Shapes and Structures 1 - C-13 NMR Flashcards

1
Q

A nucleus with a spin I has how many different energy levels?

A

2I + 1 energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the spin of nuclei with odd masses?

A

half-integral spin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the spin of nuclei with odd numbers of protons and neutrons?

A

Integral spin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the spin of nuclei with even numbers of protons and neutrons?

A

Zero spin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why does a C-13 resonance frequency increase as the atoms attached become more electronegative?

A

Electronegative elements withdraw electrons, deshielding the C atom
Electrons cause the nucleus to experience a weaker magnetic field overall, so lower electron density means a larger energy difference between spin states and larger frequency absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the peak given by the solvent CDCl3

A

Triplet at 75-80 ppm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many peaks will be shown for a molecule in C-13?

A

Number of carbon environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What should initially be looked for when predicting the spectrum of a molecule?

A

Planes/axes of symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the chemical shift in ppm worked out?

A

10^6 x (frequency of resonance - frequency of reference)/(frequency of reference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Outline the reference compound and its properties

A

Tetramethylsilane - TMS - Si(CH3)4

The chemical shift of 0 ppm by definition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In which range of ppm are sp3 carbons?

Give two examples of sp3 carbons

A

0 - 50 ppm

C-C, C-N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In which range of ppm are sp3 carbons with very electron-withdrawing groups?
Give examples

A

50 - 100 ppm
C-O, C-F
C≡C also in this range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In which range of ppm are sp2 carbons?

Give examples

A

100 - 150 ppm
C=C, benzene
C≡N also in this range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In which range of ppm are sp2 carbons with very electron-withdrawing groups?
Give examples

A

150 - 200 ppm

C=O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

With respect to the carbonyl region, how can aldehydes and ketones be distinguished?

A

Ketones typically just over 200 ppm

Aldehydes typically just under 200 ppm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At what range do carbonyl carbons for acid derivatives resonate at? What are the groups in this range?

A

160 - 170 ppm

Carboxylic acid, ester, acyl chloride, amide, acid anhydride

17
Q

What does the difference between the shift of aldehydes and ketones with that of acid derivatives indicate?

A

Carbon atoms in acid derivatives are more shielded

Heteroatoms (O, N, Cl) must be donating electron density

18
Q

Why would a CH3F molecule result in a doublet?

A

C and F nuclei couple
F has spin 1/2 so two energy states
C - F spin up, increased field, increased shift
C - F spin down, decreases field, smaller shift

19
Q

Why is C-H coupling not usually seen?

A

Usually proton decoupled

20
Q

Why is C-C coupling not usually seen?

A

A low abundance of C-13 in naturally occurring carbon

21
Q

If a C atom couples to two nuclei that give different coupling constants, what peak type is shown?

A

Doublet of doublets

22
Q

If a C atom couples to two equivalent nuclei, what peak type is shown?

A

Triplet

23
Q

What produces a quartet?

A

A C atom couples to three equivalent nuclei

24
Q

What produces a triplet of doublets?

A

A C atom couples to two equivalent nuclei and one different nucleus

25
Q

What is the term for C-13 spectra that do not show coupling to protons?

A

Proton decoupled

26
Q

Explain broadband proton decoupling

A

While the C-13 NMR spectrum is being recorded
Protons irradiated such that nuclear spins move rapidly between up and down
Fast enough the couplings average to zero and splittings disappear

27
Q

With broadband proton decoupling, what is the significance of “broadband”?

A

Irradiating over a range of frequencies so that all protons are rapidly moving between spin states

28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of proton coupling?

A

Advantages:
Easy to see whether carbons are CH3, CH2, CH or quaternary since they appear as q, t, d and s respectively
Disadvantages:
Signal strength weaker so signals can be lost in the background
Most compounds multiplets will overlap and sometimes can’t distinguish C peaks

29
Q

Outline the Attached Proton Test, APT

A

Carbons with 0 or 2 protons attached point one way
Carbons with 1 or 3 protons attached point the other
You can tell which way by how CDCl3 points as it has 0 protons

30
Q

Where would a methyl group (CH3) peak show?

A

10-20 ppm

31
Q

Where would an alkyl group (CH2) peak show?

A

20-30 ppm

32
Q

Where would an alkyne carbon peak show?

A

70 ppm

33
Q

Where would an aromatic carbon attached to an electronegative atom peak show?

A

150 ppm

34
Q

Where would an aromatic carbon peak show?

A

130 ppm

35
Q

With the solvent CDCl3, knowing that D has I=1, and Cl-35 and Cl-37 have I=3/2, why is a triplet shown?

A

I=1 for D so spin states = 2x1 + 1 = 3

Cl has no observed coupling because spin states relax too quickly