Sheep and Goats Flashcards
1
Q
Sheep
A
type of fiber: wool
positioning of tail: down
chromosome diploid #: 54
2
Q
Goats
A
type of fiber: hair
positioning of tail: up
chromosome diploid #: 60
3
Q
Classification of Sheep (ovis aries)
A
species: aries
genus: Ovis
subfamily: Caprinae
family: Bovidae
section: Pecoria
suborder: Artiodactyla
order: Ungalata
class: Mammalia
phylum: Chordata
kingdom: Animalia
4
Q
sheep were domesticated around when?
A
6,000 B.C.
5
Q
what are the sheep ancestors?
A
European Mouflon (Ovis musimon)
Asiatic Mouflon (Ovis oritentalis)
maybe Asiatic Urial (Ovis vignei, but 58 vs 54 chromosomes)
6
Q
of sheep breeds and how this compares to goats
A
200 breeds
Much greater than goat breeds
7
Q
Mouflon
A
European Mouflon (Ovis musimon)
Asiatic Mouflon (Ovis oritentalis)
Reddish to dark brown in color
short-haired
dark back stripes
big horns
8
Q
Asiatic Urial (Ovis vignei)
A
lighter in color- tan
9
Q
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
A
brown in color
white patch on butt
10
Q
group of sheep
A
flock
11
Q
care giver of sheep
A
shepherd
12
Q
newborn sheep
A
lamb
13
Q
young intact male sheep
A
ram lamb
14
Q
castrated male sheep
A
wether
15
Q
young female sheep
A
ewe lamb
16
Q
adult male sheep
A
ram
17
Q
adult female
A
ewe
18
Q
Sheep breed groups
A
meat= 8
fine wool=2
long wool= 3
dual purpose= 6
hair= 7
minor= 7
19
Q
sheep meat breeds
A
cheviot
dorset
hampshire
shropshire
southdown
suffolk
texel
tunis
20
Q
fine wool sheep breeds
A
delaine-merino
rambouillet
21
Q
long wool sheep breeds
A
cotswold
lincoln
romney
22
Q
dual purpose sheep breeds
A
columbia
corriedale
east friesian
finsheep
polypay
targhee
23
Q
Hair and double-coated sheep breeds
A
barbados blackbelly
dorper
katahdin
pelibuey (cuba, mexico, Dom. rep.)
romanov
santa inez (Brazil)
St. Croix
24
Q
minor/ exotic sheep breeds
A
awassi
gulf coast native
icelandic sheep
jacob sheep
navajo-churro
shetland
wiltshire horn
25
classification of goats (Capra hircus)
Species: hircus
genus: Capra
subfamily: Caprinae
family: Bovidae
section: Pecoria
suborder: Artiodactyla
order: Ungalata
class: Mammalia
phylum: Chordata
kingdom: Animalia
26
goats were domesticated around when?
7,000 -6000 B.C.
27
domestic decendent of goats
Bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus)
28
number of goat breeds vs sheep
greater amount of sheep breeds
29
fiber goat breeds
angora, cashmere-producing
30
meat goat breeds
boer, spanish kiko, myotonic, pygmy (Tennessee fainting goat, stiff-legged goat, wooden legged goat)
31
dairy goat breeds
saanen, alipine, nubian
toggenburg, la mancha, dwarf
32
minor and exotic breeds
oberhasli, san clemente
33
why do goats faint?
myotonia congenita, disorder affects skeletal muscles
34
nonruminant (monogastic) digestive system
mouth: food/ water intake
esophagus
stomach: glandular digestion
small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
cecum: postgastric fermentation (minimal)
large intestine
rectum: excretion of solid waste
anus
35
gastrointestinal tract of ruminant
mouth: intake of feed/ water
esophagus
rumen-reticulum: pregastric fermentation (VFA absorption)
omasum: water resorption
abomasum: true stomach
small intestine: (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
cecum: postgastric fermentation (minimal)
large intestine
rectum anus
36
salivary glands in sheep
tons compared to humans
more and larger glands than cows
37
functions of saliva
formation of bolus
lubrication of bolus
enzymes (amylase- digestion aid)
mouth moisture
aid taste mechanism
nutrient recycling
38
Ani spiralis
Resorption of water---> pellet droppings excreted
39
sheep/goat gastrointestinal tract capacity
~ 18 qt
~ 4 1/2 gal.
lower than cattle (~36 gal.)
40
bacteria in rumen
many types
25-50 billion/ mL of rumen fluid
41
protozoa in rumen
mid microorganisms in rumen
consume bacteria
20,000- 500,000/ mL of rumen fluid
42
fungi in rumen
minimal existence in rumen
provides warm, anaerobic, moist environment
composition changes with diet
43
bulk grazers
cattle
less selective
less salivary glands
slower passage rate in rumen= more time for cellulose to break down
low fermentation rate
cellulolytic (fibrous)
smaller % liver
longer less spirals, small cecum
44
concetrate selectors/ grazers
sheep and goats
more selective- picks and chooses
ammonia kills
more salivary glands
faster passage rate in rumen
high fermentation rate
amylolotic (less cellulose)
large % liver
shorter more spiral intestines, large cecum
45
fresh forages
25-50% water
46
fiber components
ADF
NDF
47
pasture
greater Ca : P ratio than grains
48
as forage matures
% CP and % TDN decrease
ADF increases
49
pasture stocking rate
5 small ruminants or 1 cow-calf unit
50
rotational grazing
improves performance (weight gain, etc.) 20-30%
rotate 2-4 day intervals
helps in forage availablity
prevents parasites
51
strategic supplementation
pasture can't cover all needs
provide supplemental feed only when required and can provide an economic benefit
52
When to supplement feed
milk and creep feeding
flushing (pre-breeding females): increase in energy, improve chance of triplets
pre-breeding males
late pregnancy (last 6wk)
early lactation (first 8 wk): baby is out, taxing to body
drought/ poor pasture
53
mixed-species grazing (multi-species grazing)
2 or more herbivorous species graze in same pasture
can be beneficial
54
graze
grasses, a little weedy
fescue, alfalfa, clover, ryegrass
55
forbs
weed-like plants
weedy-thick weedy
56
browse
brush and trees full of nutrients
57
forage preference of cattle
70% grasses
20% forbes
10% browse
58
forage preference of sheep
60% grasses- prefered
30% forbes
10% browse
59
forage preference of goats
20% grasses
20% forbes
60% browse- prefered
60
grand challege in sheep and goat production
internal parasites
61
most deadly internal parasite in the Midwest
Gastrointestinal roundworm
Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm)
62
barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortus)
affects small ruminants by ripping everything up
blood sucker- leads to anemia
63
indicators of anemia
eyelids- look for reddish-pink color
press gums to check for anemia
protein loss/ diarhea
death
64
how do pole worms enter the body
they hang out in wet areas and the animals consume it
goats more susceptible than sheep
65
swelled (bottle) jaw
to late to save the animal
66
pole worm lifecycle
21 days to complete
if larvae are not ingested they die after a few days
can drink 1/10 of blood volume per day
67
symptoms of parasite infection
diarrhea
weight loss or reduced weight gain
unthriftiness
loss of appetite
reduced reproductive capacity/ performance
68
control of parasites
using combination of 3 things:
1. dewormers/ anthelminitics
2. animal management
3. pasture management (rotational grazing, give goats access to forbes and browse)
69
anthelmintics
drugs that kill egg laying adults or larvae before they become adults capable of laying eggs
70
anthelmintics problems
few approved by FDA for small ruminants
resistance can develop
71
common dewormer for small ruminants
benzimidazoles
72
Ewes
seasonally polyestrous
short day breeders during the fall
73
estrus
stand to breed
24-36hrs
only time to breed
74
estrous
describing the cycle from ovulation to ovulation
~17 days
75
flehmen response
behavior of ram when ewe is in heat
curling upper lip
76
ratio of ewes to rams
1 mature ram : 35-50 ewes
77
sperm production
takes ~50 days
markers on rams leaves ewes marked after breeding
78
vaccination reccomendation for ewes
vaccinate during late pregnancy
immune system weakens around lambing, so deworm too
79
when to supplement feed pregnant ewes
late pregnancy to prevent toxemia
watch not to feed too much- dystocia
80
gestation period of ewes
142-152 days
~ 5 months
can lamb more than once a year
81
STAR lambing system
ewes produce 5 times during 3 yr period
82
lambing
bag is full of milk
dialation of cervix in 3-4hrs
lasts about an hour
make sure nasal and mouth passages are clear
83
lambs at birth
1-3, generally twins
first-time mom likely 1
peak litter size at 3-6 yrs old
84
weaning
stressful for both ewe and lamb
no best age
by 3 weeks should be nibbling on dry feed
monitor newly weaned lambs for disease
85
peak milk production in ewes
3 to 4 weeks after lambing
~ 74% of milk in produced in first 8 wks of lactation
86
female goat
doe or nanny
reach puberty around 4-12 months
87
estrous cycle of goat
18-24 days
21 on avg
88
estrus duration of goats
12-36hrs
89
male goat
buck or billy
reach puberty at 4 months
90
matured buck
can breed more does in one month as they mature
91
water intake
2-3 gal per day
increases with warmer temps
correlates with feed intake
increaes with lactation and pregnancy
92
feeding the neonate
colostrum intake first 2 days
should nurse with 60min
feed orphans 2-4 oz. of colostrum
93
milk source for neonate in dairy production
milk replacer
94
milk source for neonate in meat production
suckle mom
95
number of teets
2
96
creep feed
lamb/ kid starter feed
16% creep feed diet
97
feeding the weaned
at 12-16 weeks mom starts to wean them
period of rapid growth, highest protein intake
16% creep feed
ammonium chloride for wethers to prevent urolithiasis
TMS and water
98
feeding at maintenance
maintaining body weight
access to good forage
fiber producing sheep and goats have higher protein intake because fiber composition is protein
99
feeding the replacement females
feeding to reach mature weight
do not over/ under feed
60-80lbs breeding weight
want protein
100
feeding the breeding female
flushing / pre-breeding causes increase in ovulation
lush pastures or concetrate feeds (corn, sweet feed)
feed 3 weeks prior to breeding and 3 weeks after
supplement feed at last 6 wks of pregnancy
101
feeding the breeding male
50 days of sperm production
heat affects sperm production
supplement because of energy used
include ammonium chloride to acidify urine and prevent stones in urinary tract
102
urolithiasis
stones block urine
wether is more susceptible
103
lactation peaks at?
~ 4 wks, not fed til 6 wks
