SF2 Unit 3 Memorization Flashcards

1
Q

Rule of 4: Four M’s

A

Motor Nucleus
Motor Pathway
MLF
Medial Lemniscus

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2
Q

Rule of 4: Four S’s

A

Sympathetic
Spinothalamic
Sensory V
Spinocerebellar

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3
Q

Midbrain: Lateral Blood Supply

A

PCA

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4
Q

Midbrain: Medial Bloody Supply

A

PCA

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5
Q

Pons: Lateral Blood Supply

A

AICA

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6
Q

Pons: Medial Blood Supply

A

Basilar

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7
Q

Medulla: Lateral Blood Supply

A

PICA

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8
Q

Medulla: Medial Blood Supply

A

ASA

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9
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

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10
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

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11
Q

Other Name for Lateral Sulcus

A

Sylvian Fissure

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12
Q

Other Name for Central Sulcus

A

Rolandic Fissure

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13
Q

Alexia

A

Acquired loss of ability to read

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14
Q

Agraphia

A

Acquired disorder of writing

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15
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Can see but cannot recognize object by sight alone

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16
Q

Circle of Willis Arteries

A
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Anterior Communicating Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
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17
Q

Most common Saccular/Berry Aneurysm

A

Anterior Communicating Artery (causes diplopia)

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18
Q

Diplopia

A

Blurred/Double Vision

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19
Q

Aneurysm which can cause sensory aphasia

A

Middle Cerebral Artery (supplies Wernicke’s Area)

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20
Q

Primary Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery

A
Opthalmic Artery
Posterior Communicating Artery
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Anterior Choroidal Artery
Middle Cerebral Art
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21
Q

Clinical Consequences of Middle Cerebral Artery Damage

A

1) Supplies most of Motor Cortex
2) Supplies Broca’s Area
3) Supplies Wernicke’s Area

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22
Q

Important Temporal Lobe Structure Damaged by Occlusion of PCA

A

Hippocampus

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23
Q

Wallenburg’s Syndrome

A

Lateral Medullary Syndrome

Dysphagia, Dysphonia, Dysarthria

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24
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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25
Q

Dysphonia

A

Lack of speech coordination

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26
Q

Dysarthria

A

Unclear speech articulation

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27
Q

Symptoms: Venous Sinus Thrombosis

A

Headache, seizures, focal neurological deficits

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28
Q

Vasogenic Edema

A

Disruption of BBB; protein enters ISF, drawing water

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29
Q

Osmotic Edema

A

Low plasma osmolarity

30
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low plasma [Na+]

31
Q

Hydrostatic Edema

A

Hydrostatic pressures forces fluid from plasma across BBB

32
Q

Cytotoxic Edema

A

Cells swell from ATP depletion

33
Q

Interstitial Edema

A

Imbalance between CSF in ventricles and surrounding ISF. Obstructive and Non-Obstructive types

34
Q

Virchow-Robin Space

A

Sleeve of Pia and Subarachnoid Space which accompanies arterial branches into the brain. CSF can accumulate in old people here.

35
Q

Papilledema

A

Edema of optic papilla (aka optic disc). Central retinal vein compressed

36
Q

Connection from Lateral Ventricles to 3rd Ventricle

A

Intraventricular Foramen of Monro

37
Q

Pineal Gland

A

In midbrain tectum. Secretes melatonin (important for circadian rhythm)

38
Q

Symptoms: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

1) Sudden onset severe headache
2) stiff neck
3) altered consciousness
4) pink CSF

39
Q

Most common cause of Epidural Hemorrhage

A

Rupture Middle Meningeal Artery

40
Q

Common Cause of Subdural Hemorrhage

A

Anterior/Posterior displacement of brain (tears bridging veins)

41
Q

Contusion

A

Bruise of surface of brain. Can produce hemorrhage of varying size. Petechial/Small bleeds in subcortical white matter.

42
Q

Concussion

A

Transient disruption of brain function

43
Q

Symptoms: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

1) memory loss
2) paranoia
3) depression
4) ataxia

44
Q

Most common Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus blockage

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

45
Q

Viruses causing neonatal/pediatric Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus

A

Mumps or Rubella Virus

46
Q

Fibers in Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Efferent fibers to midbrain

47
Q

Fibers in Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Afferent fibers from pontine nuclei

48
Q

Fibers in Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Connect medulla/spinal cord to cerebellum. Afferent/Efferent both

49
Q

Four places Retinal Ganglion Cells Project to

A

1) Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus)
2) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus)
3) Superior Colliculus (Midbrain Tectum)
4) Pretectal Area

50
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

Lesion in Sympathetic Pathway

Misions, Ptosis, Anhydrosis

51
Q

Miosis

A

Pupil dilation

52
Q

Ptosis

A

Dropping eyelid

53
Q

Anhydrosis

A

Loss of sweating

54
Q

Benign Aniscoria

A

Pupil asymmetry present in all lighting

55
Q

Unilateral LMN lesion of CN III

A

1) down and out eye
2) ptosis
3) dilated pupil

56
Q

Only cranial nerve exiting on dorsal surface

A

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

57
Q

Nucleus mediating Jaw-Jerk Reflex

A

Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus

58
Q

Virus causing Shingles

A

Herpes Zoster (Chicken pox) virus

59
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

60
Q

Pseudobulbar Palsy

A

Bilateral UMN lesion of Corticobulbar Pathway

61
Q

Which condition can bring Emotional Incontinence as a symptom?

A

Pseudobulbar Palsy

62
Q

Decorticate Posturing

A

Upper Limb flexion (rubrospinal activity) and Lower Limb extension (vestibulospinal activity)

63
Q

Decerebrate Posturing

A

Upper and Lower Limb extension (Vestibulospinal activity)

64
Q

Dysarthria Hemiparesis (Pure motor hemiparesis; nothing else)

A

Affected: Paramedian Branches of Basilar Artery

65
Q

Weber’s Syndrome

A

Vascular syndrome - Midbrain basis

Branches of PCA and top of Basilar Artery. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (peduncle)

66
Q

Claude’s Syndrome

A

Vascular syndrome - Midbrain tegmentum

Branches of PCA and top of basilar artery. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral ataxia (red nucleus / fibers of superior cerebellar peduncle)

67
Q

Benedikt’s Syndrome

A

Vascular Syndrome - Midbrain basis AND tegmentum (Claude + Weber)

Branches of PCA and top of Basilar. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis and ataxia.

68
Q

Top-of-Basilar Syndrome

A

Multiple PCA branches and Top of Basilar Artery.

  • Vision/memory disturbances (supply to Occipital/Temporal lobes)
  • Pupillary reflex/eyelid abnormalities (Edinger-Westphal, pretectal area)
  • Eye movement disorder (oculomotor nuclei and nerve fascicles)
  • Altered Consciousness (midbrain reticular formation
  • Ataxia if SCA involved
69
Q

Locked-in Syndrome

A

Bilateral ventral pons syndrome.

Unable to move. Vertical eye movements consciousness, and sensory pathways spared.

70
Q

Parinaud’s Syndrome

A

Dorsal Midbrain syndrome