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AVBS3005 > Poultry health and Diseases > Flashcards

Poultry health and Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Sick hen symptoms

A
  • Ruffled feathers
  • Inactive
  • Drooping wings
  • Eyes closed
  • Sitting in haunches, lying on side
  • Dull eyes, lifelessness (as opposed to alertness)
  • Discoloured and shrunken combs
  • Reduced colour & moisture of linings of vent, mouth, eyes.
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2
Q

Distinguishing features of poultry production & influence disease risks

A
  1. Very Large flock size and stocking density requiring
  2. Low unit value of birds requiring
  3. Pattern of ownership and vertical integration as opportunity for
  4. Changed production systems alters
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3
Q

How poultry disease spreads

A

people (boots, clothes etc)
Vechiles (manure spreading, trucks, front end loader)
Bird to bird (carcasses, manure, litter/debris, feathers)
poultry equipment (filler flats, hauling crates/coops, feeder, waterers

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4
Q

Basics of disease control

A
  1. Biosecurity
  2. Vaccination
  3. Health Monitoring
  4. Medication
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5
Q

Features of biosecurity in
commercial poultry

A

foot baths
PPE
shower in
on facility clothes (overalls, boots, gloves)

Visit younger birds first as more suseptible then move to older

Regular monitioring
No animals around sheds

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6
Q

Vaccination’s for broliers

A

Marek’s Disease MDV(in ovo)
* Infectious Bronchitis IB (spray)
* Newcastle Disease NDV(spray or drinking water)

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7
Q

What diseases are egg transmissible

A

Mycoplasma, IBD, FAV, CAV, Salmonella

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8
Q

health monitoring

A

Sounds –> if quiet its “deadly quiet”
Feed stuck to beaks (mucus)
Stick heads out to look at you

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9
Q

Disease in chickens

A

Newcastle Disease Virus (highly contagious and lethal)
Mareks disease virus
Salmonella
Avian Influenza
Bronchitis virus

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10
Q

Responses to AIV and NDV outbreaks

A

slaughter infected and in contact poultry
decontamiate
strict quarantine
movement controls
tracing and surveillance

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11
Q

Pathogens for public health

A

Salmonella

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12
Q

Immunosuppresive diseases

A

mareks disease virus

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13
Q

Reducing productivity diseases

A

Infectious bronchitis
Coccidiosis

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14
Q

Contemporay problems in broilers and layers

A

Free range issues with health
Spotty Liver Disease in free range layers
Salmonella Enteritidis in Australian layers
Immunosuppression issues in broilers – Infectious
Bursal Disease and Inclusion Body Hepatitis

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15
Q

Free range layer issues

A

prefer shade
Interact with other animals/ birds
Range densisties regulations differ between each organisation

› Outside – uncontrolled vegetation access/ no feed or water
› If feed intake inadequate:
- Peaking body weight is too light
- Post production dips
- Mortality from cannibalism (called “Egg peritonitis”) – a real problem with large
flocks
- Inadequate feed or nest space may predispose to disease (e.g. Spotty Liver
Syndrome)

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16
Q

Probs in alternative systems

A

› Problems in Alternative Production Systems
- Free Range Broilers
- Necrotic Enteritis
- Dysbacteriosis
- Free Range and Barn Layers
- Spotty Liver Disease
- Fowl Cholera
- Internal Parasites
- Cannibalism

17
Q

Problems with cannibalism

A

› Social structure of flock
- Pecking order – natural bird behaviour
› Dominance hierarchy behaviour of chickens
- Difficult to stop this in commercial conditions
- Group size
› Problem tends to occur around point of lay and 60
weeks of age
› Can be difficult to control, unless triggers identified,
multifactor
› Can leading to septicaemia or death from cannibalism
› Beak trimming/treatment; light intensity, difficult in
free-range

18
Q

Stressors leading to targeted feather pecking

A

Temperatures
Humidity
light intensity or uneven spread
Inadequate nutrients
low fibre
unbalanced diet
noise
staff changes
visitors
poor brooding
poor faciliies
poor health
inadequate stockmanship
not mooving calmly and quietly

19
Q

Spotty liver syndrome

A

jaundice
high mortality and morbididty
effects egg production
rapid response to antibiotics

20
Q

Koch’s postulates of Spotty liver

A
  1. the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
    This was demonstrated by PCR on livers
  2. the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
    Once the slow growing organism could be
    cultured it was readily found on culture
  3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
    “Susceptible” required birds to be at sexual
    maturity
  4. the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
    Successful
21
Q

Immune suppression ay sexual maturity

A

Only in hens
cell mediated but not humeral suppressed
allows organisms in gut to activate and multiply

Antibody deposited in egg yolk = maternal immunity

22
Q

Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) found:

A

in every shed with scratch area

Survey suggests no more than
112 b/m2 to reduce risk of SLD

  • Brown egg layers need more nest
    space than white egg layers
23
Q

Sources of salmonella infection

A

› From primary breeders
› Rodents, wild birds, insects
› Pets, other livestock
› Fomites
› Feed
› Water
› Litter
› Humans

24
Q

Salmonella in eggs

A

found in caeca
infect ovum (yolk) and albumen (white) before egg layed

25
Q

Places where Salmonella can be detected

A

› Poultry Housing environment
- Boot swabs (litter/ floor), dust samples, manure, rodent droppings
› Egg handling areas
- Pallets, re-used cardboard egg flats
- Grading machines and floors
- Door handles, cool room floor

26
Q

How does salmonella spread

A

Fomites

27
Q

Major route of SE (salmonella) spread

A

Egg trading between farms

28
Q

What happens to a farm after SE outbreak

A

› Before restocking, facilities must demonstrate negative SE sampling
results on a number of consecutive occasions.
› Property must pass an audit of compliance with food safety requirements
and biosecurity directions
› Some previously affected premises have re-stocked to date, including a
huge farm in Victoria!
› Once re-stocked, surveillance will be ongoing (regular sample collection).
› Only ONE affected farm in NSW has restocked since the problem.

29
Q

Poultry biosecurity measures

A

› A general biosecurity order has been issued to every egg producer in
NSW – aims to lift the minimum standard
› Must demarcate the “production areas”
› Entrance warning signs are mandatory
› Footbaths, foot scrapers or separate shed boots are required
› Hand sanitation on entry and exit
› Off site parking and vehicle disinfection required
› Wild bird and vermin proofing
› Written documentation of biosecurity for 12 months
› Egg flats and packaging to be heat treated or disinfected

30
Q

Immunosuppresive problems in chickens

A

Chicken Anaemia Virus
Infectious Bursal DIsease
Marek’s Disease

31
Q

Anatomy of Avian immune system

A

› Bone marrow
› Bursa of Fabricius
› Thymus
› Spleen
› Gland of Harder (Harderian)
› Caecal Tonsils
› Peyer’s patch

32
Q

Avian immune system

A

› Neonatal birds have an incomplete immune system
› Begins development prior to hatch (12-15 days of incubation) and is
complete by sexual maturity
› Supplemented by maternal antibody in yolk.
› The Bursa of Fabricius and the avian thymus undergo age related
changes, leading to the eventual atrophy of the organs

AVBS3005 (8 decks)

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