Shapes and Structures 1 - C-13 NMR Flashcards
A nucleus with a spin I has how many different energy levels?
2I + 1 energy levels
What is the spin of nuclei with odd masses?
half-integral spin
What is the spin of nuclei with odd numbers of protons and neutrons?
Integral spin
What is the spin of nuclei with even numbers of protons and neutrons?
Zero spin
Why does a C-13 resonance frequency increase as the atoms attached become more electronegative?
Electronegative elements withdraw electrons, deshielding the C atom
Electrons cause the nucleus to experience a weaker magnetic field overall, so lower electron density means a larger energy difference between spin states and larger frequency absorbed
Describe the peak given by the solvent CDCl3
Triplet at 75-80 ppm
How many peaks will be shown for a molecule in C-13?
Number of carbon environments
What should initially be looked for when predicting the spectrum of a molecule?
Planes/axes of symmetry
How is the chemical shift in ppm worked out?
10^6 x (frequency of resonance - frequency of reference)/(frequency of reference)
Outline the reference compound and its properties
Tetramethylsilane - TMS - Si(CH3)4
The chemical shift of 0 ppm by definition
In which range of ppm are sp3 carbons?
Give two examples of sp3 carbons
0 - 50 ppm
C-C, C-N
In which range of ppm are sp3 carbons with very electron-withdrawing groups?
Give examples
50 - 100 ppm
C-O, C-F
C≡C also in this range
In which range of ppm are sp2 carbons?
Give examples
100 - 150 ppm
C=C, benzene
C≡N also in this range
In which range of ppm are sp2 carbons with very electron-withdrawing groups?
Give examples
150 - 200 ppm
C=O
With respect to the carbonyl region, how can aldehydes and ketones be distinguished?
Ketones typically just over 200 ppm
Aldehydes typically just under 200 ppm