SF2 Unit 3 Memorization Flashcards
Rule of 4: Four M’s
Motor Nucleus
Motor Pathway
MLF
Medial Lemniscus
Rule of 4: Four S’s
Sympathetic
Spinothalamic
Sensory V
Spinocerebellar
Midbrain: Lateral Blood Supply
PCA
Midbrain: Medial Bloody Supply
PCA
Pons: Lateral Blood Supply
AICA
Pons: Medial Blood Supply
Basilar
Medulla: Lateral Blood Supply
PICA
Medulla: Medial Blood Supply
ASA
Metencephalon
Pons and Cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Medulla
Other Name for Lateral Sulcus
Sylvian Fissure
Other Name for Central Sulcus
Rolandic Fissure
Alexia
Acquired loss of ability to read
Agraphia
Acquired disorder of writing
Visual Agnosia
Can see but cannot recognize object by sight alone
Circle of Willis Arteries
Anterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Communicating Artery Internal Carotid Artery Posterior Cerebral Artery Posterior Communicating Artery
Most common Saccular/Berry Aneurysm
Anterior Communicating Artery (causes diplopia)
Diplopia
Blurred/Double Vision
Aneurysm which can cause sensory aphasia
Middle Cerebral Artery (supplies Wernicke’s Area)
Primary Branches of the Internal Carotid Artery
Opthalmic Artery Posterior Communicating Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery Anterior Choroidal Artery Middle Cerebral Art
Clinical Consequences of Middle Cerebral Artery Damage
1) Supplies most of Motor Cortex
2) Supplies Broca’s Area
3) Supplies Wernicke’s Area
Important Temporal Lobe Structure Damaged by Occlusion of PCA
Hippocampus
Wallenburg’s Syndrome
Lateral Medullary Syndrome
Dysphagia, Dysphonia, Dysarthria
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphonia
Lack of speech coordination
Dysarthria
Unclear speech articulation
Symptoms: Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Headache, seizures, focal neurological deficits
Vasogenic Edema
Disruption of BBB; protein enters ISF, drawing water
Osmotic Edema
Low plasma osmolarity
Hyponatremia
low plasma [Na+]
Hydrostatic Edema
Hydrostatic pressures forces fluid from plasma across BBB
Cytotoxic Edema
Cells swell from ATP depletion
Interstitial Edema
Imbalance between CSF in ventricles and surrounding ISF. Obstructive and Non-Obstructive types
Virchow-Robin Space
Sleeve of Pia and Subarachnoid Space which accompanies arterial branches into the brain. CSF can accumulate in old people here.
Papilledema
Edema of optic papilla (aka optic disc). Central retinal vein compressed
Connection from Lateral Ventricles to 3rd Ventricle
Intraventricular Foramen of Monro
Pineal Gland
In midbrain tectum. Secretes melatonin (important for circadian rhythm)
Symptoms: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
1) Sudden onset severe headache
2) stiff neck
3) altered consciousness
4) pink CSF
Most common cause of Epidural Hemorrhage
Rupture Middle Meningeal Artery
Common Cause of Subdural Hemorrhage
Anterior/Posterior displacement of brain (tears bridging veins)
Contusion
Bruise of surface of brain. Can produce hemorrhage of varying size. Petechial/Small bleeds in subcortical white matter.
Concussion
Transient disruption of brain function
Symptoms: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
1) memory loss
2) paranoia
3) depression
4) ataxia
Most common Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus blockage
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Viruses causing neonatal/pediatric Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus
Mumps or Rubella Virus
Fibers in Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
Efferent fibers to midbrain
Fibers in Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
Afferent fibers from pontine nuclei
Fibers in Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
Connect medulla/spinal cord to cerebellum. Afferent/Efferent both
Four places Retinal Ganglion Cells Project to
1) Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Hypothalamus)
2) Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus)
3) Superior Colliculus (Midbrain Tectum)
4) Pretectal Area
Horner’s Syndrome
Lesion in Sympathetic Pathway
Misions, Ptosis, Anhydrosis
Miosis
Pupil dilation
Ptosis
Dropping eyelid
Anhydrosis
Loss of sweating
Benign Aniscoria
Pupil asymmetry present in all lighting
Unilateral LMN lesion of CN III
1) down and out eye
2) ptosis
3) dilated pupil
Only cranial nerve exiting on dorsal surface
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
Nucleus mediating Jaw-Jerk Reflex
Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus
Virus causing Shingles
Herpes Zoster (Chicken pox) virus
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
Pseudobulbar Palsy
Bilateral UMN lesion of Corticobulbar Pathway
Which condition can bring Emotional Incontinence as a symptom?
Pseudobulbar Palsy
Decorticate Posturing
Upper Limb flexion (rubrospinal activity) and Lower Limb extension (vestibulospinal activity)
Decerebrate Posturing
Upper and Lower Limb extension (Vestibulospinal activity)
Dysarthria Hemiparesis (Pure motor hemiparesis; nothing else)
Affected: Paramedian Branches of Basilar Artery
Weber’s Syndrome
Vascular syndrome - Midbrain basis
Branches of PCA and top of Basilar Artery. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (peduncle)
Claude’s Syndrome
Vascular syndrome - Midbrain tegmentum
Branches of PCA and top of basilar artery. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral ataxia (red nucleus / fibers of superior cerebellar peduncle)
Benedikt’s Syndrome
Vascular Syndrome - Midbrain basis AND tegmentum (Claude + Weber)
Branches of PCA and top of Basilar. Ipsilateral CN III palsy and contralateral hemiparesis and ataxia.
Top-of-Basilar Syndrome
Multiple PCA branches and Top of Basilar Artery.
- Vision/memory disturbances (supply to Occipital/Temporal lobes)
- Pupillary reflex/eyelid abnormalities (Edinger-Westphal, pretectal area)
- Eye movement disorder (oculomotor nuclei and nerve fascicles)
- Altered Consciousness (midbrain reticular formation
- Ataxia if SCA involved
Locked-in Syndrome
Bilateral ventral pons syndrome.
Unable to move. Vertical eye movements consciousness, and sensory pathways spared.
Parinaud’s Syndrome
Dorsal Midbrain syndrome
