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Millwright Block 2 (harmonized) NS > Shafts > Flashcards

Shafts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a component of all mechanical devices that transmits motion and power called?

A

Shaft

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2
Q

A rotating device on which a wheel is mounted is called what?

A

Axle

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3
Q

A slender pin or rod which turns or on which something else turns

A

Spindle

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4
Q

How are axles loaded?

A

Transversely

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5
Q

What defect are axles most susceptible to?

A

Bending

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6
Q

What are spindles commonly used for?

A

Carrying a tool for doing work

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7
Q

What is the part of the spindle, shaft, or axle that rotates on a bearing called?

A

Journal

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8
Q

What are the 4 main categories of shafting finishes?

A

Hot rolled
Cold rolled
Ground
Plated

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9
Q

How is shaft selection determined ? (6)

A

-torque
-speed
-components and their mounting
-compression and tensile limits
-cost
-contraction, bowing, or expansion limitations (distance between supports)

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10
Q

Describe what a hot rolled shaft looks like

A

Dark surface
Rough
Oxidized finish

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11
Q

Cold rolling, machining, centreless grinding, grinding and polishing, and chrome playing are all examples of what?

A

Finished shafting

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12
Q

Describe what a finished shaft looks like

A

Smooth finish
Close tolerances

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13
Q

What are the two most common types of carbon steel finished shafting called?

A

ASIS C1018
ASIS C1045/C1050

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14
Q

Describe AISI C1018 shafting

A

Cold finished steel
Low carbon range
Welds readily
Smooth finish

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15
Q

What is AISI C1018 commonly used for?

A

General shafting purposes
Spindles
Pins

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16
Q

What should AISI C1018 NOT be used for?

A

Applications involving high speed or high stress

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17
Q

What are a few characteristics of C1018 shafting

A

Bright smooth surface
Easily machined
Low cost
Minus tolerance (under sized)

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18
Q

Describe AISI C1045/C1050 shafting

A

Known as precision shafting
Medium carbon steel
High strength
Distortion free
Can be used with high speeds

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19
Q

What are some other ways C1045/C1050 shafting can be offered?

A

Chrome plated finish
(Hydraulic piston rods and shafts)

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20
Q

When would Alloy shafting be used?

A

Where wear and corrosion are a concern

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21
Q

What are the 4 main types of alloy shafting available?

A

Chrome alloys (stainless steel)
High magnesium alloys
Nickel chrome steel alloy
Brass/bronze

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22
Q

What are the benefits of chrome alloy shafting?

A

Hard
Wear resistant
Corrosion resistant

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23
Q

What are the benefits of high magnesium alloy shafting?

A

Long durability

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24
Q

What are the benefits of nickel chrome steel alloy shafting?

A

High inherent strength

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25
Q

What are the benefits of brass/bronze shafting?

A

Tough
Corrosion resistant
Wear resistant

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26
Q

Where are both high magnesium and nickel chrome steel alloy shafts commonly used?

A

Crankshafts

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27
Q

What is AISI 4140 shafting?

A

Chrome molybdenum steel alloy

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of 4140 shafting?

A

General purpose
Medium carbon
High strength
Very ductile

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29
Q

Where is 4140 shafting generally used?

A

Gears
Axles
And shafts

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30
Q

Where is hollow shafting commonly used?

A

Power transmissions

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31
Q

Is hollow shafts worth the strength loss?

A

Normally yes. The weight loss is significantly greater than the strength lost

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32
Q

What are examples of what shafts are used for?

A

-transfer torque
-Support equipment
-pivot point
-allow for a sliding action
-change rotation

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33
Q

How can you properly identify shafting

A

Visually
Physically

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34
Q

What are some visual ways to identify shafting?

A

Surface colour
Finish
Weight
Magnetic properties

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35
Q

What are some physical ways to identify a shaft?

A

Spark test
Hammer and chisel test
File test

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36
Q

Is colour coding reliable for identifying shafts?

A

No

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37
Q

Define tensile shaft stress

A

Stress that lengthens or stretches the shaft

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38
Q

Define compressive shaft stress

A

Stresses that compress or shorten the shaft

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39
Q

Define bending shaft stress

A

A combination of tensile and compressive stress

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40
Q

Define shear stress in a shaft

A

When the applied force tends to cut through the shaft

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41
Q

How would you check runout in a shaft?

A

Use a dial indicator while rotating the shaft

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42
Q

What is the greatest danger when straightening shafts in a press?

A

The shaft rolling or springing away

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43
Q

What tests could you do in the shop to determine a type of shafting?

A

Colour
Density
Chip
Magnetic
Spark

44
Q

What is the best way to identify shafting material?

A

Good house keeping

45
Q

What is the difference between hot rolled and cold rolled steel?

A

Surface finish
Size tolerance

46
Q

What are the sources of stress on a shaft?

A
  • shaft weight
  • components on the shaft
  • location of bearings
47
Q

Define shaft fatigue loading

A

When the shaft is subject to many cycles of loading, stresses encountered are called fatigue loading

48
Q

Define shaft fatigue strength

A

The ability to resist fatigue

49
Q

What causes cycle loading (shafts)

A

Produced when a load applied to the shaft bends it then rotated and the bending continues

50
Q

What is a shoulder on a shaft?

A

A change in diameter occurs in a shaft

51
Q

What are the 3 main ways to reduce stress on a shaft?

A

Maintains surface finish
Keys with broken edges
When turning down a shaft keep the ratio to good proportions

52
Q

What does edges broken in terms of keys refer to?

A

Sharp corners removed

53
Q

When turning down a shaft what ratio should be maintained?

A

1.5:1

54
Q

Define bending stress

A

Combination of tensile and compressive stresses

55
Q

Define shear stress

A

Occurs when the applied force tends to cut through

56
Q

What is tensile stress?

A

If the stress tends to stretch or lengthen the shaft

57
Q

What is compressive stress?

A

If the stress tends to compress or shorten the shaft

58
Q

What is torsional shear stress?

A

Twisting causing a shear stress in the shaft in a non uniform way

59
Q

What is torsional deformation?

A

Twisting causing shear stress in the shaft

60
Q

Can failure to locate bearings correctly change clearance of parts? (Y/N)

A

Yes

61
Q

What factors should be attended to in order to keep shafts in good working order? (4)

A

Alignment
Shaft centres
Critical speed
Runout

62
Q

If you have precise alignment what negative affects can be reduced? (3)

A

Wear
Vibration
Fatigue loading

63
Q

What does alignment refer to?

A

The axis of shafts being parallel and in line NOT offset

64
Q

“The axis of shafts being parallel and in line NOT offset” is what?

A

Alignment

65
Q

As speed on a shaft increases a point is eventually reached where there is excessive vibration. The speed at which this vibration occurs is called what?

A

Critical speed

66
Q

What does critical speed depend on? (4)

A

Size of load
Length of shaft
Diameter of shaft
The type of support bearings

67
Q

Typically how far under the critical speed is a machine set?

A

20% under

68
Q

How many types of runout is there?

A

3

69
Q

What is runout?

A

Any deviation/wobble from true

70
Q

What is radial runout?

A

When the shaft and the attachments are not centric in rotation

71
Q

Why does circular runout occur?

A

Due to the imperfections (bumps) in the cross section of the part

72
Q

When does axial runout occur?

A

When attachments do NOT rotate perpendicularly to the shaft axis

73
Q

What can cause runout on a shaft? (4)

A

Bent shaft
Worn bearings
Poor machining
Poor assembly

74
Q

What can be the result of excessive runout? (3)

A

Vibration
Wear
Seizing

75
Q

What are the two main methods for checking for runout?

A

Shaft between centres
Dial indicator

76
Q

How do you confirm the cause for run out with a dial indicator and a micrometer?

A

By comparing the circular runout to the radial

77
Q

What are the two methods for repairing a damaged shaft?

A

Metalizing
Sleeves

78
Q

What is metalizing a shaft?

A

A technique of spraying metal coating onto a shaft

79
Q

What is sleeving a shaft?

A

Placing a sleeve (machined metal “bushing”) with an interference fit onto a shaft

80
Q

What are the two common methods for repairing a bent shaft?

A

Hydraulic Press
Heat

81
Q

What must you consider when selecting a shaft material?

A

Weight
Strength
Magnetic qualities
Shock resistance
Expansion
Corrosion

82
Q

What are the two main stress that affect a shaft?

A

Bending stress
Torsional stress

83
Q

Define bending stress

A

The force applied by the weight of the shafting loads perpendicular to the shaft axis between bearings

84
Q

How can you keep bending stresses to a minimal?

A

Keep loads close to the bearings

85
Q

Define torsional stress

A

The force applied to the shaft by the resistance to turning that is set by the driven parts

86
Q

What is the 4 most common shapes for shafting?

A

Solid round
Square
Hex
Hallow

87
Q

Other than reducing weight what is the benefit of hollow shafting?

A

Conduct coolant

88
Q

What is line shafting?

A

Supplies power or timing to several drives on a single shaft

89
Q

What is the maximum distance between bearings on a line shaft?

A

8 feet

90
Q

Where should gears, pulleys, and sprockets be on a shaft?

A

As close to the bearings as possible

91
Q

Where should the fix bearing on a shaft be located?

A

As close to the main drive sprocket, pulley, or gear as possible

92
Q

What type of bearing housing should you use on a line shaft?

A

Pillow block

93
Q

Why are alloys added to shafting material?

A

To improve their qualities

94
Q

What qualities can be improved in shafting with the use of alloys? (4)

A

Hardness
Abrasion resistance
Corrosion
Machinability

95
Q

What is the benefits of using a aluminum alloy in shafting? (2)

A

Controls grain size
Case hardens

96
Q

What is the benefit of using a carbon alloy in shafting material? (1)

A

Higher hardness

97
Q

What is the disadvantages to using a higher carbon alloy in steel?

A

Lower ductility
Lower weld ability

98
Q

What is the principal element in steel?

A

Carbon

99
Q

What is the benefit of using a higher chromium alloy in shafting material? (3)

A

Improves
Hardenability
Abrasion resistance
Wear resistance

100
Q

What applications can chromium be added to shafting for?

A

Higher temperature applications

101
Q

What is the benefit of using a higher copper alloy in shafting material? (1)

A

Improves corrosion resistance

102
Q

At what percentage does copper not significantly affect a shafts mechanical properties?

A

Less than 1%

103
Q

For most carbon and alloy steels the AISI and SAE systems use a 4 digit designation. What does the last 2 digits refer to?

A

Indicate the amount of carbon content

104
Q

For most carbon and alloy steels the AISI and SAE systems use a 4 digit designation. What does the FIRST 2 digits refer to?

A

Indicate the specific alloy group

105
Q

What does fit express?

A

The range of permissible tightness or looseness

106
Q

What is the typical cause for spalling?

A

Fatigue failure

Millwright Block 2 (harmonized) NS (17 decks)

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