Shapes and Structures 1 - Reactions and Mechanisms Flashcards
When does chirality occur?
A carbon is bonded to four different groups
Bonds above the plane representation
Wedge
Bonds below the plane representation
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Partial bond representation
Difficulty in breaking C-H and C-C σ bonds, why?
Very strong
Not strongly polarised
Ease in breaking C-X σ bonds, why?
Polarised
Reactive towards nucleophilic attack
The general structure of alcohols
R-OH
Different types of alcohols
Primary R-CH2-OH
Secondary R1-CH(R2)-OH
Tertiary R1-C(R2)(R3)-OH
The general structure of ethers
R1-O-R2
The general structure of amines
R-NH2
Types of amines
Primary R-NH2
Secondary R1-NH-R2
Tertiary R1-N(R2)-R3
The general structure of halides
R-Hal
Carbonyl group derivatives
Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids Esters Amides Acid halides
Outline alkenes and alkynes
Alkenes: double bond C=C
Alkynes: triple bond C≡C
The general structure of aldehydes
R-COH
The general structure of ketones
R1-CO-R2
The general structure of carboxylic acids
R-COOH
The general structure of esters
R1-CO-O-R2
The general structure of acid halides
R-CO-Hal
The general structure of acid anhydrides
R1-CO-O-CO-R2
The general structure of amides
R1-CO-N(R2)-R3
The general structure of nitriles
R-C≡N
Aldehyde/ketone to alcohol
NaBH4
Reduction
Carboxylic acid to ester
Alcohol
HCl
Alcohol to ester
Acid anhydride
H+
Carboxylic acid to an acid chloride
SOCl2
Acid chloride to amide
R1-NH2
For retrosynthetic analysis, what arrow is used for ‘can be made from’?
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