • Drought affected, malnutrition
  • Internal parasites & resistance – helminths
    *OJD: Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (S strain)
  • Footrot: Dichelobacter nodosus or Foot abscess?
  • External parasite resistance:
    • lice (Bovicola sp),
    • blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) & ? fleece-rot (Pseudomonas)
  • Poor breeding - Causes of infertility
  • Clostridial diseases & Cheesy gland (CLA)
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6
Q

Management of Peri-natal mortality

A

The major management changes that can be implemented include:
- Ewe nutrition
- Monitoring of newborn lambs
- Minimising mismothering
- Hygiene and infection control
The major physiological steps that influence perinatal survival are
- late term development
- lambing
- udder development
- Ewe-lamb bonding (mismothering)
The major factors that prevent perinatal survival are
- placental insufficiency
- maternal underfeeding
- intrapartum hypoxemia and dystocia
- starvation

Ewe factors such as :
- undernutrition,
- disease,
- poor milk production,
- mammary disease,
- mismothering including poor mothering instinct,
inexperience, stressful environment, overcrowding,
presence of predators and other factors which influence
the behaviour of the ewe and the supply and letdown of
milk.
- insect infestation including biting flies, myiasis

Lamb factors include
- low birth weight lambs,
- birth trauma,
- anaemia,
- presence of congenital abnormalities and other fetal diseases

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7
Q

improve Peri-natal mortality

A
  • Pre breeding health of Ewes and Rams
  • Improving conception rate
  • Nutrition and management of pregnant ewes
  • Lambing management
  • Management of ewes with suckling lambs
  • Management of the health of lambs
    Good management should aim at keeping
    Lambing % = Weaning %
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8
Q

Control program objectives:

A
  • Maintain OPTIMAL productivity (not 100%)
  • Encourage host immunity
  • Minimise treatments: cost & seasonal variation
  • Avoid or Slow the development of resistance
  • Epidemiology of parasite to time treatments and prepare
    pastures of low infectivity for most susceptible stock:
  • WINTER v UNIFORM v SUMMER RAINFALL
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9
Q

Tactical vs stratigic drenching

A

Tactical drenching - given when sheep or goats are
suffering from the effects of worms and is best based on worm egg count

Strategic drenching - given at a critical time to reduce
worm larval contamination of a pasture for the benefit of the whole mob or flock

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10
Q

ntegrated parasite management

A
  • Flock management – Compact lambing, wean early,
    flock structure
  • Right drench at right time & Strategic treatments -
    Eg:Pre lambing, Pre weaning
  • Grazing management – young sheep and ewes to clean
    pastures, after drench move to clean pastures, sheep
    <-> cattle grazing
  • Nutrition & immunity – supplementary feeding
  • Monitoring for worms & Resistance- FEC monitoring + FECRT , Quarantine drenching
  • Breed resistant sheep – long term goals
  • Future? New drenches? Vaccines? Biological Controls?
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11
Q

What causes OJD

A

*Mycobacterium avium subsp.
Paratuberculosis
*M. ptb, MAP
*obligate parasite and pathogen of animals –
infecting the intestine
*distinct S (sheep) and C (cattle) strains with
different host infection patterns

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12
Q

how is OJD transmitted?

A

faecal oral
in utero
environmental survival on farm

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13
Q

OJD diagnosis

A

Chronic wasting
no response to treatments
enlarged lymph nodes
lymphangitis
thickend terminal ileum
thickend mucosa of intestine

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14
Q

OJD control

A

Cull cases
Pasture management
Vaccine

Rotational graze
reduce stocking rate
increase pasure spelling
graze adult cattle

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15
Q

What does Anthrax do to sheep

A

sudden death (acute disease)
bacillus anthracis (gram pos rods)
lethal toxin causes macrophage death
cutaneous or lung disease through inhalation

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16
Q

Anthrax diagnosis

A

*Sudden death of young and healthy animals
*Absence of rigor mortis (stiffness)
*Rapid gaseous bloating and decomposition
*Tarry coloured unclotted blood discharging
from orifices
*History of disease in the property/area
*Laboratory – blood smears – presence of
large Gram +ve rods

17
Q

Anthrax control/prevention

A

Vaccination may be required in endemic areas
*Anthrax spores survive for a long time – leading to
endemic contaminations
*Don’t conduct post mortem if you suspect anthrax
*Safe disposal of dead animals/lime treatment of
the site
*Fence off the suspected/contaminated site/s on the
farm

18
Q

What causes pizzle rot?

A

interaction of Corynebacterium renale
and urea from high protein diet
treated with antiseptic and antibiotics

19
Q

Brucellosis effect on sheep
How prevented

A

aboriton in ewes
epididimis in rams
arthritis in lambs

Cull infected rams

20
Q

Rye grass toxicity symptoms

A

*Neurological symptoms
*Changes in behaviour
*Tremors, twitching of
muscles
*Swaying and staggering
movements
*Jerky movements of legs
*Collapse with extended
head, arched back rigid
legs (like Tetanus)

21
Q

external parasites of sheep

A

flystrike
lice infestation

22
Q

5 main types of flystrikes

A
  1. Body strike
  2. Breech or crutch strike
  3. Poll strike
  4. Foot strike
  5. Pizzle strike
23
Q

Screw worm fly

A

exotic

24
Q

Environmental Factors for lice build-up

A
  • Season - Temperature and humidity
  • sheep lice prefer 37°C and 70–90 percent humidity
  • Rainfall – Humidity/moisture
    *Wool length – shearing helps
25
Q

Footrot

A

Dichelobacter nodosus
*survives only 5 - 10 days on pastures

Diagnosis

1.Inspection of sheep
* assess clinical severity – benign or virulent?
2.Confirmatory tests
* smear and stain
* culture of Dichelobacter nodosus
* virulence tests - elastase, gelatin gel,
zymogram, PCR (intA, aprV2)
* serogroup (if vaccinating)

Treatment:
*Hoof trimming and pairing
*Footbath – Zinc sulphate - 10%
*Formalin - 5% - Carcinogenic.
*Antibiotic injections – (broad spectrum with higher dose – cost
and antibiotic resistance issues as a flock level treatment option)
*Vaccinations
*Multivalent vaccines (Whole cell or Recombinant)
*Specific vaccines (Whole cell or Recombinant –
mono or bivalent vaccines)

26
Q

CLA

A
  • major cause condemnation of carcasses
    – damages export reputation
    – causes wool production losses

– spread to lungs, liver, kidney, etc
– lung abscess may extend to bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes

Control:
* Vaccinate
* Changing vaccination and bleeding needles
frequently
* Shearing: young from old, reduce holding
time
– use antiseptics to disinfect shearing combs
* Dip less and use bacteriostats/antiseptics in
dips

27
Q

Fleece rot

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

*Opportunistic pathogen
* Skin infection
* Wool discolouration
* Lead to secondary fly strikes
* it attracts pregnant female blowflies and
* encourages them to lay eggs
* it provides moisture for eggs to hatch
* it provides protein for first instar larvae to feed on.

*Shearing helps to prevent – seasonal problem, hot
and humid conditions

28
Q

Exotic disease threats

A

*Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) – viral
*Blue tongue - viral
*Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
(TSE – sheep and goats) - prion
*BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) -
prion
*Scrapie in sheep and goats -prion

29
Q

Emergency/ Exotic diseases

A

*FMD, Sheep Pox, Scrapie, Blue Tongue, Anthrax

30
Q

Health management

A
  • Good Nutrition - condition scoring, mouthing for
    teeth wear; diets for different classes of stock,
    pasture management
  • Timely and effective treatment -vaccination,
    appropriate drenching if and when required
  • Health programs - minimise disease risks
    (market assurance programs)
  • Good Biosecurity/quarantine measures - access
    of ‘outside’ people and vehicles on farms
  • Good fences - keep your stock in and strays out
  • Keep an eye and Investigate anything unusual
31
Q

Summary of specific flock health recommendations

A
  • Pasture management
  • Nutritional management
  • Reproductive management
  • Lambing management
  • Lamb disease management
  • Vaccination programs
  • Parasite control programs
  • Infectious disease control program
  • Housing and handling facilties
  • Record keeping
  • Farm biosecurity
32
Q

What type of vaccine is the footrot vaccine?

A

recombinant

33
Q

Process involved in sequential specific vaccination

A
  1. Identify serogroups present
  2. Identify virulent serogroups among these
  3. Whole flock vaccination (include up to 2 serogroups in a
    vaccine)
  4. Repeat if other serogroups present every 3 months
  5. Whole flock inspection in non-spread period - cull non-
    responders
    **Maintain strict Bio-security and Quarantine
34
Q

What is reverse vaccinology?

A

identification of vaccine
candidate antigens from genome sequence

AVBS3005 (8 decks)

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